ʻO nā mea paʻakikī paʻakikī ke hana. He paʻakikī ke ʻokiʻoki, ʻokiʻoki, a hoʻololi. He paʻakikī hoʻi lākou e hana pū me. Akā he aha lākou?
ʻO ka paʻakikī ke ana o ke ʻano o ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka mea paʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano paʻa ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika compressive.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o kekahi mau mea, e like me ke metala, ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ʻia ka paʻakikī macroscopic e nā paʻa intermolecular ikaika, akā paʻakikī ke ʻano o nā mea paʻa ma lalo o ka ikaika; no laila, aia nā ana ʻokoʻa o ka paʻakikī: ʻo ka paʻakikī ʻōpala, ka paʻakikī indentation, a me ka paʻakikī rebound.
Ma kēia ʻatikala, e wehewehe au i nā mea paʻakikī a pehea e hoʻohana ʻia ai i ke kūkulu hale a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
Ma kēia pou e uhi mākou:
He aha ka manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo "Hard Material"?
Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā mea paʻakikī, ʻike mākou i kekahi ʻano mea i loaʻa ka waiwai paʻakikī o ka paʻakikī ke ʻoki, ʻokiʻoki, a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ka mea paʻakikī ʻaʻole ia he pūʻulu ʻikepili a ʻike paha i loaʻa i loko o kahi palapala a i ʻole ka pūʻulu o nā palapala. Akā, pono ia i kahi hoʻonohonoho maʻamau o nā ʻano hana a me ke alakaʻi e hoʻokō i nā koi kūpono o kahi papahana i hāʻawi ʻia a ʻeli paha.
Pehea e ana ʻia ai ka paʻakikī?
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka paʻakikī o kahi mea e kona ʻano crystalline, ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau a paʻa pinepine. He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā daimana, aniani, a me nā mea paʻakikī ʻē aʻe. Ana ʻia ka paʻakikī me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana maʻamau e hōʻike ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūʻē ʻana o kahi mea i ka ʻoki ʻia, ʻoki ʻia, a ʻoki ʻia paha. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano hana e ana i ka paʻakikī, penei:
- ʻO ka pālākiō Mohs, e helu ana i ka paʻakikī o kahi mea ma ka pālākiō 1 a 10
- ʻO ka pālākiō Rockwell, ka mea e ana i ka hohonu o kahi hoʻoheheʻe i hana ʻia e kahi indenter ʻaoʻao daimana
- ʻO ka pālākiō Vickers, ka mea e ana i ka nui o kahi hoʻoheheʻe i hana ʻia e ka mea hoʻoheheʻe daimana
Pehea i hoomakaukauia ai na mea paakiki
Hoʻomākaukau pinepineʻia nā mea paʻakikī me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nāʻano likeʻole, e pili ana i nā mea kiko'ī a me nā koi o ka papahana. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano hana maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea paʻakikī, penei:
- ʻOki ʻana me ka ʻike daimana
- Ka wili ʻana me ka mea wili daimana
- ʻO Sandblasting
- Ke kalai kimika
Nā palena i koho ʻia a me nā ʻaelike ʻōlelo
I ka hana ʻana me nā mea paʻakikī, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia aia paha nā palena i koho ʻia a i ʻole nā ʻaelike e wehewehe i ke ʻano e mālama ʻia a hoʻomākaukau ʻia ai ka mea. No ka laʻana, aia paha nā palena o ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i hiki ke ʻae ʻia i loko o kahi kahua ʻeli, a i ʻole he mau ʻaelike e koi ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi ʻano mea paʻakikī no kahi papahana i hāʻawi ʻia.
ʻO nā mea paʻakikī a me nā mea palupalu: He aha ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai iā lākou?
Hōʻike ʻia nā mea paʻakikī e ko lākou ʻano paʻa a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka deformation, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea palupalu he mea maʻalahi ke hoʻololi a hoʻololi hou. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā mea paʻakikī e pili ana i ke kila, ke kōpaʻa, a me ka mortar, aʻo ka lāʻau a me ke kālā he mau laʻana o nā mea palupalu.
Na Mea Magnetic
ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā mea paʻakikī a palupalu i ko lākou mau waiwai magnetic. ʻO nā mea paʻakikī, e like me nā magnet mau loa, loaʻa ka coercivity kiʻekiʻe a hiki ke hoʻopaneʻe ʻia e hana i kahi māla ikaika. ʻO nā mea palupalu, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki ke maʻalahi i ka demagnetized.
Loop Mākēneki
ʻO ka loop magnetization kahi pakuhi e hōʻike ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka mākia a me ka magnetization o kahi mea. Loaʻa i nā mea paʻakikī kahi loop hysteresis haʻahaʻa, e hōʻike ana i ka coercivity kiʻekiʻe a me ka magnetization ikaika, ʻoiai nā mea palupalu he ākea hysteresis loop, e hōʻike ana i ka coercivity haʻahaʻa a me ka magnetization nāwaliwali.
Huina Atoma
ʻO ke ʻano atomika o kekahi mea kekahi mea i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kona paʻakikī. Loaʻa i nā mea paʻakikī kahi hoʻolālā atomika i kauoha ʻia, me nā ʻātoma i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ke ʻano maʻamau. ʻO nā mea palupalu, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana atomika, me nā ʻātoma i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi ʻano semi-random.
hana
ʻO nā waiwai o nā mea paʻakikī a palupalu e kūpono iā lākou no nā noi like ʻole. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea paʻakikī i ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana, kahi mea nui ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi. ʻO nā mea palupalu, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi kahi e koi ʻia ai ka neʻe a me ka maʻalahi, e like me ka lole a me nā kāmaʻa.
Na Waiwai Sonorous
Hiki ke kani nā mea paʻakikī, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻopuka lākou i ke kani kani ke hahau ʻia. ʻO kēia no ka mea ua paʻa paʻa nā ʻātoma i nā mea paʻakikī a hiki ke haʻalulu maʻalahi. ʻO nā mea palupalu, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe leo kani a ʻaʻole hoʻopuka i kahi kani kani ke hahau ʻia.
E ʻimi ana i ke ao nui o nā mea paʻakikī
ʻO nā mea paʻakikī he mau mea paʻa ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻololi hou ʻia. Loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻātoma i hoʻonohonoho paʻa ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano crystalline maʻamau, e hāʻawi iā lākou i kā lākou mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka paʻakikī o kahi mea ma muli o kona hiki ke pale aku i ka ʻoki ʻia, ʻoki ʻia, a i ʻole ke ʻoki ʻia.
Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea paʻakikī a me nā mea palupalu
Nui ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea paʻakikī a palupalu. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa nui he:
- Paʻa nā mea paʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi a hoʻololi hou ʻia, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea palupalu a hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia paha.
- ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o nā mea paʻakikī ma mua o nā mea palupalu.
- Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea paʻakikī i nā noi i mea nui ka ikaika a me ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea palupalu i nā noi kahi e ʻoi aku ai ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka maʻalahi.
Nā Mea Paʻa Paʻa
ʻO kekahi ʻano koʻikoʻi o nā mea paʻakikī e hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia e hoʻokō i nā pono kikoʻī. No ka laʻana, ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano crystalline o kahi mea, hiki ke hoʻololi i kona paʻakikī, ikaika, a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai i nā ʻenekinia a me nā ʻepekema ke hana i nā mea i kūpono i nā noi kikoʻī.
Loaʻa i nā mea paʻakikī
He mea paʻakikī paha ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea paʻakikī, no ka mea, aia i loko o ka honua a i ʻole nā mea kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, ua maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana a me ka unuhi ʻana i kēia mau mea i ka holomua o ka ʻenehana. No ka laʻana, hiki i nā ʻenehana mining ke komo i nā mea paʻakikī e like me nā daimana a me ka hao i paʻakikī i ka wā mua.
Ka Ninau o ka paakiki
He mea koʻikoʻi ka nīnau o ka paʻakikī ma nā ʻano like ʻole. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai o nā mea paʻakikī, hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā hale ʻoi aku ka ikaika, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi, hoʻomohala i nā mea ʻokiʻoki hou a me nā abrasives, a hana i nā mea i hana ʻia no nā noi kikoʻī. He ʻepekema paha ʻoe, ʻenekinia, a ʻimi wale paha e pili ana i ka honua a puni ʻoe, ʻo ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea paʻakikī e hāʻawi i nā pane a me nā ʻike he nui.
Nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi i mea paʻa paʻa
Hiki i kekahi mau mea kūlohelohe ke hoʻololi i nā mea paʻa paʻa ma o ka hana ʻana. ʻo kahi laʻana:
- Hiki ke hana ʻia ka hao i ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika.
- Hiki ke hana ʻia ka boron i boron carbide, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea paʻakikī loa i ʻike ʻia e ke kanaka.
- Hiki ke hana ʻia ke kālā i kālā sterling, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ke kālā maʻemaʻe.
Hoʻopilikino ʻia
Hiki ke hoʻopilikino ʻia kekahi mau mea ma o nā formula e hiki ai iā lākou ke pale i ka ʻaʻahu, haehae, ʻokiʻoki, a ʻokiʻoki. ʻo kahi laʻana:
- Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka mortar me nā mea like ʻole e hana i kahi huahana paʻa me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa.
- Hiki ke hana ʻia ka Rubber e hana i kahi huahana me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika.
Hiki ke mālama ʻia
Hiki i kekahi mau mea ke mālama i ka ikehu, e hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻololi i mea paʻakikī. ʻo kahi laʻana:
- Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka hau a hana hou ʻia e hana i mea paʻakikī ma muli o ka ikehu i mālama ʻia i loko.
- Hiki ke kālai ʻia ka Quartz e hana i kahi mea kani ma muli o ka ikehu i loko o kona mau mana.
Ka Hana Hana Hou
Hiki i nā ʻenehana hana hou ke hoʻololi i nā mea palupalu i mea paʻakikī. ʻo kahi laʻana:
- ʻO ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻano metala like ʻole hiki ke hana i nā huahana me nā pae like ʻole o ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika.
- Ma o ke kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia ʻo tempering, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ke aniani i mea paʻakikī.
ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana a me ka hoihoi kūpono i nā mea paʻakikī ua alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi panakō o nā ʻatikala a me nā mea kūʻai aku e ʻae e kaʻana like i kā lākou ʻike a me nā hoʻonohonoho. ʻO ka hiki ke kū'ē i kaʻaʻahu, ka haehae, ka'ōpala, a me kaʻokiʻana, ua kapaʻia he paʻakikī, a he waiwai ia i makemake nuiʻia ma nāʻoihana likeʻole.
Panina
No laila, loaʻa iā ʻoe - ʻo nā mea paʻakikī ka paʻakikī ke ʻoki, ʻokiʻoki, a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana. Loaʻa iā lākou hoʻokahi pūʻulu ʻikepili ʻikepili, ma kahi o ke koi ʻana i nā ʻano hana hoʻonohonoho maʻamau. Hoʻopili lākou i nā koi kūpono i hāʻawi ʻia i ka papahana a hiki ke ana ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka ʻeli ʻana me ka pālākiō Mohs, ka pālākiō Rockwell, a me ka pālākiō Vickers. He mea nui nā mea paʻakikī no ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka hana ʻana, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka paʻakikī a me ka lōʻihi. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou no ka hōʻoluʻolu a me ka maʻalahi, a no laila pono ʻoe e ʻimi i ka honua ākea o nā mea paʻakikī.
ʻO wau ʻo Joost Nusselder, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke Kauka Mea Hana, mea kūʻai maʻiʻo, a me ka makuakāne. Makemake au i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea hana hou, a me kaʻu hui ua hana au i nā ʻatikala blog hohonu mai ka makahiki 2016 e kōkua i ka poʻe heluhelu kūpaʻa me nā mea hana a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.
