ʻO ka lāʻau kūlohelohe, i kapa ʻia ʻo India rubber a i ʻole caoutchouc, e like me ka mea i hana mua ʻia, aia nā polymers o ka isoprene pūhui organik, me nā haumia liʻiliʻi o nā pūhui mea ola ʻē aʻe me ka wai.
I kēia manawa, ʻohi nui ʻia ka rubber ma ke ʻano o ka ka hopena mai kekahi mau laau. ʻO ka latex he colloid milky i huki ʻia e ka ʻoki ʻana i ka ʻili a hōʻiliʻili i ka wai i loko o nā moku ma ke ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo "tapping".
Ma kēia ʻatikala, e haʻi wau iā ʻoe i nā mea āpau e pono ai ʻoe e ʻike e pili ana i kēia mea maʻalahi.
Ma kēia pou e uhi mākou:
- E ʻike i ka Rubber Natural
- He aha ke 'ano o ka Rubber?
- Ka Moolelo Opulent o Rubber
- ʻO nā mea paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana i ka Rubber Natural
- ʻO ka lāʻau Rubber: ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi kumu o ka Rubber
- E ʻimi ana i ke ao o nā ʻano ʻano Rubber
- Nui nā mea hoʻohana no ka Rubber: Mai nā Tires a i nā Lapaʻau Lapaʻau
- Ka Hana ʻana me ka Rubber: He alakaʻi i nā mea ʻokoʻa
- Panina
E ʻike i ka Rubber Natural
He ʻano polymer i hana ʻia e kekahi mau mea kanu. He mea kū hoʻokahi ia i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā huahana o kēlā me kēia lā, mai nā kaila a hiki i nā mīkina lima a i ka insulation uila. Hana ʻia ka lāʻau me nā kaulahao lōʻihi o nā molekole i kapa ʻia he polymers, i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pūhui olaola liʻiliʻi.
Pehea ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka Rubber Natural?
Ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka kohu, hoʻohui ʻia me ka wai e hana i kahi hui i hele ʻia ma nā ʻano pale e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻāpana keu. A laila hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ka hui ʻana a hele i kahi ʻāpana o ke au uila ikaika e hana i ka huahana hope.
He aha kekahi mau ʻano ʻano Rubber?
Nui nā ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia, ʻo ia ka ʻōpala synthetic, i hana ʻia ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka ʻōpala maoli, a me ka lāʻau lāʻau, i hana ʻia ma ka ʻili ʻana i ka ʻili o kekahi mau ʻano kumulāʻau.
He aha ka noiʻi e hana ʻia nei ma ka Rubber Natural?
Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi ʻana i ka lāʻau kūlohelohe no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kāna mau waiwai a loaʻa i nā ala hou e hoʻohana ai. ʻO kekahi o nā wahi o ka noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ala e hoʻonui ai i nā pae hana, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano lāʻau hou me nā waiwai kūikawā, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ala ʻē aʻe e hana ai i ka lāʻau.
He aha ke 'ano o ka Rubber?
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber i nā huahana like ʻole, e like me:
- Tires: ʻO ka Rubber kahi mea nui i ka hana ʻana i nā kaila, e hāʻawi ana i ka ikaika kūpono a me ka maʻalahi e kū i nā koi o ke alanui.
- ʻO ka papahele a me ka hale: ʻO ka papahele Rubber a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hale he paʻa a kūpaʻa i ka wai a me nā kūlana kaiapuni.
- Nā huahana lapaʻau: Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau Latex i nā ʻano mea lapaʻau like ʻole, me nā mīkina lima a me nā paipu. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka palupalu i nā allergies a me nā haumia, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā rubbers synthetic.
- Nā Paikikala: Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber i ka hana ʻana i nā kaila kaʻa a me nā paipu, e hāʻawi ana i ka paʻa pono a me ka maʻalahi e kū i nā koi o ke alanui.
- Insulation: ʻO ka Rubber kahi mea kūpono no ka hoʻopili ʻana, e hāʻawi ana i ke kū'ē i nā wela wela a me nā kūlana kaiapuni.
- ʻO nā kīʻaha, nā hoses, a me nā mea hoʻohui: Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber e hana i nā ʻāpana maʻamau a me nā mea pono, me nā gaskets, hoses, a me nā mea hoʻohui.
- Elastomers: Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber e hana i nā ʻano elastomers, ʻo ia nā mea e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana ākea.
ʻOkoʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma muli o ke ʻano o ka lāʻau i hana ʻia a me nā waiwai kikoʻī e hōʻike ʻia ana. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokahi mea maopopo: ʻo ka rubber kahi mea koʻikoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana he nui a mākou e hoʻohana ai i kēlā me kēia lā.
Ka Moolelo Opulent o Rubber
He moʻolelo lōʻihi a waiwai ka Rubber i ka moʻomeheu ʻōiwi o Mesoamerica. ʻO nā hōʻike archeological mua loa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka latex maoli mai ka lāʻau Hevea mai ka moʻomeheu Olmec, kahi i hoʻohana mua ʻia ai ka lāʻau no ka hana ʻana i nā pōpō no ka pāʻani kinipōpō Mesoamerican.
ʻO ka hōʻea ʻana o nā ʻEulopa a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻoihana Rubber
I ka hōʻea ʻana o ʻEulopa i ʻAmelika Hema, ua ʻike lākou e hoʻohana ana ka poʻe ʻōiwi i ka lāʻau no nā kumu like ʻole, me ka hana ʻana i nā kāmaʻa a me nā lole. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kenekulia 19 ka lilo ʻana o ka lāʻau i mea waiwai nui no ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke kumu kumu o ka Rubber
ʻO ke kumu mua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau maoli ʻo ia ka lāʻau Hevea, ka mea maoli i nā wao ua o ʻAmelika Hema. I kēia lā, ʻo Thailand ka mea hana nui loa o ka ʻōpala maoli, a ukali ʻia e Indonesia, Vietnam, a me India.
Ka Huahana i hoohana nui ia
ʻO ka Rubber kekahi o nā mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ka honua, me nā tona o nā huahana lāʻau ma ka mākeke. ʻO kekahi o nā huahana rubber i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia:
- Nā kaʻa no nā kaʻa, kaʻa kaʻa, a me nā kaʻa
- Nā mīkina lima Rubber no ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka lawelawe ʻana i ka meaʻai
- Nā kaula hao no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea
- ʻO nā sila Rubber no ka pale ʻana i ka lī i loko o nā paipu a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka Rubber i ko mākou ola
He huahana koʻikoʻi ka Rubber i hoʻohana ʻia e nā kāne no nā kaukani makahiki. He hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ko kākou honua hou a ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ia i mea waiwai nui i nā ʻoihana he nui.
ʻO nā mea paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana i ka Rubber Natural
- Hana ʻia ka lāʻau kūlohelohe ma o ka unuhi ʻana i ka wai wai i kapa ʻia he latex mai kekahi ʻano lāʻau, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lāʻau Hevea brasiliensis.
- Ke ulu wale nei kēia lāʻau ma ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Brazil, akā ua mahi ʻia i kēia manawa ma Asia.
- Hiki i ke kumulāʻau ke ulu a hiki i 30 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe a koi i kahi kūlana lewa kūikawā me ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me kahi lako carbon dioxide e kākoʻo i kona ulu ʻana.
- Loaʻa ka latex ma ka hana ʻana i nā ʻoki i ka ʻili o ka lāʻau, a ʻohi ʻia ka kohu i loaʻa i loko o nā pahu i hoʻopili ʻia i ka lāʻau.
- He waiwai nui ka kohu a pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e hōʻoia i ka lako like.
ʻO ke kaʻina hana Coagulation
- ʻO ka latex i loaʻa mai ka lāʻau lapaʻau i loaʻa i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo rubber, ʻo ia ka mea ikaika i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻōpala maoli.
- Hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana coagulation ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka waika i ka latex, kahi e mānoanoa ai a hoʻokaʻawale i ka lāʻau mai ka wai.
- Hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ka hui ʻana e wehe i ka wai nui, a ʻoki ʻia ka kohu maloʻo i loko o nā ʻāpana lahilahi.
- Hana ʻia ke kaʻina ʻoki ʻana ma kahi wahi wela, ka mea maʻamau e loaʻa ai ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lāʻau me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
- A laila, mākaukau nā ʻōpala maloʻo no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole.
ʻOhi ʻana mai nā mea kanu ʻāhiu
- ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ka latex no ka hana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau mai nā kumulāʻau Hevea brasiliensis i mahi ʻia, aia ma luna o 2,500 mau ʻano mea kanu e hoʻohua ai i ka latex, me nā mea kanu hihiu.
- ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka unuhi ʻana i ka latex mai nā mea kanu ʻāhiu e hana ʻia ma ka lima a koi i nā hana koʻikoʻi ma muli o ka pulu a me nā lau lau.
- Hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻole ka hopena o nā mea kanu hihiu me ka mea i loaʻa mai nā kumulāʻau i kanu ʻia.
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohālikelike
- No ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻana i ka hāʻawi like ʻana o ka ʻōpala kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e hoʻohālikelike i ke kaʻina hana.
- Hoʻopili kēia i nā ʻanuʻu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mahi ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma kahi kikoʻī, ka ʻohi ʻana o ka latex, a me ke kaʻina coagulation a me ka maloʻo.
- ʻO nā hana hoʻohālikelike e kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea pono e pono ai a hōʻoia i ka hoʻolako mau ʻana o ka ʻōpala maoli.
ʻO ka lāʻau Rubber: ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi kumu o ka Rubber
- ʻO ka lāʻau lāʻau, ʻike ʻia ʻo Hevea brasiliensis, he ʻano mea kanu i ka ʻohana spurge Euphorbiaceae.
- Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hema, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻāpana Amazon o Brazil, kahi i hoʻohana mau ʻia ai e nā ʻōiwi no nā kumu like ʻole.
- He lāʻau ulu ka lāʻau hiki ke ulu a hiki i 100 kapuaʻi ke kiʻekiʻe a he lau hoʻokahi a hiki i ka 16 iniha ka lōʻihi.
- Hāʻawi ia i ka wai waiu a i ʻole ka latex i loaʻa i kahi hui paʻakikī o ka wai, nā kō, a me nā mea elastic loa.
Ka Hana ʻana o ka Rubber mai ka Laau Rubber
- ʻO ke kohu latex o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ke kumu mua o ka ʻōpala maoli.
- ʻOhi ʻia ka kohu ma ka hana ʻana i nā ʻoki liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻili o ka lāʻau a hoʻokuʻu i ka latex e kahe i waho i loko o kahi pahu.
- Hoʻopili ka kohu i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i ka ea, e hana ana i mea paʻa i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka wai.
- Holoi ʻia ka mea paʻa a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻōpala maka.
- ʻO nā mea kanu Rubber, aia ma Asia Hikina Hema a me ʻApelika komohana, e mahi i ka lāʻau lāʻau no ka hana ʻoihana.
Nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka lāʻau Rubber
- ʻAʻole pono ka lāʻau lāʻau no kona kohu latex akā no kāna lāʻau, i hoʻohana ʻia no nā lako a me nā hana.
- ʻIke ʻia ka lāʻau no kona mau lāʻau lapaʻau, no ka mea, hoʻohana kekahi mau lāʻau kuʻuna i ka ʻili a me nā lau no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi like ʻole.
- He kumu meaʻai nō hoʻi ka lāʻau lapaʻau, no ka mea, aia i loko o ka kohu latex nā kō i hiki ke hoʻohu ʻia i mea inu ʻona.
- Eia kekahi, pili ka lāʻau lapaʻau i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana Euphorbiaceae, e like me ka dandelion a me ka poinsettia (kahi mea kanu Kalikimaka kaulana), aia pū kekahi me ka wai latex milky e coagulates ke ʻike ʻia i ka ea.
E ʻimi ana i ke ao o nā ʻano ʻano Rubber
Ke noʻonoʻo mākou i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, manaʻo pinepine mākou i ke ʻano kūlohelohe i loaʻa mai ka kohu o nā kumulāʻau. Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ka lāʻau lapaʻau maoli, ʻo kēlā me kēia me ko lākou ʻano ponoʻī a me nā hiʻohiʻona. Eia kekahi mau mea maʻamau:
- ʻO Amazonian Rubber: No ka lāʻau Hevea brasiliensis kēia ʻano ʻano, kahi mea maoli i ka wao nahele Amazon. Ua ʻike ʻia no kona elasticity kiʻekiʻe a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā kaila a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe.
- Congo Rubber: ʻO kēia ʻano ʻano mai ka lāʻau Landolphia, aia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Congo o ʻApelika. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kona elasticity ma mua o nā ʻōpala kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe akā mahalo ʻia no kona kūpaʻa a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i nā loli wela.
- Dandelion Rubber: Hana ʻia kēia ʻano ʻano mai nā aʻa o ka mea kanu dandelion Lūkini. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia i hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā ʻōpala kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe, e loaʻa ana ka kaulana ma muli o kona hiki ke ulu i nā piʻi anuanu a me kona hiki ke hana hoʻomau.
Hana ana i ka Rubber Maka
ʻAʻohe o nā ʻano like ʻole, hoʻomaka nā ʻōpala āpau ma ke ʻano he latex wai i ʻohi ʻia mai nā mea kanu. Eia kekahi mau mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻōpala maka:
- Pono e hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi ʻia ka latex e pale aku i nā haumia a me ka pōʻino i ka lāʻau.
- Ke hōʻiliʻili ʻia, hoʻohui ʻia ka latex a lilo i ʻōpala paʻa.
- Holoi ʻia a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia ka lāʻau paʻa no ka wehe ʻana i nā haumia i koe.
Inā ʻoe e hana nei me ka lāʻau kūlohelohe a i ʻole synthetic, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻia ʻana he kī nui ia i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana rubber kiʻekiʻe.
Nui nā mea hoʻohana no ka Rubber: Mai nā Tires a i nā Lapaʻau Lapaʻau
He mea waiwai ka Rubber no ka ʻoihana kaʻa. Hāʻawi ia i ka paʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa friction, kūpono ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa, nā kāʻei conveyor, ka paila a me ka mālama ʻana i ka paipu, a me nā hale kaʻa. Hana ʻia nā hehi ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa me ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hāʻawi maikaʻi ai i ke ala. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber i ka hana ʻana i nā mokulele a me nā kaʻa kaʻa, hāʻawi i ka lawelawe pono a me ka maʻalahi.
Nā Pāʻani Pōpala
Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka Rubber i ka hana ʻana i nā kinipōpō no nā haʻuki like ʻole. ʻO ke kūpaʻa abrasion o ka mea a me ke ʻano palupalu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kinipōpō pōpeku, nā pōpō pōpeku, a me nā pōpō haʻuki ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā wili Rubber i ka ʻoihana paʻi e hana i nā paʻi hoihoi ma ka pepa.
Na Lapaau Lapaau a Hoopalau
He mea waiwai ka Rubber i ka ʻoihana lapaʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea lapaʻau a me nā mea ʻokiʻoki e like me nā mīkina lima lima, nā pale insulating, a me nā kāmaʻa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. ʻO ka maʻalahi o ka mea a me ke kū'ēʻana i ka abrasion e kūpono ia no ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā mea lapaʻau. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka synthetic rubber i ka hana ʻana i nā pacifiers a me nā huahana olakino ʻē aʻe.
Hoohana Hana Hana
Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana uila, e hāʻawi ana i ke kūpaʻa uila kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hana ʻana i nā kāʻei conveyor, ka paila a me ka mālama ʻana i ka paipu, a me nā hale kaʻa. ʻO ke kū'ēʻana o ka mea i ka abrasion kūpono ia no ka hoʻohanaʻana i nāʻoihanaʻoihana.
Nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe
ʻO ka Rubber kahi mea hoʻohana nui loa e hāʻawi i ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana. ʻO kekahi mau hoʻohana hou aku o ka rubber:
- ʻO nā uila a me ka crepe uncured no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana vulcanized rubber
- Mea waiwai no ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou
- Hoʻohui a wehe ʻana paha i nā mea hana e hana i nā ʻano lāʻau hou me nā waiwai hou
- Hoʻohana ʻia ka wai waiū i loaʻa mai nā moku latex a i ʻole nā pūnaewele e hana i ka ʻōpala maoli
- Hana ʻia ka Rubber i loko o nā miliona mau tona i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e lilo ia i mea waiwai nui no nā ʻano ʻoihana ākea.
Ka Hana ʻana me ka Rubber: He alakaʻi i nā mea ʻokoʻa
ʻO ka hanaʻana me ka'ōpala maoli heʻano hana kuʻuna i hoʻohanaʻia no nā kenekulia. ʻO ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka paʻi ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka latex, a laila e hana ʻia e hana i ka mea hao. Eia nā ʻanuʻu kumu e pili ana i ka hana ʻana me ka lāʻau kūlohelohe:
- Paʻi ʻana: ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka paʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i nā ʻoki liʻiliʻi i ka ʻili o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ai i ka latex ke kahe i waho.
- ʻOhi: ʻohi ʻia ka latex i loko o nā kīʻaha a laila hoʻouna ʻia i kahi hale hana.
- Coagulation: Hoʻohana ʻia ka latex me kahi waikawa e coagulate i nā ʻāpana a hana i kahi paʻa paʻa.
- Holoi: Holoi ʻia ka nuipa paʻa e wehe i nā haumia a me ka wai nui.
- ʻOlokaʻa ʻia: ʻōwili ʻia ka ʻōpala a maloʻo.
ʻO ke ʻano ʻepekema o ka hana ʻana me ka Rubber
He polymer ka Rubber, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia nā kaulahao lōʻihi o nā molekala i hoʻopili pū ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano ʻepekema o ka hana ʻana me ka lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i kahi kaʻina hana paʻakikī e hoʻopuka ai i kahi mea nui loa. Eia nā ʻanuʻu nui e pili ana i ke ʻano ʻepekema o ka hana ʻana me ka rubber.
- Ka hui ʻana: Hoʻohui ʻia ka mea lāʻau me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kona mau waiwai a maʻalahi ka hana ʻana.
- Hoʻomaʻamaʻa: Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka hui ʻana i kahi wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā paʻa kemika ma waena o nā mole.
- Hana ʻia: Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōpala i ke ʻano i makemake ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka extrusion.
- Hoʻolaʻa: Hoʻōla ʻia ka lāʻau i kahi wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ikaika a paʻa.
Nā hoʻohana ʻana o ka Rubber i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā
He mea koʻikoʻi ka Rubber e kākoʻo ana i ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana ma ka honua. ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā mea ʻokoʻa i loaʻa, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka lāʻau ma muli o kāna mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi mau hoʻohana nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
- Uila: He insulator maikaʻi ka Rubber a hoʻohana ʻia e kākoʻo i nā uwea uila a me nā uwea.
- Kaʻa: Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana he nui o ke kaʻa, me nā kaila, nā kāʻei, a me nā paipu.
- Lapaʻau: Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber e hana i nā mea lapaʻau, me nā mīkina lima a me nā paipu.
- ʻOihana: Hoʻohana ʻia ka Rubber i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻenehana he nui, me nā kāʻei conveyor a me nā gaskets.
Panina
No laila, ʻo ka rubber kahi mea i hana ʻia mai ka latex mai kahi lāʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā mea āpau mai nā kaila a i nā mīkina lima a he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia i ka honua i kēia lā.
No laila, i kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻoe i nā mea paʻakikī o ka lāʻau. Mai makaʻu e nīnau inā ʻaʻole ʻoe maopopo i kekahi mea!
ʻO wau ʻo Joost Nusselder, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ke Kauka Mea Hana, mea kūʻai maʻiʻo, a me ka makuakāne. Makemake au i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea hana hou, a me kaʻu hui ua hana au i nā ʻatikala blog hohonu mai ka makahiki 2016 e kōkua i ka poʻe heluhelu kūpaʻa me nā mea hana a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo.
