Mākēneki: He alakaʻi piha i ka mana mākēneki a me nā kahua

ʻO ka Magnetism kahi papa o nā hanana kino i hoʻopili ʻia e nā māla magnetic. ʻO nā au uwila a me nā manawa mākēneki koʻikoʻi o nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa e hoʻāla mai i kahi māla magnetic, e hana ana i nā au a me nā manawa magnetic.

Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea a pau e kahi māla magnetic. ʻO ka hopena maʻamau loa ma nā magnet mau loa, nona nā manawa magnetic mau i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ferromagnetism.

Ka Mana o ka Mana Magnetic

ʻO ka ikaika mākēneki ka ikaika i hana ʻia ma luna o kahi ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e neʻe ana i loko o kahi māla magnetic. He ikaika ia e pili pono ana i ka wikiwiki o ka mea i kau ʻia a me ke kahua magnetic. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ikaika e ka hoʻohālikelike ikaika Lorentz, e ʻōlelo ana ʻo ka ikaika (F) e hana ana ma kahi uku (q) e neʻe ana me ka wikiwiki (v) i loko o kahi mākēneki (B) ua hāʻawi ʻia e ka hoohalike F = qvBsinθ, kahi θ ʻo ia ka huina ma waena o ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopiʻi a me ke kahua magnetic.

Pehea ka pili ana o ka Mana Magnetic me ke au uila?

Pili loa ka ikaika magneti me ke au uila. Ke kahe ka ʻauwaʻa uila ma o ka uea, hana ia i kahi mākena a puni ka uea. Hiki i kēia māhina magnetic ke hoʻoikaika i nā mea ʻē aʻe i kona alo. ʻO ka nui a me ke kuhikuhi o ka ikaika e pili ana i ka ikaika a me ke kuhikuhi o ke kahua magnetic.

He aha nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia e ka Mana Magnetic?

Hiki i ka mana magnetic ke hoʻololi i ka nui o nā mea, me:

• ʻO nā mea magnetic e like me ka hao, ke kila, a me ka nickel
• Ke alakaʻi nei i nā mea e like me ke keleawe a me ke alumini
• ʻO nā electrons kelepona i loko o kahi conductor
• Nā ʻāpana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi plasma

Nā Laʻana o ka Mana Magnetic i ka hana

ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka mana magnetic i ka hana penei:

• ʻO nā mākēneki e huki ana a hoʻokuke paha kekahi i kekahi
• ʻO nā mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka pahu hau a i ʻole ka puka no ka mea ua hoʻokomo ʻia me ka magnet
• He koʻokoʻo kila e huki ʻia ana i kahi magnet ikaika
• He uwea e lawe ana i ke au uwila e hooleleia ana ma ke kahua makeke
• ʻO ka neʻe mau ʻana o ka nila panana ma muli o ke kahua mākēneki o ka Honua

Pehea e wehewehe ʻia ai ka Mana Magnetic?

Hōʻike ʻia ka mana magnet me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana o nā newtons (N) a me ka teslas (T). ʻO ka tesla ka ʻāpana o ka ikaika o ke kahua magnetic, a ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka ikaika e hana ana ma luna o kahi uwea e lawe ana i ke au o hoʻokahi ampere i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kahua mākēneki like ʻole o hoʻokahi tesla. Ua like ka mana mana ma luna o kekahi mea me ka huahana o ka ikaika o ke kahua magnetic a me ka hoʻopiʻi o ia mea.

He aha ke ʻano o nā kahua e pili ana i ka Mana Magnetic?

Pili ka ikaika magnetic i nā kahua electromagnetic. ʻO ke kahua electromagnetic kahi ʻano kahua i hana ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o nā uku uila a me nā au. ʻO ke kahua magnetic kekahi mea o ke kahua electromagnetic, a ua hana ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o nā uku uila.

Loaʻa i nā mea a pau ka ikaika mākēneki?

ʻAʻole ʻike nā mea a pau i ka mana magnetic. ʻO nā mea wale nō i loaʻa i ka ʻupena ʻupena a i ʻole e lawe ana i ke au uila e ʻike i ka ikaika magnetic. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea i loaʻa ʻole ka uku ʻupena a ʻaʻole e lawe ana i ke au uila.

He aha ka pilina ma waena o ka Magnetic Force a me ke alakaʻi ʻana i nā ʻili?

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Ke hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻili alakaʻi i loko o kahi māla magnetic, e ʻike nā electrons i ka ʻili i kahi ikaika ma muli o ke kahua magnetic. ʻO kēia ikaika e hoʻoneʻe i nā electrons, kahi e hana ai i kahi au i ka ʻili. ʻO ka mea o kēia manawa, e hoʻokumu i kahi pākuʻi e launa pū me ke kahua magnetic mua, e ʻike ai ka ʻili i kahi ikaika.

He aha ka pilina ma waena o ka ikaika mākēneki a me ka nui o ka wikiwiki o kahi mea?

ʻO ka mana manenika e hana ana ma luna o kekahi mea e like me ka nui o ka wikiwiki o ka mea. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o kekahi mea, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka mana magnetic.

Ka Moolelo Hoohiwahiwa o na Magnet

• ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "magnet" mai ka huaʻōlelo Latin "magnes," e pili ana i kahi ʻano pōhaku kūikawā i loaʻa ma Turkey ma ka mauna ʻo Ida.
• Ua ʻike ka poʻe Kina kahiko i nā lodestones, he mau magnet maoli i hana ʻia me ka hao hao, ma mua o 2,000 mau makahiki i hala.
• Ua hōʻoia ka ʻepekema Pelekane ʻo William Gilbert i nā ʻike mua e pili ana i nā waiwai o nā mea magnet i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 16, me ka noho ʻana o nā pole magnetic.
• Ua ʻike ka ʻepekema Dutch ʻo Christian Oersted i ka pilina ma waena o ka uila a me ka magnetism i ka makahiki 1820.
• Ua hoʻonui ka physicist Farani Andre Ampere i ka hana a Oersted, e aʻo ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka uila a me ka magnetism a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manaʻo o ke kahua magnetic.

Hoʻomohala ʻana i nā Magnet mau

• I nā makahiki mua o ka magnetism, makemake nā mea noiʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ikaika a ʻoi aku ka ikaika.
• I nā makahiki 1930, ua hoʻomohala nā mea noiʻi ma Sumitomo i ka hao, ka aluminika, a me ka nickel i hana i kahi magnet me ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu ma mua o nā mea mua.
• I ka makahiki 1980, ua hoʻolauna nā mea noiʻi ma ka Academy of Sciences ma Moscow i kahi ʻano magnet hou i hana ʻia me kahi hui o neodymium, iron, a boron (NdFeB), ʻo ia ka magnet ikaika loa i loaʻa i kēia lā.
• Hiki i nā mākēneki hou ke hana i nā māla magnetic me nā ikaika a hiki i ka 52 mega-Gauss-oersteds (MGOe), ʻoi aku ka nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka 0.5 MGOe i hana ʻia e nā lodestones.

ʻO ke kuleana o nā Magnets i ka hana ikehu

• He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā Magnets i ka hana ʻana o ka uila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana i ka mana mai nā turbines makani a me nā wai wai.
• Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā Magnets i nā kaʻa uila, i loaʻa i nā mea āpau mai nā kaʻa a i nā mea hana hale.
• ʻO ka hoihoi i nā magnets e ala mai i ko lākou hiki ke hana i kahi māla magnetic, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i ka mana uila.

ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā Magnets

• Ke aʻo nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā mea hou a me nā hoʻomohala ʻana i ka magnetism, e komo pū ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā metala honua a me nā alloys.
• ʻO ka neo magnet kahi ʻano magnet hou i ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o nā mea magnet mua a hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kahua o ka magnetism.
• Ke hoʻomau nei ko mākou ʻike ʻana i nā magnets, e pāʻani lākou i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā hui ʻenehana holomua.

Ke ʻimi nei i ke ao hoʻohiwahiwa o ka Magnetism

ʻO ka Magnetism kahi waiwai i loaʻa i kekahi mau mea, e hiki ai iā lākou ke huki a hoʻokuʻu paha i nā mea ʻē aʻe. Aia nā ʻano o ka magnetism:

• Diamagnetism: Aia kēia ʻano magnetism i nā mea āpau a ke kumu ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o nā electrons i loko o ka mea. Ke hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mea i loko o kahi māla magnetic, e hoʻopuka nā electrons i loko o ka mea i kahi au uila e kūʻē i ka māla magnetic. ʻO kēia ka hopena i kahi hopena repulsion nāwaliwali, ʻaʻole i ʻike pinepine ʻia.

• Paramagnetism: Aia kēia ʻano magnetism i nā mea āpau, akā ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali ma mua o ka diamagnetism. I loko o nā mea paramagnetic, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā manawa magnetic o nā electrons, akā hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e kahi kahua magnetic waho. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka nawaliwali o nā mea i ke kahua magnetic.

• Ferromagnetism: ʻO kēia ʻano magnetism ka mea maʻamau a ʻo ia ka mea a ka poʻe e manaʻo ai ke lohe lākou i ka huaʻōlelo "magnet." Hoʻokomo ikaika ʻia nā mea ferromagnetic i nā magnet a hiki ke mālama i ko lākou mau waiwai magnetic ʻoiai ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ke kahua magnetic waho. ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā manawa magnetic o nā electrons i loko o ka mea i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, e hana ana i kahi māla magnetic ikaika.

Ka ʻEpekema Ma hope o Magnetism

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka Magnetism e ka neʻe ʻana o nā uku uila, e like me nā electrons, i loko o kahi mea. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke kahua mākēneki i hana ʻia e kēia mau hoʻopiʻi ma ke ʻano he pūʻulu o nā laina i hana ʻia i kahi māla magnetic. ʻOkoʻa ka ikaika o ke kahua magnetic ma muli o ka nui o nā hoʻopiʻi i kēia manawa a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana.

ʻO ke ʻano o kahi mea waiwai kekahi i loko o kona mau waiwai magnetic. I loko o nā mea ferromagnetic, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā manawa magnetic o nā molekala i ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, e hana ana i kahi māla ikaika. I loko o nā mea diamagnetic, ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia nā manawa magnetic, e hopena i kahi hopena repulsion nāwaliwali.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka Magnetism

He waiwai koʻikoʻi ka Magnetism o ka mea i loaʻa i nā noi kūpono. ʻO kekahi o nā ala e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka magnetism:

• Nā motika uila a me nā mea hoʻomohala: Ke hoʻohana nei kēia mau mea hana i nā māla magnetic e hana i ka neʻe a i ʻole e hoʻohua i ka uila.

• Hoʻopaʻa Magnetic: Hoʻohana ʻia nā māla magnetic no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma nā paʻa paʻakikī a me nā ʻano mea like ʻole o ka waihona mālama magnetic.

• Ke kiʻi lāʻau lapaʻau: Ke hoʻohana nei ke kiʻi kiʻi magnetic resonance (MRI) i nā māla magnetic e hana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī o ke kino.

• Levitation Magnetic: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā māla magnetic e levitate i nā mea, aia nā noi i ka lawe ʻana a me ka hana ʻana.

He mea nui hoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka magnetism no nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia e hana me nā mea. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai magnetic o kahi mea, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolālā i nā mea me nā waiwai magnetic kikoʻī no nā noi like ʻole.

E ʻimi ana i nā kahua mākēneki ma nā mea waiwai

Ua wehewehe ʻia ka ikaika o ke kahua mākēneki i nā ʻāpana o ka ampere no ka mika (A/m). ʻO ka ikaika o ka māla magnetic e pili ana i ka density o ka magnetic flux, ʻo ia ka helu o nā laina kahua magnetic e hele ana ma kahi i hāʻawi ʻia. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o ke kahua mākēneki e kahi vector, e kuhikuhi ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka mana hoʻopaneʻe ma luna o kahi uku kūpono e neʻe ana i ke kula.

ʻO ke kuleana o nā mea hoʻokele ma nā kahua magnetik

Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea e hoʻokele ai i ka uila, e like me ke keleawe a i ʻole ka aluminika. Ke holo ka au uila ma o ka mea hoʻokele, hoʻopuka ʻia kahi mākia e kū pono ana i ke ala o ke kahe o kēia manawa. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano o ka lula lima ʻākau, kahi e kuhikuhi ai ka manamana lima i ke ala o ke kahe o kēia manawa, a ʻo nā manamana lima i ka ʻaoʻao o ke kahua magnetic.

ʻO nā ʻano kikoʻī o nā mea magnetic

ʻElua ʻano kikoʻī o nā mea magnetic: ferromagnetic a me paramagnetic. ʻO nā mea ferromagnetic, e like me ka hao, nickel, a me ka cobalt, loaʻa i kahi māla magnetic ikaika a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia. ʻO nā mea paramagnetic, e like me ka alumini a me ka platinum, he palupalu palupalu a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka magnetized.

ʻO ka Electromagnet: He mea mana ikaika i hoʻokele ʻia e ka uila

ʻO ka electromagnet kahi ʻano magnet i hana ʻia e ka holo ʻana i kahi au uila ma o kahi uea. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka uea a puni i kahi kumu i hana ʻia me ka hao a i ʻole kekahi mea magnetic. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo ma hope o ka electromagnet, ʻo ia ke kahe ʻana o ke au uila ma o ka uea, hana ia i kahi māla magnetic a puni ka uea. Ma ke kāʻei ʻana i ka uea i loko o kahi coil, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka māla magnetic, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hopena ma mua o ka magnet mau loa.

Pehea e mālama ʻia ai nā Electromagnets?

Hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ka ikaika o kahi electromagnet ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui o ke au uila e kahe ana. Ma ka hoʻonui a hoʻemi ʻana paha i ka nui o kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻonāwaliwali a hoʻoikaika ʻia ke kahua magnetic. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia nā pou o kahi electromagnet ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke kahe o ka uila. Hoʻohana nui kēia i nā electromagnets ma kahi ākea o nā noi.

He aha kekahi mau hoʻokolohua leʻaleʻa me nā Electromagnets?

Inā makemake ʻoe i ka ʻepekema ma hope o nā electromagnets, nui nā hoʻokolohua leʻaleʻa hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻāʻo ma ka home. Eia kekahi mau manaʻo:

• E hana i ka electromagnet maʻalahi ma ke kāʻei ʻana i kahi uwea a puni kahi kui a hoʻopili iā ia i kahi pākaukau. E ʻike i ka nui o nā paʻi pepa āu e ʻohi ai me kāu electromagnet.
• E hana i kahi kaʻa maʻalahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi electromagnet a me kahi pākaukau. Ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka polarity o ka pākaukau, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ke kaʻa e wili i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
• E hoʻohana i ka electromagnet e hana i kahi mea hana maʻalahi. Ma ka wili ʻana i kahi wili uea i loko o kahi māla magnetic, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohua i ka uila liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka noho ʻana o nā electromagnets e pono ai i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hiki ke maʻalahi ʻia e ka uila, e lilo ia i mea koʻikoʻi i nā mea hana a me nā noi.

Nā Mākēneki Dipoles: ʻO nā Poloka kūkulu o ka Magnetism

ʻO nā dipoles mākēneki nā papa kūkulu kumu o ka magnetism. ʻO lākou ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o ka magnetism a ua haku ʻia me nā magnet liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia ʻo electrons. Aia kēia mau electrons i loko o nā molekala o kahi mea a loaʻa iā ia ka hiki ke hana i kahi māla magnetic. ʻO ka dipole magnetic he puʻupuʻu o kēia au i haku ʻia me nā hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole.

Ka Hana o na Dipoles Magnetic

He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā dipoles magnetic i ka hana a me ka hana o nā pūhui he nui. Aia maʻamau lākou i ka uea maʻamau a me ke kaapuni, a pili pono ko lākou hele ʻana i ka ikaika o ke kahua magnetic. Hāʻawi ʻia ka ikaika o ke kahua magnetic e ka ʻāpana o ka loop a me ke au e kahe ana ma loko.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o nā Dipoles Magnetic i ka ʻepekema Lapaʻau

He koʻikoʻi nui nā dipoles magnet i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hana i nā magnet liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike a mālama i nā ʻano olakino like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā dipoles magnetic i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau i kapa ʻia ʻo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ʻO MRI kahi ʻenehana olakino maikaʻi a palekana e hoʻohana ana i nā dipoles magnetic e hana i nā kiʻi o loko o ke kino.

Panina

No laila, 'o ia ho'i, 'o ia ho'i, 'o ia ho'i kekahi mea e huki ai a ho'olei paha i ka magnet. He mana ia e pili ana i ka uila a me ka magnetism. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana ia mea no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea ma ka friji a i ʻole e hana i kahi kiko panana ma ka ʻākau. No laila, mai makaʻu e hoʻohana! ʻAʻole paʻakikī e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia. E hoʻomanaʻo wale i nā lula a maikaʻi ʻoe.

ʻO wau ʻo Joost Nusselder, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke Kauka Mea Hana, mea kūʻai maʻiʻo, a me ka makuakāne. Makemake au i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea hana hou, a me kaʻu hui ua hana au i nā ʻatikala blog hohonu mai ka makahiki 2016 e kōkua i ka poʻe heluhelu kūpaʻa me nā mea hana a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.