6 Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws Sanders rau Riam Ua tau tshuaj xyuas

los ntawm Joost Nusselder | Hloov tshiab ntawm:  Lub peb hlis ntuj 13, 2022
Kuv nyiam tsim cov ntsiab lus pub dawb tag nrho cov lus qhia rau kuv cov nyeem, koj. Kuv tsis lees txais kev them nyiaj pab txhawb nqa, kuv lub tswv yim yog kuv tus kheej, tab sis yog tias koj pom kuv cov lus pom zoo pab tau thiab koj kawg yuav yam uas koj nyiam los ntawm ib qho ntawm kuv qhov txuas, Kuv tuaj yeem khwv tau nyiaj ua haujlwm yam tsis tau them nqi ntxiv rau koj. Xav paub ntau ntxiv

Puas yog ua riam koj txoj haujlwm lossis kev nyiam ua haujlwm? Txawm li cas los xij, nws suav nrog intricacy thiab kev zoo nkauj.

Ib txoj siv grinder / sander tuaj yeem ua qhov sib txawv loj ntawm qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj rau qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Qhov loj me kuj tseem ceeb hauv kev ua; Kuv tab tom tham txog cov grinders.

Tej zaum koj yuav tau nqis peev loj thaum mus ua haujlwm nrog 2 × 72 ntiv tes, qhov 1 × 30 ntiv tes ua rau cov nyiam nyiam.

Siv-Sander-rau-Knife-Making

Tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb. Nws yog txhua yam hais txog tus kheej zoo tshaj plaws siv sander rau riam ua nrog cov khoom tsim nyog raws li koj nyiam.

Koj yuav tsum xav txog lub cev muaj zog, sib txawv thiab siv ceev, thiab lwm yam, kom ua tiav raws li hom riam koj ua tau zoo ntawm.

Kawm ntxiv nyob rau hauv nqe lus hauv qab no!

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Belt Sander

Koj xav li cas cov samurais ua tiav lawv txoj haujlwm rov qab rau cov hnub sib ntaus sib tua? Los yog lub bayonet txuas nrog rab phom phom. Nws tuaj yeem yog rab riam tua tsiaj ib yam nkaus.

Tej zaum nws yog cov tais diav uas tau muaj los ntawm dukes lossis vaj! Cov laj thawj tuaj yeem ua ib qho tom qab lwm yam kom txog thaum tsis muaj chaw seem txog vim li cas koj thiaj li yuav tsum tau txais ib txoj siv sander es tsis txhob sim cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj.

Tseem, cia kuv qhia koj qee qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaum peb nyob ntawm nws:

  • Nws yuav muab lub zog ntau dua, yog li, txoj hauv kev nrawm dua los ua kom tiav ib qhov project
  • Nyob twj ywm, ua rau lub tiaj tiaj hauv cov riam tsis muaj nkhaus
  • Yooj yim rau sib npaug thiab tswj
  • Tshem tawm chattering kev paub los ntawm kev sib tsoo tsoos
  • Tshem tawm cov khoom ntxhib sai sai
  • Nws yog cov cuab yeej zoo tshaj plaws rau bevel refining
  • Tsawg zaus ntawm overheating lub workpiece
  • Pab kom tau txais kev tsim tsis zoo ntawm riam forging

Qhov teeb meem nkaus xwb yog tias koj yuav tau txuag tau ua ntej tau txais ib txoj siv sander. Lub tshuab loj dua, tus nqi ntau dua.

6 Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws Sander rau Riam Ua

Tam sim no peb nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm kev xaiv txoj siv tawv sander rau bladessmithing, qhov kev tshuaj xyuas zoo no yuav pab koj kom tau txais qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm rau. Hmoov zoo!

1. WEN 6515T 1 in. x 30 in. Belt Sander with 5 in. Sanding Discs

WEN 6515T 1 po x 30 po

(saib ntau cov duab)

Nov yog 2019 qauv nrog 2-hauv-1 sanding incorporation zoo tagnrho rau rookies. Txawm hais tias nws yog txhua yam hais txog kev nyiam ua lossis koj xav tau txoj siv sia hauv lub tsheb rau polishing tidbits, koj yuav tsis tas siv nyiaj ntau.

Yog hais tias lub dual featured sanding muaj nuj nqi ua rau koj xav tsis thoob txog qhov zoo, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob txhawj txhua. Lub 5-inch sander disc yog sib npaug zoo li txoj siv.

Thaum lub tshuab yog compact, nws muaj 2.3-Amp lub cev muaj zog. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis yog qhov koj xav tau, tab sis qhov kev cia siab ceev ntawm ob txoj siv thiab disc yog qhov tsim nyog.

Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj ua tau zoo nrog 3160 FPM ntawm txoj siv thiab 3450 RPM ntawm lub disc, koj tau teeb tsa tag nrho. Nco ntsoov tias chav tsev tsis haum rau kev sib tsoo hnyav.

Ob qhov chaw xuab zeb suav nrog cov rooj beveling kom koj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm txhua qhov chaw uas tsim nyog. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm beveling lwm cov ntaub ntawv xws li riam tuav ntawm cov ntxhuav. Lawv hloov tau mus txog 45 degrees.

Sanding disc kuj suav nrog a miter gauge (yog li koj tsis tas yuav yuav ib qho cais) rau ntxiv preciseness. Muaj ib txoj siv sia nyob rau saum ntu kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo dua.

Cov neeg siv feem ntau tau hais txog ob qhov chaw nres nkoj plua plav uas koj tuaj yeem txuas lub tshuab nqus tsev.

pros 

  • Zoo tagnrho rau smoothening thiab deburring ntxhib npoo
  • Nruab nrab ceev
  • Yooj yim thauj thiab khaws cia
  • Xws li 80-grit sanding disc thiab 100-grit sanding siv
  • Qhov chaw khaws plua plav zoo heev

cons 

  • Tsis ntev

kev txiav txim 

Nws tuaj yeem tswj hwm lub ntiaj teb ntawm cov neeg nyiam nyiam thiab cov neeg pib tshiab nrog lub hauv paus ruaj khov thiab cov khoom siv sanding dual. Ntxiv rau, cia peb tsis txhob hnov ​​​​qab txog kev them taus!

Txawm li cas los xij, nws puas tsim nyog tus nqi thaum nws muab cov lus nug tsis txaus ntseeg? Kuv pom zoo nws rau cov kawm tshiab uas npaj yuav hloov mus rau chav tsev loj dua yav tom ntej. Txheeb tus nqi ntawm no

2. RIKON Power Tools 50-151 Belt nrog 5 "Disc Sander, 1" x 30", Xiav

RIKON Power Tools 50-151 Belt nrog 5 "Disc Sander

(saib ntau cov duab)

Qhov kev tsim txom loj tshaj plaws rau cov neeg tsim riam novice yog xaiv cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob zoo. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, beginners mus dhau ib tug txaus ntshai tsis meej pem thaum xaiv txoj cai siv sanders.

Nws yog vim hais tias tus neeg yuav tsis paub yuav nrhiav dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas los txiav txim seb cov khoom muab puas ntseeg tau raws li tau thov.

Ua tsaug, txhua yam txheeb xyuas nrog RIKON siv sander, uas kuj tuaj nrog lub sander disc. Nws yog ib qho qauv compact los pab koj hauv kev cob qhia cov haujlwm yooj yim ua ntej mus rau kev sib tsoo sib tsoo thiab polishing.

Lub tshuab kuj yog lub teeb yuag nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm portability thiab yooj yim cia thaum tsis siv. Chav tsev tsim tau zoo no muaj qhov nws yuav siv los txhim kho koj cov kev txawj ntawm kev xuab zeb, ua kom cov hlau, thiab lwm yam.

Kuv lub tswv yim tsuas yog kom tau cov ntawv xuab zeb zoo tshwj xeeb rau cov xuab zeb hlau. Nco ntsoov tias ntau hom hniav lossis lub taub hau yuav xav tau ntau yam sib txawv.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub log siv tau ntim cov pob bearings rau kev txhawb nqa zoo dua. Thiab cov ntsia hlau txuas yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau thiab nrog cov xov zoo meej. Koj yuav tsis pom dab tsi ntawm pheej yig zoo txawm tias tus nqi tsim nyog.

Qhov no yog vim li cas ntau tus neeg siv hesitated ua ntej xaiv lub tshuab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov chaw nres nkoj plua plav cais, kev hloov kho tus phooj ywg, thiab lub cev muaj zog yuav pab koj ua tiav txhua qhov haujlwm hauv tsev yooj yim.

pros 

  • Kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua; tsis vibrate thaum xuab zeb
  • Zoo tagnrho rau sharpening, sanding, khoom-tshem tawm
  • Qhov zoo tshaj plaws plua plav collection system
  • Zoo heev hloov pauv ceev lub cev muaj zog
  • Robust tsim nrog sib npaug qhov hnyav rau stability

cons 

  • Hloov txoj siv yuav ua kom yuam kev

kev txiav txim

Yog tias koj xav tau ib yam dab tsi uas muab kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov yam tsis muaj kev vibration, RIKON txoj siv tawv sander tuaj yeem yog qhov kev xaiv kawg. Nws muaj peev xwm tuav riam sharpening thiab tshem tawm cov khoom ntau dhau txoj cai nyob hauv tsev. Txheeb tus nqi ntawm no

3. BUCKTOOL BD4801 Bench Belt Sander 4 in. x 36

BUCKTOOL BD4801 Bench Belt Sander 4 nti x 36

(saib ntau cov duab)

Qhov no yog txoj siv tawv sander rau cov neeg uas tab tom nrhiav kev hloov pauv. Nws yog ib chav tsev zoo meej los qhia koj tus kheej li kev hloov kho thiab.

Lub tshuab yog tsim los nrog kev ua haujlwm hnyav uas cog lus tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kev hnav thiab kev siv tas li. Nws induction lub cev muaj zog, nrog 1/3HP thiab 3.5-Amp.

Koj tuaj yeem xyaum ua txhua yam khoom siv tes ua haujlwm uas muaj kev sib tsoo, sib tsoo, thiab polishing ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nws hnyav!

Nws yog ib qho teeb meem tsis tseem ceeb thaum daim duab loj ntxiv nrog kev tshem tawm cov khoom zoo nrog ntau lwm yam haujlwm ntawm tes. Txhawm rau kom ua tiav, nws yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau txhua tus tsim riam uas txaus siab siv me ntsis ntxiv.

Thaum txoj siv sia muab qhov ceev ntawm 4480 FPM, lub log yuav tsum muaj txog li 3450 RPM. Lwm cov haujlwm muaj xws li siv lub pob qhov rooj, qhov nro kov, LED teeb, kho qhov muag qhov muag, tsis tshua muaj kub sib tsoo, kev nyab xeeb hloov, thiab lwm yam.

Ntxiv mus, txoj siv sia ua kom 0 txog 90 degrees ntawm tilting kom yooj yim sanding. Qhov koj yuav pom qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws yog feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej tsis hloov kho qhov twg nws xav tau.

Kuj tseem muaj ob chav ua haujlwm. Ib qho yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia thiab muab kev txhawb nqa zoo dua thaum ua haujlwm hlau. Lwm lub rooj, loj cam khwb cia txhuas nrog lub hauv paus ruaj khov thiab ko taw, yog pom zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv ntoo.

pros 

  • Ua haujlwm zoo nrog kev tsim kho hnyav
  • Zoo meej rau kev paub txog riam txiag
  • Zoo heev ceev thiab sanding muaj nuj nqi
  • Ib qho yooj yim mus siv
  • Yooj yim nrog ntau yam khoom siv

cons 

  • Hefty; yuav tsum tau bolt down

kev txiav txim

Kuv tsuas yog thov kom koj mus yuav chav tsev no ua ntej lub khw muag khoom. Ib tug zoo riam-ua hobbyist los yog cov kws tshaj lij tsim nyog tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo siv sander nrog cov yam ntxwv txaus. Thiab cov khoom no yuav ua tau raws li tag nrho cov kev xav tau yam tsis muaj hassle. Txheeb tus nqi ntawm no

4. Khw Fox W1843 Riam Siv Sander/Buffer

Khw Fox W1843

(saib ntau cov duab)

Muaj ib txwm muaj cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob uas peb xav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov bucks. Qhov no yog 2 × 72 mus rau 76 ntiv tes siv sander uas los nrog buffing nta ib yam nkaus.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, 1HP lub cev muaj zog nrog ib theem qauv tsim tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis lub zog. Nws yog hom chav tsev uas cov kws tshaj lij lossis cov neeg tsim riam raws caij nyoog yuav tsum tau tsom rau.

Tag nrho cov haujlwm tsis yog nyuaj rau cov pib tshiab, tsuav yog lawv muaj kev paub dhau los nrog cov tshuab zoo sib xws.

Nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog 10 nti ntawm lub log tsav nrog lub ntsej muag roj hmab thiab txoj siv xuab zeb. Koj tuaj yeem siv txoj siv sia saum toj los yog raws cov platen kom ua tiav kev sib sau dawb.

Qhov kuv nyiam tshaj yog lub zog uas tso cai rau kev hloov txoj siv ceev. Tsis yog txhua tus qauv hefty li Shop Fox W1843 muaj xws li ib sab tes. Lub sanding caj npab thiab cov cuab yeej so yog super yooj yim nrog ntau qhov chaw kho.

Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev, koj yuav tau txais ntau yam ntawm sanding hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib lub tshuab tsis muaj teeb meem ntau.

Tam sim no koj yuav pom ib qho kev pabcuam arbor lossis ib qho txuas txuas ntxiv ntawm lwm ntu ntawm lub cuab yeej. Cov qauv no tso cai rau koj teeb tsa lub log buffing, sanding drums, lossis lub log nrov plig plawg qhov twg cov ntawv thov ua haujlwm tau zoo nrog qhov tseeb.

Txawm hais tias ntoo lossis hlau, txoj siv ceev ntawm 4500RPM yuav xuab zeb, ntse, buff, strop, thiab lwm yam, nrog dexterity.

pros 

  • Lub cev muaj zog loj
  • Yooj yim ntawm txoj siv hloov kev ua haujlwm
  • Cam khwb cia hlau lub cev nrog pob bearing tsim
  • Txoj siv sia taug qab yog qhov yooj yim heev
  • Xws li ib tug ncua buffing log ncej

cons 

  • Flimsy fais fab khawm

kev txiav txim

Khw Fox W1843 yog txoj siv tawv zoo rau cov neeg sim ua lag luam tawm ntawm cov tshuab txheem.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj qhov hloov pauv hluav taws xob yas uas ob peb tus neeg siv tau teeb meem nrog. Nws tuaj yeem yog me ntsis nyuaj rau qib nrog tag nrho lub cev hnyav. Txheeb tus nqi ntawm no

5. VEVOR 2Hp Belt Grinder Tsis tu ncua Ceev 2 X 82 inch Siv Disc Sander nrog 3 Sib Tsoo Wheel 110V Bench Sander 12 nti Log thiab Flat Platen Tool So rau Riam Ua

VEVOR 2Hp Belt Grinder Qhov Ceev 2 X 82

(saib ntau cov duab)

Muaj ib lub sij hawm thaum tus neeg xyaum ua haujlwm dhau los ua tus tswv tom qab kev cob qhia ua haujlwm nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj. Yog tias koj ntseeg tias koj nyob rau theem ntawd hauv kev tsim riam, ib txoj siv beastly sander yog qhov tsim nyog los ua tus tswv.

Txog tam sim no, tej zaum koj tau muag koj cov khoom siv tes ua kom them tau lub tshuab zoo dua. Qhov no yog qhov chaw VEVOR siv lub tshuab sib tsoo nrog 3 lub log sib tsoo tuaj yeem rov qab koj cov txuj ci.

Nws kuj tseem yog ib qho kev hloov kho tshiab rau cov neeg nrhiav kev hloov pauv rau cov laus siv sanders. Chav tsev muaj ib qho ntawm cov motors zoo tshaj plaws uas kuv tau pom tias ua suab nrov me ntsis.

Lub cev muaj zog tooj liab muab lub zog zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws ua haujlwm zoo nrog 2800RPM. Nws tseem ua rau txoj siv taug kev ruaj khov los ntawm kev txo qis kev vibration.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj qhov nrawm nrawm, uas ua tau zoo kawg nkaus thaum profileing, tshem tawm cov khoom lag luam, satin / daim iav tiav, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho cov, nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau kev khiav lag luam nrog lub rooj ntev zaum tshuab no uas yog kev lag luam rau ntau yam khoom siv.

Cov kev sib tsoo sib txawv, nrog rau cov qauv tsim tsis yog-slip, txuag lub sijhawm thiab kev siv zog nrog kev nrawm nrawm. Nws 3 sib txawv sib tsoo log yeej qhov kev yuav khoom cais cov cuab yeej fais fab.

Tsuas yog hloov lub log sib thooj raws li qhov sib tsoo uas koj xav tau, thiab koj zoo mus.

pros 

  • Top-notch sib tsoo
  • Txuj ci tsim kho
  • Lub cev muaj zog loj
  • Daim ntawv thov dav nrog ntau hom kev sib tsoo
  • Muab lub rooj ua haujlwm tshem tau

cons

  • Haum rau cov kws tshaj lij / kev paub dhau los nkaus xwb

kev txiav txim

Yog tias koj tuaj yeem tau txais nws, ua li ntawd yam tsis muaj kev poob siab hauv siab. Cov txoj siv tawv yuav kav ntev thaum ua kom txhua yam txias. Koj yuav muaj peev xwm ua kom koj qhov kev txawj ntse vim nws haum rau ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Txheeb tus nqi ntawm no

6. Happybuy 2 IN 1 2inch Belt Grinder rau Riam Ua 6inch 3450rpm ib min Siv thiab Disc Bench Sander 90 Degree Belt Holder nrog Sturdy Base thiab LED Ua Haujlwm Teeb

Happybuy 2 IN 1 2inch Belt Grinder

(saib ntau cov duab)

Ntawm no yog lwm txoj siv tawv sander uas muaj cov sanding disc thiab. Tab sis nws yog qhov zoo uas peb yuav tsum tsom mus rau thawj.

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab, kuv yuav tsum hais tias koj tau dawm ntawm qhov chaw yog tias koj xav txhim kho riam-ua txuj ci los ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau kev ua haujlwm puv sijhawm. Lub 2 × 28 ntiv tes ntawm chav tsev yuav zoo li compact, tab sis nws tuav ntau yam muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom loj.

Yog li, cia peb mus rau cov yam ntxwv tam sim no. Ib txoj siv xuab zeb adjustable yog ib yam uas cov neeg siv tau pom zoo kawg li. Tsuas yog hloov txoj siv kom haum rau cov khoom siv polish lossis zom, tag nrho thaum tuav tus tuav rau 0-90 degrees.

Lub sanding disc kuj hloov tau thaum koj pom pom. Nws txawm tuaj nrog ib daim ntaub thaiv yas tiv thaiv lub qhov muag tiv thaiv cov khib nyiab los yog sparks. Ib lub teeb ci LED uas hloov tau yooj yim yuav teeb qhov chaw ua haujlwm kom pom kev zoo dua.

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib lub dab dej tshem tawm ntawm lub hauv paus uas khaws cov ntaub ntawv tom qab sib tsoo kom txias. Koj tuaj yeem nqa tau yooj yim los ntxiv dej thiab txuas rov qab.

Txoj siv no thiab disc sander yog txhua yam hais txog kev tswj thiab kev ruaj ntseg nrog lub zog siab tshaj plaws ntawm 250W lub cev muaj zog tuaj yeem ua haujlwm.

pros 

  • Ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm
  • Lub hauv paus ruaj khov
  • Zoo xav tawm tsim rau durability
  • Yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm nrog
  • Nqis

cons 

  • Tsis haum rau 2 × 27 ntiv tes siv

kev txiav txim 

Rookie los yog tsis yog, tus tsim riam yuav tsum muaj lub zog siv zog zoo li no kom ntseeg tau tias kev hloov pauv tau zoo dua thaum ua haujlwm. Nws yuav qhia koj yuav ua li cas kom deburr lub jagged npoo los yog pab nkhaus me me riam txoj cai nyob rau hauv kev nplij siab ntawm tsev. Txheeb tus nqi ntawm no

Cov Lus Nug

Ua ib rab riam nrog ib txoj siv sander

  1. Dab tsi siv sander loj yog qhov zoo tshaj rau kev ua riam?

Tus qauv xaiv yog 2 × 72 ntiv tes los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij txawm tias nws tus nqi siab. Ib lub caij nyoog los yog tus pib yuav sim tawm ntawm 1 × 30 ntiv mus rau 2 × 42 ntiv tes rau kev sib tsoo thiab kev sib tsoo.

  1. Puas yog siv txoj siv tawv zoo ib yam li txoj siv tawv? 

Tsis yog, siv txoj siv tawv siv ob zaug ntawm qhov ceev ntawm txoj siv xuab zeb, thiab nws yog siv los tshem tawm cov khoom siv ntau heev. Txoj siv sander, nyob rau hauv sib piv, sands lub zoo li tus hlau / riam kom tshem tawm ntawm pliaj npoo thiab inconsistency.

  1. Puas yog qhov hloov pauv ceev tseem ceeb ntawm txoj siv sia? 

Yog, nws muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev tshem cov khoom ntawm tus nqi qeeb los ua haujlwm ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

  1. Dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ceev rau ib txoj siv sander? 

Qhov kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws, tom qab txiav txim siab ntau yam, yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 3500 RPM. Nws yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account cov khoom ntawm daim, grain abrasion, grit qib, thiab hais txog.

  1. Koj puas tuaj yeem siv lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau cov hlau rau riam? 

Qee qhov kev lag luam siv sanders muaj peev xwm polishing ntau yam ntaub ntawv ib sab ntawm hlau. Koj tuaj yeem xuab zeb ntau hom ntoo, acrylic, thiab lwm yam, zoo.

kawg lus

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab txog hom riam ua ntej yog tias koj npaj yuav sim qhov no ua haujlwm. Ntawm chav kawm, lub teb yog dav nrov rau cov kws txawj thiab hobbyists kom muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej xaiv thiab.

Thaum koj paub tias yuav nrhiav dab tsi, koj tuaj yeem tau txais qhov yooj yim zoo tshaj plaws siv sander rau riam ua thiab txav mus rau qib tom ntej - tsim, tsim thiab nthuav tawm cov txuj ci.

Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.