Cib: Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Keeb Kwm, Hom, thiab Kev Siv

Ib lub cib yog ib qho me me, cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Tab sis nws kuj yog ntau tshaj qhov ntawd. Nws yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim kho kev lag luam thiab tau muaj ntau txhiab xyoo. Yog li cia peb saib seb lub cib yog dab tsi thiab nws siv li cas.

Lub cib yog ib qho thaiv lossis ib chav tsev ntawm cov av nplaum-cov kabmob uas muaj cov av nplaum, xuab zeb thiab txiv qaub, lossis cov khoom siv pob zeb, hluav taws kub hnyiab lossis cua qhuav, siv rau hauv kev tsim kho masonry. Lub teeb ci ci (tseem hu ua lub teeb yuag blocks) yog tsim los ntawm cov av nplaum nthuav dav.

Cib: Ntau tshaj li Lub Tsev Blocks

Cov cib yog ib hom khoom siv tsim kho uas tau siv los ua lub tsev txij li thaum ub. Lawv feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov av nplaum, tab sis kuj tuaj yeem ua los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov khoom siv tshuaj kho mob. Cib tuaj ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, tab sis tus qauv loj yog kwv yees li 2.25 x 3.75 x 8 nti.

The Modern Cib

Thaum lub sij hawm "cib" feem ntau yog hais txog ib chav tsev uas muaj av nplaum, niaj hnub cib tuaj yeem ua los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv, nrog rau cov cementitious thiab chemically cured blocks. Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab no muaj zog dua thiab kav ntev, tab sis tuaj yeem tuaj ntawm tus nqi siab dua.

Cib qhov ntau thiab tsawg

Cov cib loj tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm thaj tsam thiab hom kev tsim kho. Hauv lus Mev, cib hu ua "bloque" lossis "ladrillo," thaum hauv Portuguese lawv hu ua "tijolo." Turkish cib hu ua "tuğla," thiab hauv Fabkis lawv hu ua "brique." Lwm hom lus muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe rau cib, suav nrog Catalan, Dutch, Arabic, Czech, Danish, Indonesian, Thaib, Nyab Laj, Malay, German, Norwegian, Korean, Ukrainian, Italian, thiab Lavxias.

Cov cib kuj tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam duab, nrog rau cov duab plaub, square, thiab txawm nkhaus. Lawv tuaj yeem koom ua ke siv cov cementitious mortar, uas yog sib xyaw ntawm cov cement, xuab zeb, thiab dej.

Lub Evolution ntawm Brick-Making: Los ntawm cov av nkos yooj yim rau cov khoom siv niaj hnub niaj hnub

Cov cib tau nyob ib ncig ntawm ntau txhiab xyoo, nrog cov piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws rov qab mus rau 7000 BC. Cov cib no tau pom nyob rau yav qab teb Qaib ntxhw, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw qub nyob ze lub nroog Yericho. Thawj cov cib tau tsim los ntawm cov av nkos thiab ziab hauv lub hnub, ua rau lawv yooj yim thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas tau yooj yim hauv cov huab cua sov.

Standardization ntawm Cib Ntau Lawm

Raws li kev ua cib tau nrov dua, cov qauv pib tshwm sim. Cib tau tsim nyob rau hauv qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab cov duab, thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm tau ua ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv ancient Rome, piv txwv li, cib tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab cov duab, thiab tau siv los tsim txhua yam los ntawm cov phab ntsa mus rau hauv dej.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Craftsmanship hauv Brick-Making

Cib-making tsis yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev tsim khoom, tab sis kuj yog craftsmanship. Cov kws txawj cib tsim tau tsim cov cib uas zoo nkauj dua, nrog cov duab tsis tu ncua thiab du nto. Qee zaum, cib tau pleev xim los yog dai kom zoo nkauj ntxiv rau lawv txoj kev zoo nkauj.

Los ntawm av nplaum rau cib: Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom

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Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cib suav nrog ob peb kauj ruam, pib nrog kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv. Cov khoom tsim nyog rau kev tsim cib muaj xws li av nplaum, av pob zeb, nplej husk tshauv, thiab ya tshauv. Cov av nplaum siv rau cib yog feem ntau clayey av, uas yog zoo li tus thiab hlawv mus rau lub hom phiaj. Cov khoom siv ntxiv tuaj yeem siv los hloov kho lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov av nplaum los txhim kho nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Piv txwv li, hlau oxide tuaj yeem ntxiv rau cov av nplaum kom nws muaj xim liab.

Mixing thiab Moulding

Thaum cov ntaub ntawv muaj, cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog sib tov thiab molding. Cov av nplaum yog tov nrog dej los tsim cov yas loj, uas tom qab ntawd molded rau hauv cov duab uas xav tau. Cov txheej txheem molding tuaj yeem ua los ntawm tes lossis siv cov tshuab. Tom qab ntawd qhov loj yog sab laug kom qhuav, uas tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ob peb hnub nyob ntawm qib ntawm cov av noo hauv huab cua.

Qhuav thiab tua hluav taws

Tom qab cov cib tau molded, lawv yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv lub hnub los yog nyob rau hauv ib lub kiln. Cov txheej txheem ziab yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias cov cib tsis tawg thaum tua. Thaum cov cib qhuav lawm, lawv raug rho tawm haujlwm hauv qhov cub ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws yuav tsum hlawv cov cib hauv qhov cub, uas tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ob peb hnub. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws kub thiab lub sij hawm tua hluav taws nyob ntawm seb hom av nplaum siv thiab cov khoom uas xav tau ntawm cov cib.

Additives thiab Lawv Lub Luag Haujlwm

Additives ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cib. Lawv tuaj yeem pab khaws cia thaj av ua liaj ua teb los ntawm kev siv cov khoom pov tseg xws li nplej husk tshauv thiab ya tshauv. Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem hloov kho tus cwj pwm ntawm cov av nplaum thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, txhim kho cov dej ntws ntawm cov yas thiab txo qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov yam ntxwv.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom

Kev tsim cov txheej txheem rau cib tau hloov zuj zus mus rau lub sijhawm, txij li lub sijhawm qub thaum tag nrho cov molding tau ua los ntawm tes mus rau ntau yam kev tsim khoom muaj hnub no. Kev xaiv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog nyob ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab, suav nrog qib ntawm automation xav tau, qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw, thiab hom cib tsim. Cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cib, vim nws txiav txim siab lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom kawg.

Hluav taws xob cib thiab lawv daim ntawv thov

Hluav taws xob cib muab kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab kev tsim kho. Lawv muaj ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog hauv kev tsim vaj tsev, phab ntsa, thiab rooj vag ncej. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov cib raug rho tawm haujlwm ua rau lawv tsim nyog siv rau hauv kev siv cov dej ntws, xws li hauv kev tsim kho cov kav dej.

Cib nws li: Qhov ntau siv ntawm cib

Cib tau siv rau kev tsim kho rau ntau pua xyoo thiab tseem yog qhov kev xaiv nrov rau cov neeg tsim khoom niaj hnub no. Nov yog qee qhov kev siv cib hauv kev tsim kho:

• Cov phab ntsa hauv tsev: Cov cib feem ntau yog siv los tsim cov phab ntsa hauv ob qho tib si nyob thiab cov tsev lag luam. Lawv muaj zog, ruaj, thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus huab cua hnyav.
• Paving: Cib kuj tseem siv los tsim cov pavements thiab taug kev. Lawv yog cov kev xaiv nrov rau qhov chaw sab nraum zoov vim tias lawv plam-tiv taus thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus cov tsheb hnyav.
• Qhov cub: cib yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws rau lub tsev qhov cub vim tias lawv tuaj yeem tiv taus hluav taws thiab tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias.

ntaub ntawv

Cov cib feem ntau yog cov av nplaum, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem ua los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv xws li:

• Pob zeb: Pob zeb cib yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov cement, xuab zeb, thiab dej. Lawv muaj zog thiab ruaj khov, ua rau lawv muaj kev xaiv nrov rau kev tsim kho.
• Fly ash: Fly ash bricks yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ya tshauv, xuab zeb, thiab dej. Lawv yog lub teeb yuag thiab eco-phooj ywg, ua rau lawv muaj kev xaiv nrov rau kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov.
• Pob zeb: Pob zeb cib yog tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb ntuj thiab feem ntau siv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Lawv yog cov ruaj thiab tuaj yeem ntxiv qhov tshwj xeeb kov rau txhua lub tsev.

hom

Muaj ntau ntau hom cib muaj, txhua tus muaj nws tus kheej cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Nov yog qee yam ntawm ntau hom cib:

• Common bricks: Cov no yog hom cib yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab siv rau kev tsim kho.
• Lub ntsej muag cib: Cov no yog siv rau sab nrauv ntawm cov tsev thiab tsim kom muaj kev zoo nkauj.
• Hluav Taws cib: Cov no yog tsim los tiv taus qhov kub thiab txias thiab siv rau qhov cub thiab lwm yam kev siv hluav taws kub.
• Engineering bricks: Cov no tsis tshua muaj zog thiab ruaj khov thiab yog siv rau kev tsim ua haujlwm hnyav.

Tsim kom muaj

Lub tsev nrog cib xav tau kev txawj ntse thiab precision. Nov yog qee cov kauj ruam hauv kev tsim nrog cib:

• Tso lub hauv paus: Thawj kauj ruam hauv kev tsim vaj tsev nrog cib yog tsim lub hauv paus. Qhov no suav nrog kev khawb ib lub trench thiab nchuav pob zeb los tsim kom muaj lub hauv paus ruaj khov.
• Kev sib xyaw mortar: mortar yog siv los tuav cov cib ua ke. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm xuab zeb, cement, thiab dej.
• Tso cov cib: Cov cib tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho qauv tshwj xeeb los tsim kom muaj cov qauv ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo npaj thiab saib xyuas kom meej.
• Kev kov tiav: Thaum cov cib nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, cov kauj ruam kawg yog ntxiv ib qho kev sib tw ua tiav xws li taw tes thiab sib khi.

Composed Units

Bricks yog tsim los ntawm ib tug neeg units uas yog tsim los kom haum ua ke seamlessly. Nov yog qee yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cib units:

• Qhov Loj: Cov cib tuaj yeem muaj ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg, tab sis qhov loj tshaj plaws yog 2 1/4 "x 3 3/4" x 8 ".
• Kev ntxhib los mos: cib tuaj yeem muaj kev ntxhib los mos los yog ntxhib, nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom.
• Xim: Cov cib tuaj yeem ua ntau yam xim, suav nrog liab, xim av, thiab grey.
• Puab: Cov cib tuaj yeem ua plaub fab lossis square, nyob ntawm qhov xav siv.

Informally Denote

Thaum lub sij hawm "cib" ib txwm hais txog ib chav tsev feem ntau ua los ntawm cov av nplaum, tam sim no nws kuj tseem siv tsis raug los qhia cov chav ua los ntawm lwm cov ntaub ntawv los yog lwm cov tshuaj kho mob. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv:

• Cov pob zeb ua pob zeb: Cov no feem ntau hu ua "qhuav cib" txawm tias lawv tsis yog ua los ntawm av nplaum.
• Cov iav thaiv: Cov no yog qee zaum hu ua "iav cib" txawm tias lawv tsis yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv cib tsoos.
• Ua Npuas Ncauj Blocks: Cov no yog qee zaum hu ua "foam cib" txawm tias lawv tsis yog ua los ntawm cov av nplaum lossis lwm yam khoom siv cib.

Qhov Tsis Muaj Zog Ntawm Cov Cib

Cib tau ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev nrov rau ntau pua xyoo, tab sis lawv tuaj nrog qee qhov kev txwv uas yuav tsum tau xav txog. Nov yog qee qhov kev txwv kom nco ntsoov thaum siv cib hauv kev tsim kho:

• Cov cib tsis muaj zog npaum li lwm cov ntaub ntawv xws li pob zeb lossis hlau, uas tuaj yeem txwv tsis pub siv rau hauv qee hom qauv lossis hauv thaj chaw uas muaj seismic siab.
• Cib masonry xav tau plastering ua kom tiav ib qhov project uas tuaj yeem nce nqi kev tsim kho.
• Cib absorbs dej uas yuav ua rau dampness thiab puas thaum lub sij hawm.
• Cov cib tsis zoo li qub piv rau pob zeb, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv yuav tsis kav ntev npaum li qhov chaw ib puag ncig.
• Unreinforced cib masonry tsis haum rau thaj tsam av qeeg, thiab cov cib siv dag zog ntxiv yuav tsis muaj kev nyab xeeb li lwm cov ntaub ntawv thaum muaj av qeeg.
• Qee hom cib yuav muaj cov ntsiab lus uas tsis haum rau qee hom kev tsim kho lossis engineering tej yaam num.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov khoom xyaw

Qhov zoo ntawm cib tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab cov khoom xyaw siv. Nov yog qee yam uas yuav tsum xav txog:

• Burnt bricks yog qhov ruaj khov thiab paub txog lawv lub zog, ua rau lawv nyiam kev xaiv hauv architecture thiab kev tsim kho.
• Cov cib uas tsis muaj hluav taws kub hnyiab los yog hnub ci qhuav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb uas cov hluav taws tsis tshua muaj, tab sis lawv tsis muaj zog lossis ruaj khov li cov cib hlawv.
• Fly ash bricks yog ib hom tshiab ntawm cib uas yog tsim los ntawm ya tshauv, uas yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Cov cib no muaj qee qhov zoo dua li cov cib tsoos, nrog rau kev sib txuam zoo dua hauv qhov loj thiab ua kom tiav smoother.
• Cov khoom siv uas siv los ua cov cib tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv lawv lub zog thiab kav ntev. Piv txwv li, cib ua nrog coarse xuab zeb yuav tsis muaj zog npaum li cov xuab zeb zoo.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav thiab khaws cov cib kom qhuav

Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov zoo thiab kav ntev ntawm cov qauv cib, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau xav txog cov txheej txheem tiav thiab ua kom cov cib qhuav. Nov yog qee yam uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov:

• Cib masonry xav tau plastering ua kom tiav ib qhov project uas tuaj yeem nce nqi kev tsim kho.
• Cib yuav tsum tau npaj kom zoo ua ntej siv los xyuas kom meej tias lawv yog cov zoo thiab haum rau lub hom phiaj npaj.
• Cib yuav tsum tau khaws cia kom qhuav kom tsis txhob dampness thiab puas thaum lub sij hawm. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj los yog los ntawm kev ua kom cov av nyob ib puag ncig cov qauv raug muab qhab nia kom tsis txhob muaj dej los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub hauv paus.

Chav kawm ntawm cov cib thiab lawv siv hauv Architecture

Cov cib raug cais raws li lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thiab lawv lub zog. Nov yog qee yam kom paub txog cov chav kawm sib txawv ntawm bricks:

• Class A bricks yog qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab ruaj khov tshaj plaws, thiab tsim nyog siv rau hauv cov khoom siv thauj khoom.
• Class B bricks zoo ib yam li Class A cib tab sis muaj zog me ntsis.
• Class C bricks yog molded cib uas tsis muaj zog li Class A lossis B cib, tab sis tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv qee hom kev tsim kho.
• Kev siv cov cib hauv architecture muaj keeb kwm ntev, thiab lawv tseem yog qhov kev xaiv nrov rau lawv qhov kev zoo nkauj thiab ua haujlwm ntev. Hauv San Francisco, piv txwv li, ntau lub tsev tau tsim los siv cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog tom qab xyoo 1906 av qeeg los txhim kho lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb seismic.

xaus

Yog li, qhov ntawd yog qhov cib. Lub cib yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev siv los ua phab ntsa, thiab lawv tau nyob ib ncig ntawm ntau txhiab xyoo. 

Koj ua tsis tau ib lub tsev tsis muaj lawv, yog li nws yog qhov zoo kom paub qhov tseeb. Yog li, tsis txhob ntshai nug cov lus nug thiab tsis txhob hnov ​​​​qab nyeem cov lus no dua sai sai!

Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.