Cov nplaum nplaum yog ib yam khoom uas khi ob lossis ntau yam khoom ua ke. Nws yog feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim kho, bookbinding, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv kos duab thiab crafts. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog dab tsi? Cia peb saib cov ntsiab lus thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov nplaum. Ntxiv rau, kuv mam li qhia qee qhov kev lom zem txog cov khoom nplaum.
Muaj ntau ntau hom adhesives, tab sis lawv txhua tus muaj ib yam: lawv nplaum. Tab sis ua li cas nplaum nplaum txaus? Thiab koj ntsuas qhov nplaum li cas? Kuv yuav nkag mus rau qhov ntawd hauv phau ntawv qhia no.
Yog li, dab tsi yog adhesive? Cia peb kawm paub.
Hauv kab ntawv no peb yuav npog:
Stuck on Adhesive: Phau Ntawv Qhia
Adhesive, tseem hu ua kua nplaum, yog ib yam khoom siv rau ib qho los yog ob qho tib si ntawm ob qho khoom sib cais los khi lawv ua ke thiab tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev sib cais. Nws yog cov khoom siv tsis yog xim hlau uas tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau hom thiab ntau hom, thiab yog siv dav hauv cov qauv tsim thiab kev tsim kho niaj hnub. Adhesives muaj nyob rau ntau pua ntau yam, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb thiab siv. Qee cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov nplaum muaj xws li:
- Natural adhesives: Cov no yog cov nplaum uas tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj xws li cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, cov protein, thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Lawv feem ntau hu ua "kua nplaum" thiab suav nrog cov khoom xws li tsiaj zais kua nplaum, casein kua nplaum, thiab hmoov txhuv nplej siab.
- Synthetic adhesives: Cov no yog cov nplaum uas tsim los ntawm kev ua thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Lawv suav nrog cov khoom xws li polymer adhesives, kub yaj nplaum, thiab dej-raws li adhesives.
- Solvent-based adhesives: Cov no yog cov nplaum uas tau muab rau hauv cov kua ua kua thiab yuav tsum tau siv cov kuab tshuaj. Lawv suav nrog cov khoom xws li kev sib cuag cement thiab roj hmab cement.
- Cov nplaum nplaum: Cov no yog cov nplaum uas tau muab rau hauv ib daim ntawv thiab xav tau cua sov, siab, lossis dej kom qhib tau. Lawv suav nrog cov khoom xws li cov kua nplaum kub thiab epoxy.
Adhesive npaj li cas?
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj cov nplaum sib txawv nyob ntawm seb hom adhesive raug tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kauj ruam dav suav nrog:
- Sib tov cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke hauv qhov tseeb proportions
- Ua qhov sib tov los tsim qhov xav tau sib xws thiab xim
- Tso cai rau cov nplaum kom qhuav los yog kho rau nws qhov pib ntawm lub zog
- Ntim cov nplaum rau muag
Dab tsi yog Cov Khoom Ntawm Adhesive?
Adhesive muaj ntau yam khoom tseem ceeb uas ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ntau yam kev siv. Qee yam ntawm cov khoom no muaj xws li:
- Adhesion: Lub peev xwm ntawm cov nplaum lo rau ntawm qhov chaw
- Cohesion: Lub peev xwm ntawm cov nplaum tuav nws tus kheej ua ke
- Tack: Lub peev xwm ntawm cov nplaum nplaum rau ntawm qhov chaw sai
- Teem sij hawm: Lub sij hawm nws yuav siv sij hawm rau cov nplaum kom qhuav los yog kho
- Lub neej txee: Lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov nplaum tuaj yeem khaws cia ua ntej nws pib degrade
- rhiab heev rau cov dej, cua sov, los yog lwm yam ib puag ncig: Qee cov nplaum yog rhiab rau cov yam ntxwv no ntau dua li lwm tus
- Tuav lub zog: Lub peev xwm ntawm cov nplaum tiv thaiv kev sib cais thaum nws tau siv
Lub Evolution ntawm Adhesives: Ib Zaj Dab Neeg
Tib neeg tau siv cov nplaum nplaum rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov kua nplaum zoo li tau pom nyob rau hauv cov chaw qub uas rov qab mus rau Pleistocene era, tshaj 40,000 xyoo dhau los. Archaeologists tau pom cov pov thawj ntawm cov ntaub nplaum siv los ntawm tib neeg hauv ntau hom, suav nrog:
- Birch bark tar: Cov nplaum nplaum uas qub tshaj plaws, yos rov qab mus rau ib ncig ntawm 200,000 xyoo dhau los, tau pom nyob rau hauv ltalis. Nws yog tsim los ntawm birch bark thiab tshauv, sib tov ua ke thiab rhuab los tsim ib tug nplaum compound.
- Av nplaum: Cov neeg thaum ub siv av nplaum los txuas qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom.
- Beeswax: Greeks thiab Loos siv beeswax los khi cov ntoo ntawm lawv cov hneev.
- Ochre: Cov xim ntuj no tau sib xyaw nrog cov tsiaj rog los tsim cov tshuaj pleev ib ce siv rau kev sib txuas cov khoom qub nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb.
- Gum: Cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub siv cov pos hniav los ntawm cov ntoo acacia ua cov nplaum rau kev tsim kho.
Kev tsim kho ntawm Adhesive Production
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tib neeg tau txuas ntxiv lawv cov khoom siv nplaum thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim lawv. Qee qhov piv txwv suav nrog:
- Tsiaj kua nplaum: Cov nplaum no yog tsim los ntawm cov pob txha tsiaj, tawv nqaij, thiab cov leeg los tsim cov kua uas siv tau los ua kua nplaum. Nws tau nquag siv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntoo thiab bookbinding.
- Txiv qaub mortar : Cov Greeks thiab Loos siv cov txiv qaub mortar los khi pob zeb thiab cib hauv kev tsim kho.
- Cov kua nplaum nplaum: Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th, cov kua nplaum tau tsim, uas ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau siv cov nplaum rau ntawm qhov chaw.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Science hauv Adhesive Development
Raws li kev tshawb fawb tau dhau los, kev txhim kho ntawm cov nplaum tau ua tiav. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib kawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov nplaum thiab sim cov khoom xyaw tshiab los tsim cov khoom muaj zog thiab zoo dua. Qee qhov kev nce qib tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Synthetic adhesives: Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, cov khoom siv hluavtaws tau tsim, uas tuaj yeem ua raws li cov kev siv tshwj xeeb thiab tau txhim kho kev sib raug zoo.
- Kub yaj adhesives: Cov nplaum no yog cov khoom nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub tab sis tuaj yeem yaj thiab siv rau qhov chaw. Lawv feem ntau siv hauv ntim thiab ua haujlwm ntoo.
- Epoxy adhesives: Epoxy adhesives paub txog lawv lub peev xwm los khi ntau yam ntaub ntawv, suav nrog hlau, yas, thiab ntoo.
Adhesion: Kev Tshawb Fawb Nplai Tom Qab Bonding
Adhesion yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov nplaum lo rau ntawm qhov chaw. Nws suav nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev sib txuas ntawm cov nplaum thiab cov adherend. Lub zog ntawm daim ntawv cog lus yog nyob ntawm qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob qhov chaw.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Interfacial Forces
Interfacial rog ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv adhesion. Cov rog no muaj xws li adsorption, mechanical, physical, and chemical force. Adsorption cuam tshuam qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov khoom mus rau qhov chaw, thaum lub zog mechanical koom nrog kev sib cuag ntawm lub cev ntawm cov nplaum thiab cov adherend. Chemical rog koom nrog kev tsim ntawm covalent bonds ntawm cov nplaum thiab cov adherend.
Mechanisms ntawm Adhesion
Adhesion muaj ntau yam mechanisms, xws li:
- Wetting: Qhov no suav nrog lub peev xwm ntawm cov nplaum kom nthuav tawm ntawm qhov chaw ntawm adherend.
- Surface zog: Qhov no yog hais txog lub zog yuav tsum tau cais cov nplaum los ntawm adherend.
- Lub kaum sab xis sib cuag: Qhov no yog lub kaum sab xis tsim ntawm cov nplaum thiab cov adherend ntawm qhov chaw sib cuag.
- Grain ciam teb: Qhov no yog thaj chaw uas ob lub nplej sib ntsib hauv cov khoom siv.
- Polymer qauv: Qhov no yog hais txog kev npaj ntawm cov molecules hauv cov nplaum.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Adhesion hauv Bonding
Adhesion yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev sib khi. Nws txiav txim siab lub peev xwm ntawm cov nplaum ua nws txoj haujlwm xav tau. Qhov degree ntawm adhesion yuav tsum tau nyob ntawm seb cov khoom siv sib txuas, tsim kev sib koom ua ke, thiab kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua.
Qhov txawv ntawm Adhesives
Muaj ntau ntau hom adhesives, xws li:
- Chemical adhesives: Cov no yog cov nplaum uas tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg nrog cov adherend.
- Lub cev adhesives: Cov no yog cov nplaum uas vam khom rau lub zog ntawm lub cev kom sib txuas nrog cov adherend.
- Mechanical adhesives: Cov no yog cov nplaum uas tso siab rau cov khoom siv dag zog kom sib txuas nrog cov adherend.
Cov txuj ci tseem ceeb siv hauv Adhesion
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb siv rau hauv adhesion muaj xws li:
- Kev npaj deg: Qhov no suav nrog kev npaj qhov chaw ntawm adherend kom paub meej adhesion zoo.
- Daim ntawv thov Adhesive: Qhov no suav nrog kev siv cov nplaum rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm adherend.
- Kev sib koom ua ke: Qhov no suav nrog kev tsim kev sib koom ua ke kom ntseeg tau zoo adhesion.
Lwm txoj kev ntawm Adhesion
Muaj lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm adhesion, suav nrog:
- Vuam: Qhov no suav nrog melting hlau los ua ib daim ntawv cog lus.
- Soldering: Qhov no yog siv cov hlau alloy los khi ob lub hlau ua ke.
- Mechanical fastening: Qhov no suav nrog kev siv cov ntsia hlau, bolts, lossis lwm yam khoom siv txuas ntxiv los koom nrog ob yam khoom.
Adhesive Materials: Qhov tseeb nplaum
- Cov ntaub nplaum tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom: ntuj thiab hluavtaws.
- Natural adhesives yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv organic, thaum cov nplaum hluavtaws yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg.
- Piv txwv ntawm cov nplaum nplaum muaj xws li cov kua nplaum ua los ntawm cov tsiaj protein, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, thiab cov nplaum ua los ntawm cov roj hmab ntuj.
- Synthetic adhesives muaj xws li polymer-raws li adhesives, kub yaj adhesives, thiab hnyav-raws li adhesives.
Cia thiab txee lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv nplaum
- Cov ntaub nplaum yuav tsum muab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw txias, qhuav kom tsis txhob qhuav los yog ua kom nplaum dhau.
- Lub txee lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv nplaum yuav nyob ntawm nws qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab txoj kev uas nws tau ua tiav.
- Qee cov ntaub ntawv nplaum, xws li cov nplaum nplaum kub, muaj lub neej txee luv dua li lwm tus thiab yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv qee lub sijhawm tom qab lawv tsim.
- Feem ntau, cov ntaub nplaum uas khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev yuav xav tau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv lossis sib xyaw kom ntseeg tau tias lawv tseem tsim nyog siv.
Muab tag nrho ua ke: Siv cov nplaum nplaum
Thaum nws los txog rau kev xaiv cov nplaum nplaum rau ib daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb, muaj ntau yam los xav txog. Cov no suav nrog:
- Cov ntaub ntawv raug sib raug zoo
- Qhov xav tau degree ntawm kev sib khi lub zog
- Qhov loj thiab thaj tsam ntawm daim ntawv cog lus
- Lub zog dynamic uas daim ntawv cog lus yuav tsum tau tiv taus
- Qhov xav tau lub neej txee ntawm cov khoom sib txuas
Ntau hom nplaum yog tsim los ua haujlwm zoo nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv, yog li nws tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum xaiv qhov tsim nyog rau txoj haujlwm. Qee hom adhesives muaj xws li:
- Cov nplaum nplaum, uas yog siv rau hauv lub xeev molten thiab tom qab ntawd solidify thaum lawv txias
- Cov kua nplaum nplaum, uas yog siv rau hauv lub xeev ntub dej thiab tom qab ntawd teem los yog kho kom tsim tau ib daim ntawv cog lus
- Siab-rhiab nplaum nplaum, uas yog tsim los rau kev sib cuag nrog ib tug nto
- Tiv tauj cov nplaum, uas yog siv rau ob qho tib si saum npoo thiab tom qab ntawd tso cai rau kom qhuav ua ntej yuav muab khi ua ke
- Kub yaj adhesives, uas yog melted thiab ces thov mus rau ib tug nto ua ntej yuav tsum tau bonded rau lwm yam
Siv Adhesives
Thaum koj tau xaiv cov nplaum nplaum rau koj daim ntawv thov, nws yog lub sijhawm los siv nws. Cov kauj ruam hauv qab no feem ntau ua raws thaum thov cov nplaum:
1. Npaj cov chaw: Cov chaw uas yuav tsum tau sib khi yuav tsum huv, qhuav, thiab tsis muaj cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov nplaum los ntawm kev sib txuas kom zoo.
2. Siv cov nplaum nplaum: Cov nplaum yuav tsum tau siv raws li cov neeg tsim khoom cov lus qhia. Qhov no yuav suav nrog kev sib kis sib npaug ntawm ib qho chaw, siv rau hauv ib qho qauv tshwj xeeb, lossis siv rau ob qho tib si.
3. Koom nrog cov chaw: Ob qhov chaw yuav tsum tau sib koom ua ke thaum cov nplaum tseem ntub. Qhov no yuav suav nrog kev ua kom zoo zoo los yog siv lub zog los xyuas kom muaj kev sib raug zoo.
4. Tso cai rau cov nplaum rau teeb: Cov nplaum yuav tsum tau tso cai los teeb lossis kho raws li cov neeg tsim khoom cov lus qhia. Qhov no tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam rau nws kom qhuav ib txwm los yog siv cov cua sov los yog lub zog kom ceev cov txheej txheem.
Test Adhesive Performance
Thaum cov nplaum tau thov thiab tso cai rau kev teeb tsa, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev sim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo. Qhov no yuav suav nrog kev ntsuas lub zog ntawm daim ntawv cog lus, ntsuas nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv lub zog tsis muaj zog, lossis kuaj xyuas nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv filleting (qhov sib kis ntawm cov nplaum dhau ntawm cov kab uas xav tau).
Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev uas tuaj yeem siv los ntsuas kev ua haujlwm nplaum, suav nrog:
- Kev ntsuas tensile, uas ntsuas lub zog yuav tsum tau ua kom tawg daim ntawv cog lus
- Shear testing, uas ntsuas lub zog yuav tsum tau xaub cov khoom sib txuas sib nrug
- Peel kuaj, uas ntsuas lub zog yuav tsum tau tev cov khoom sib txuas sib nrug
- Dynamic testing, uas ntsuas lub peev xwm ntawm daim ntawv cog lus kom tiv taus cov kev ntxhov siab thiab cov kab mob
Ntev npaum li cas koj cov nplaum yuav kav ntev? Lub neej txee ntawm Adhesives
Ntau yam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub txee lub neej ntawm cov nplaum, suav nrog:
- Cia tej yam kev mob: Adhesives yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv ib tug txias, qhuav qhov chaw los tiv thaiv kev hloov nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg. Kev raug dej noo, cua sov, lossis tshav ntuj ncaj qha tuaj yeem ua rau cov nplaum ua kom tawg sai dua.
- Cov khoom muaj pes tsawg leeg: Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov nplaum tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws lub neej txee. Qee cov nplaum muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob antioxidant lossis UV stabilizers los txhim kho lawv cov kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau lub sijhawm.
- Kev laus: Lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov nplaum tuaj yeem ua rau muaj hnub nyoog thiab poob lawv lub cev, xws li yoog raws lossis lub zog. Kev laus tuaj yeem ua kom nrawm dua los ntawm kev raug tshav kub, noo noo, lossis tshuaj lom neeg.
- Kub: Adhesives tuaj yeem nkag siab rau qhov kub hloov pauv. Qhov kub thiab txias tuaj yeem ua rau cov nplaum ua kom tuab dhau los yog nyias dhau, cuam tshuam rau lawv lub peev xwm sib txuas.
- Kev Ntsuas: Cov neeg tsim khoom ua cov kev tshawb fawb los txiav txim siab lub txee lub neej ntawm lawv cov nplaum. Cov kev tshawb fawb no suav nrog kev sim cov nplaum nplaum lub zog ntawm lub sijhawm los txiav txim siab thaum twg nws pib degrade.
Hnub tas sij hawm thiab pom zoo siv
Cov neeg tsim khoom feem ntau muab hnub tas sijhawm rau lawv cov nplaum, tom qab ntawd cov nplaum yuav tsum tsis txhob siv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua raws li cov lus pom zoo siv thiab pov tseg cov txheej txheem kom ntseeg tau tias cov nplaum nplaum tseem ruaj khov thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb. Kev siv cov nplaum nplaum tas sij hawm tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo lossis tsis ua tiav ntawm daim ntawv cog lus tag nrho.
xaus
Yog li, qhov ntawd yog dab tsi adhesives thiab lawv ua haujlwm li cas. Lawv yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom muaj nyob ib puag ncig, thiab koj yuav tsum paub me ntsis ntxiv txog lawv tam sim no.
Koj tuaj yeem siv cov nplaum rau txhua yam los ntawm kev tsim kho mus rau bookbinding, yog li tsis txhob ntshai siv lawv. Tsuas yog xyuas kom koj siv qhov zoo rau txoj haujlwm thiab koj yuav zoo.
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.
