ʻO ka wai ke ʻano o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā molekala e pili kokoke ana kekahi i kekahi e hana i nā paʻa pōkole (adhesion) a neʻe a puni kekahi i kekahi (fluidity). Loaʻa ka nui o ka wai a lawe i ke ʻano o kahi ipu. Loaʻa ka hapa nui ma ke ʻano.
E nānā hou aku kākou i kēlā me kēia.
Ma kēia pou e uhi mākou:
- Nā Laʻana o nā wai: ʻoi aku ma mua o ka wai wale nō
- He aha ka mea e kū hoʻokahi ai nā wai?
- Nā Mokuʻāina Hoʻololi: He Manaʻo o nā Phases
- ʻO ke ʻano paʻa o ka wai: Cohesion and Adhesion
- ʻO ka ʻoihana paʻa o ka Viscosity
- ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana: ka ʻepekema ma hope o ka wai i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahu
- Ka ʻepekema Ma hope o ka Volatility o nā wai
- Panina
Nā Laʻana o nā wai: ʻoi aku ma mua o ka wai wale nō
Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka wai, ke ʻōlelo nei mākou i kahi kūlana o ka mea. ʻAʻole like me nā mea paʻa, nona ke ʻano a me ka leo paʻa, a me nā kinoea, e hoʻonui ana e hoʻopiha i kekahi pahu, loaʻa i ka wai ka leo paʻa akā lawe i ke ʻano o kā lākou ipu. Aia kekahi mau waiwai o ka wai:
- Aneane hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia: Loaʻa ka leo paʻa o nā wai, ʻo ia hoʻi he paʻakikī ke kaomi. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka pili kokoke ʻana o nā molekala i loko o ka wai a ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka neʻe ʻana.
- Density: Hōʻike ʻia nā wai e ko lākou mānoanoa, ʻo ia ka nui o kēlā me kēia leo. Hoʻopili ʻia ka mānoanoa o ka wai e ka mahana a me ke kaomi, akā no kekahi ʻano mea, e mau ana ka density.
- Cohesion a me Adhesion: Loaʻa i nā wai ka waiwai o ka cohesion, ʻo ia hoʻi ka huki ʻana o nā molekala i kekahi i kekahi. Loaʻa iā lākou ka waiwai o ka adhesion, ʻo ia hoʻi ua huki lākou i ka ʻili o kahi paʻa.
- Viscosity: Loaʻa i nā wai ke kū'ē i ke kahe, i kapa ʻia ʻo viscosity. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia waiwai e ka mahana a me ke ʻano kemika o ka wai.
Nā Laʻana o nā wai
Ke noʻonoʻo nei mākou i nā wai, ʻo ka mea mua e hiki mai i ka noʻonoʻo ʻo ka wai maʻamau. Eia naʻe, nui nā laʻana o ka wai, e like me:
- ʻO ka ʻaila meaʻai: He ʻaila ʻaila maʻamau kēia i hiki ʻole ke hui pū me ka wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia e hui pū me ka wai.
- ʻAʻona: He wai maʻamau kēia i hui pū ʻia me ka wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, hui pū me ka wai.
- Mercury: He mea metala kēia i wai ma ka lumi wela. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia e kona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā thermometers.
- ʻO Rubidium: ʻO kēia kekahi mea metala ʻē aʻe he wai i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.
- Kemika: Nui nā kinikona i loko o ke ʻano wai, me kekahi mau mea i nui i ko kākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka ʻaila a me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
Na wai a me ko lakou mau waiwai
Hiki i nā waiwai o nā wai ke alakaʻi i kekahi mau hanana hoihoi. ʻo kahi laʻana:
- Hiki i nā wai ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano: ʻAʻole like me nā mea paʻa, nona ke ʻano paʻa, hiki i nā wai ke lawe i ke ʻano o kā lākou ipu. ʻO kēia waiwai ma muli o ke kūʻokoʻa o nā molekala i loko o kahi wai e neʻe a puni.
- Hoʻopiha nā wai i nā ipu: ʻOiai ʻaʻole e hoʻonui ka wai e hoʻopiha i kahi pahu e like me ke kinoea, hoʻopiha lākou i ka ipu i loko.
- Puka ka wai ma luna o ka ʻili: Ke kau ʻia ka wai ma luna o ka ʻili, e lūlū ʻia a hiki i kahi kūlana kaulike. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā waiwai o ka cohesion a me ka pili.
He aha ka mea e kū hoʻokahi ai nā wai?
ʻO ka wai kahi kūlana hoihoi o nā mea nona nā waiwai e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā paʻa a me nā kinoea. Eia kekahi mau waiwai nui o ka wai.
- Volume: Loaʻa i ka wai ka leo paʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, lawe lākou i kahi nui kikoʻī.
- Ke Kino: Lawe nā wai i ke ʻano o kā lākou pahu ma muli o nā ikaika kaulike ʻole ma waena o kā lākou mau ʻāpana.
- ʻO nā pūʻali hoʻohui: Hoʻopili ʻia nā molekala i loko o kahi wai i kekahi i kekahi, e hopena i ka haʻalulu ʻili a me ka hiki ke hana i nā hāʻule.
- Viscosity: Loaʻa i nā wai ke ana o ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ke kahe, hiki ke ʻokoʻa ma muli o ke ʻano o ka wai. No ka laʻana, he haʻahaʻa ko ka wai, ʻoiai he kiʻekiʻe ka viscosity o ka meli.
- ʻO ka ʻili o ka ʻili: He waiwai ko ka wai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ʻo ia ka hopena o nā pūʻali hoʻohui ma waena o nā ʻāpana ma ka ʻili o ka wai. He mea nui kēia waiwai i nā hana he nui, e like me ka hana capillary.
- Evaporation: Hiki i nā wai ke hoʻololi i ke kinoea ma o ke kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia ʻo evaporation, kahi e koi ai i ka ikehu e wāwahi i nā mea paʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana.
Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā wai a me nā mea paʻa
ʻOiai ua manaʻo ʻia nā wai a me nā mea paʻa i nā ʻāpana condensed o ka mea, aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua:
- Kinohi: He ʻano paʻa ko nā mea paʻa, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka wai ke ʻano o ko lākou ipu.
- Nā ʻāpana: Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻāpana i loko o kahi paʻa i kahi ʻano paʻa, aʻo nā ʻāpana i loko o ka wai e neʻe a puni kekahi i kekahi.
- Volume: Loaʻa ka leo paʻa i ka paʻa, ʻoiai he leo paʻa ka wai akā hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano.
- Hoʻohui: Ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā pūʻali hoʻohui i loko o nā mea paʻa ma mua o nā wai, e hopena i kahi ʻoi aʻe o ka ʻili.
Ka mea nui o ka hoomaopopo ana i na waiwai wai
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai o ka wai ma nā wahi he nui, e like me:
- Kemika: Pono ka ʻike i nā waiwai o ka wai e wehewehe i ke ʻano o nā pūhui a e ana i ko lākou mau hoʻololi kino a me ke kemika.
- Physics: He mea nui ke aʻo ʻana i nā wai i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka wai, ʻo ia ke kī ma nā wahi he nui o ka physics.
- ʻepekema honua: He mea nui nā waiwai o nā wai i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka wai ma ka Honua, me kāna kuleana i ke kaʻina wai a me kona hopena i ke kaiapuni.
Ana i na waiwai wai
Nui nā ala e ana i nā waiwai o ka wai, e like me:
- Viscosity: Hiki ke ana ʻia ke kū ʻana o ke kahe me ka viscometer.
- Kū'ē o ka ʻili: Hiki ke ana ʻia ka ʻili o ka wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka tensiometer.
- Density: Hiki ke ana ʻia ka nuipa o ka nui o ka wai me ka hydrometer.
- Puni paila: Hiki ke ana ʻia ka mahana i hoʻololi ʻia ka wai i ke kinoea me ka thermometer.
ʻO ka hope o ka noiʻi wai
Nui nā mea e aʻo ai e pili ana i ka wai, a ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ma kēia wahi. ʻO kekahi mau wahi koʻikoʻi o ka nānā ʻana:
- ʻO nā wai paʻakikī: ʻO nā wai i ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā wai maʻalahi, e like me nā polymers a me nā kristal wai.
- ʻO nā wai kaomi kiʻekiʻe: ʻO nā wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā mea i loaʻa i loko o ka Honua.
- ʻO nā wai wela: ʻO nā wai i hoʻomehana ʻia i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hana ʻoihana.
Nā Mokuʻāina Hoʻololi: He Manaʻo o nā Phases
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka pae paʻa a i ka pae wai. Eia kekahi mau mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai:
- Ke hoʻomehana ʻia kahi paʻa, hoʻomaka kāna mau molekala e haʻalulu wikiwiki a wikiwiki hoʻi.
- I kekahi manawa, lawa ka ikehu o nā molekala e hemo ai mai ko lākou mau kūlana paʻa a hoʻomaka e neʻe a puni.
- ʻO kēia ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a lilo i wai.
Mai ka wai a paʻa: ka hau
He kū'ē ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana. ʻO ia ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka pae wai i ka pae paʻa. Eia kekahi mau mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai:
- Ke hoʻomāʻalili ka wai, hoʻomaka kāna mau molekala e neʻe mālie a lohi.
- I kekahi manawa, nalowale ka ikehu o nā molekala e neʻe a hoʻomaka e noho i nā kūlana paʻa.
- ʻO kēia ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka hau a lilo i mea paʻa.
Mai ka wai a i ke kinoea: hoʻoheheʻe
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka pae wai a i ka pae kinoea. Eia kekahi mau mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai:
- Ke hoʻomehana ʻia ka wai, hoʻomaka ka neʻe ʻana o kāna mau molekala i ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki.
- I kekahi manawa, lawa ka ikehu o na mole e hemo ai mai ka ili o ka wai a lilo i kinoea.
- ʻO kēia ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka wai e mahu a lilo i kinoea.
Mai ke kinoea a i ka wai: condensation
ʻO ka condensation ke kū'ē i ka evaporation. ʻO ia ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka pae kinoea i ka pae wai. Eia kekahi mau mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai:
- Ke hoʻomāʻalili ke kinoea, hoʻomaka kāna mau molekala e neʻe mālie a lohi.
- I kekahi manawa, nalowale ka ikehu o nā mole e noho pū a hoʻomaka e hana i wai.
- ʻO kēia ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ke kinoea e hoʻopuʻu a lilo i wai.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mokuʻāina o ka mea he kaʻina hana hoihoi e kū nei a puni mākou. Inā ʻo ka hau hehee i loko o kāu inu a i ʻole ka mahu e piʻi aʻe mai kāu kofe kakahiaka, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pae o ka mea hiki ke kōkua iā mākou e mahalo i ka honua ma ke ʻano hou.
ʻO ke ʻano paʻa o ka wai: Cohesion and Adhesion
ʻO ka pili ʻana a me ka pili ʻana e pili ana i ka ʻili o ka wai. ʻO ke kuʻekuʻe o ka ʻili ka ikaika e hoʻokaʻawale ai ka ʻili o ka wai a hana i kahi ʻano e hōʻemi i ka ʻili o ka ʻili. ʻO ka Cohesion ke kuleana o ka ʻili o ka wai, ʻoiai ʻo ka adhesion e hiki ai i ka wai ke pili i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
Nā Laʻana o ka Cohesion and Adhesion in Action
Eia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohui a me ka pili i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
- ʻO kahi kulu wai ma luna o ka ʻili ʻālohilohi ke ʻano he ʻano poʻe pōʻai ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā molekele wai.
- Hiki i ka wai i loko o kahi ipu ke pulu ka ipu ma muli o ka pili.
- ʻO ka hana capillary, ka mea e hiki ai i ka wai ke neʻe i loko o nā paipu haiki, he hopena ia o ka hui pū ʻana a me ka pili.
- ʻO ka meniscus, ka ʻili o ka wai i loko o kahi pahu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kaulike ma waena o nā pūʻali paʻa a me nā mea hoʻopili.
Nā hopena o ka pili ʻana a me ka pili ʻana
ʻO ka ikaika o ka hui pū ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka wai a me ka ʻili e pili ana. Eia kekahi mau hopena o ka hoʻohui a me ka pili.
- Piʻi ka wai ma luna o ka ʻili waxed no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pūʻali hoʻohui ma waena o nā molekele wai ma mua o nā ikaika pipili ma waena o ka wai a me ka wax.
- Hiki ke palahalaha ka pena ma ka ili aniani no ka mea, ua oi aku ka ikaika o ka pipili ma waena o ka pena a me ke aniani ma mua o ka ikaika hui ma waena o na molekule pena.
- Hoʻokumu ʻo Mercury i ka meniscus concave i loko o kahi paipu aniani haiki no ka mea ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka mercury a me ke aniani ma mua o nā pūʻali hoʻohui ma waena o nā molekole mercury.
- Hiki i nā ʻōhū kopa ke hana i nā pōʻai ma muli o ke kaulike ma waena o nā pūʻali hoʻopaʻa a me nā ikaika.
ʻO ka cohesion a me ka hoʻopili ʻana he mau mea hoihoi o ka wai e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana i nā ʻano like ʻole a pili pū me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia mau waiwai hiki ke kōkua iā mākou e mālama i ka wai a hoʻohana pono i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻO ka ʻoihana paʻa o ka Viscosity
ʻO ka Viscosity kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia i ka physics a me ke kemika kino e wehewehe i ke kūʻē ʻana o kahi wai e kahe. He ana ia o ke kuʻekuʻe kūloko o ka wai a pili ʻia e nā mea e like me ka mahana, ka puʻe, a me ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā molekole i hana i ka wai.
Pehea e ana ʻia ai ka Viscosity?
Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ka viscosity me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea i kapa ʻia he viscometer, kahi e ana i ka manawa e kahe ai ka wai ma o ka paipu haiki a i ʻole ke kahawai. Hōʻike ʻia ka viscosity o ka wai ma nā ʻāpana o ka poise a i ʻole ke centipoise, me hoʻokahi poise e like me hoʻokahi dyne-kekona no ke kenimika huinaha.
He aha kekahi mau pilikia e pili ana i ka Viscosity?
ʻOiai he waiwai koʻikoʻi ka viscosity o ka wai, hiki iā ia ke hoʻopilikia i kekahi mau kūlana. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe ke paʻakikī i ka paila ʻana i nā wai ma o nā pipelines, ʻoiai hiki i ka viscosity haʻahaʻa ke alakaʻi i ka leakage a me nā pilikia ʻē aʻe.
Nā kumuwaiwai no ke kūkākūkā hou aku
Inā makemake ʻoe e aʻo hou aʻe e pili ana i ka viscosity a me kāna kuleana i ke ʻano o ka wai, nui nā kumuwaiwai i loaʻa ma ka pūnaewele a i paʻi ʻia. ʻO kekahi mau kumu waiwai o ka ʻike, penei:
- Nā puke aʻoaʻo e pili ana i ke kemika kino a me ka physics condensed matter
- Nā puke pai ʻepekema e like me Physical Review Letters a me Journal of Chemical Physics
- Nā ʻaha kūkā pūnaewele a me nā papa kūkākūkā no nā ʻepekema a me nā mea noiʻi
- ʻO nā pūnaewele a me nā blog i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ke aʻo ʻana i nā wai a me kā lākou waiwai
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana: ka ʻepekema ma hope o ka wai i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mahu
ʻO ka evaporation ka hana e hoʻololi ai ka wai i ke kinoea. Hana ʻia ia i ka wā e loaʻa ai i nā molekala i loko o ka wai ka ikehu kinetic e pakele ai i nā ikaika e paʻa ai lākou. Ua kapa ʻia ka ikehu e pono ai no kēia kaʻina hana he wela, a hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka lā, ka kuke ʻana, a i ʻole kekahi kumu wela ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻomehana ʻia ka wai, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o kāna mau molekala, a piʻi aʻe ka manawa e loaʻa ai ka ikehu e pakele ai i ka pae wai.
ʻO ke kuleana o ka wela a me ke kaomi
ʻO ka mahana a me ke kaomi o ka wahi a puni ka mea nui i ka hana evaporation. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu kinetic o nā molekala i loko o ka wai, a lilo ia i mea maʻalahi iā lākou ke pakele i ka pae wai. Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, ke emi iho ke kaomi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā molekala e neʻe a puni, a lilo ia i mea maʻalahi no lākou e pakele i ka pae wai.
Hoʻohuehu vs
Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka evaporation me ka vaporization, akā ʻaʻole like lākou. ʻO ka vaporization ke kaʻina hana e hoʻololi ai ka wai i ke kinoea, a hiki ke hana i kēlā me kēia mahana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki mai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma ka ʻili o ka wai a aia wale nō ka wai ma lalo o kona wahi paila.
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā kaiapuni like ʻole
Hiki ke ho'ohehe'e 'ia ma kekahi kaiapuni, akā hiki koke mai ma nā wahi mahana a malo'o. Eia kekahi mau laʻana kikoʻī.
- ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā piʻi wela a maloʻo ma mua o nā piʻi anuanu a me ka haʻahaʻa.
- Hiki wawe ka ea ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe no ka haʻahaʻa o ke ea.
- ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma nā wahi me ka laha ākea o ka oxygen i ka lewa.
- ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma nā wahi malu no ka emi ʻana o ka lā pololei e wela ai ka wai.
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe a me ke kaʻa wai
I ka wā e maʻalili ai ka mahu wai ma ka lewa, e huli hou ia i wai ma o ka hana i kapa ʻia ʻo condensation. Hiki i kēia wai ke hāʻule hou i ka ili o ka Honua ma ke ʻano he ua, e hoʻopau ana i ka pōʻai wai.
Ka ʻepekema Ma hope o ka Volatility o nā wai
ʻO ka Volatility ka manaʻo o kahi mea e hoʻoheheʻe a e mahuka paha. Pili loa ia i ke kaomi mahu o ka wai, ʻo ia ke ana o ka manaʻo o ka mea e pakele ai i loko o ke kinoea. ʻO ka volatility o ka wai e pili ana i nā kumu he nui, e like me ka nui a me ke ʻano o kāna mau molekele pākahi, ka ikaika o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma waena o nā atom a i ʻole nā particle kokoke, a me ka ikehu e pono ai e wāwahi i kēlā mau mea paʻa a ʻae i ka waiwai e hoʻololi mai kahi wai. i ke kinoea.
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ke kaomi mahu
ʻO ke kaomi mahu he ana o ka degere pili o ka volatility o ka wai. ʻO ia ke kaomi i hana ʻia e ka mahu o kahi mea i loko o kahi pahu pani i kahi mahana i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi mahu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wai. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia waiwai i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka wahi e hoʻolapalapa ai o kahi wai, a me kona ʻano e evaporate.
ʻO ke ahi a me ka Volatility
Pili loa ka hikiwawe o kekahi mea me kona volatility. ʻO nā wai pele i loaʻa kahi kiko uila haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia ka wela e hāʻawi ai ka wai i ka mahu e hana ai i hui pū ʻia me ka ea, ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻaʻa loa. ʻO kēia ke kumu he mea nui e mālama i nā wai volatile me ka mālama a e like me nā lula palekana.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻoihana o nā wai lele
Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā wai kahe i nā kaʻina hana, e like me:
- Solvents: hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana like ʻole.
- Nā wahie: hoʻohana ʻia i kumu o ka ikehu ma nā ʻenekini a me nā mīkini ʻē aʻe.
- Nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe: hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻili ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
I ka hopena, ʻo ka volatility o ka wai he kaʻina hana paʻakikī e pili ana i nā kumu he nui, me nā waiwai o kēlā me kēia mole, ka mahana, a me ke alo o nā mea ʻē aʻe. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ʻepekema ma hope o ka volatility i kekahi mau ʻoihana, mai ka hana ʻana a hiki i ka hana ikehu.
Panina
No laila, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka wai. ʻO ka wai he ʻano mea like ʻole me ka paʻa, i hōʻike ʻia e ka leo paʻa a me ke ʻano wai, a me nā mea āpau a mākou e ʻike ai a puni mākou i kēlā me kēia lā.
ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo maoli i ka wai me ka ʻole o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai o ka cohesion a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, a ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo maoli i ka poʻe me ka ʻike ʻole i nā molekala a me nā ʻātoma. No laila, manaʻolana wau ua hāʻawi kēia alakaʻi iā ʻoe i kahi ʻike maikaʻi aʻe o ka wai.
ʻO wau ʻo Joost Nusselder, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke Kauka Mea Hana, mea kūʻai maʻiʻo, a me ka makuakāne. Makemake au i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea hana hou, a me kaʻu hui ua hana au i nā ʻatikala blog hohonu mai ka makahiki 2016 e kōkua i ka poʻe heluhelu kūpaʻa me nā mea hana a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.
