Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev nrog. Lawv nyuaj rau txiav, khawb, thiab distort. Lawv kuj nyuaj ua hauj lwm nrog. Tab sis lawv yog dab tsi?
Hardness yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm yuav ua li cas resistant cov khoom yog rau ntau yam kev hloov pauv mus tas li thaum lub zog compressive siv.
Qee cov ntaub ntawv, xws li hlau, nyuaj dua lwm tus. Macroscopic hardness feem ntau yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov ntawv cog lus muaj zog, tab sis tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom siv hauv qab quab yuam yog nyuaj; Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau yam kev ntsuas ntawm hardness: khawb hardness, indentation hardness, thiab rebound hardness.
Hauv tsab xov xwm no, kuv yuav piav qhia tias cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yog dab tsi thiab lawv siv li cas hauv kev tsim kho thiab lwm yam kev lag luam.
Hauv kab ntawv no peb yuav npog:
Lo lus "Hard Material" txhais li cas tiag?
Thaum peb tham txog cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj, peb xa mus rau ib yam khoom uas muaj cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws ntawm kev txiav, khawb, lossis distort. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tsis yog ib txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem pom hauv ib daim ntawv lossis cov ntaub ntawv. Hloov chaw, nws yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem kev cai thiab kev taw qhia kom ua raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov phiaj xwm muab los yog khawb.
Yuav ntsuas Hardness li cas?
Lub hardness ntawm ib yam khoom yog dictated los ntawm nws crystalline qauv, uas yog tsis tu ncua thiab nquag heev "nruj". Qhov no muaj tseeb rau pob zeb diamond, iav, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv nyuaj. Hardness yog ntsuas los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem txheej txheem uas qhia txog qib ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov khoom yuav tsum tau ripped, scraped, los yog txiav. Qee cov kev siv los ntsuas hardness muaj xws li:
- Mohs nplai, uas ntsuas cov khoom siv hardness ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 1 txog 10
- Rockwell scale, uas ntsuas qhov tob ntawm qhov indentation ua los ntawm pob zeb diamond-tipped indenter
- Vickers scale, uas ntsuas qhov loj ntawm qhov indentation ua los ntawm pob zeb diamond-tipped indenter
Yuav npaj cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj npaum li cas
Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj feem ntau tau npaj siv ntau txoj hauv kev, nyob ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm qhov project. Qee txoj hauv kev siv los npaj cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj suav nrog:
- Txiav nrog pob zeb diamond saw
- Sib tsoo nrog pob zeb diamond grinder
- Sandblasting
- Tshuaj etching
Cov Limits thiab Clause Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo
Thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias tej zaum yuav muaj kev txwv lossis cov lus cog tseg uas qhia meej tias cov khoom yuav tsum tau ua li cas lossis npaj. Piv txwv li, tej zaum yuav muaj kev txwv ntawm cov kua dej uas tso cai rau hauv ib qho chaw excavation, los yog tej zaum yuav muaj cov lus pom zoo uas yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb rau ib qhov project.
Hard vs. Soft Materials: Dab tsi ua rau lawv sib nrug?
Cov ntaub ntawv tawv yog cov yam ntxwv los ntawm lawv cov xwm txheej thiab siab ua haujlwm rau deformation, thaum cov ntaub ntawv mos yog sib piv yooj yim rau deform thiab kho dua tshiab. Qee qhov piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj muaj xws li steel, pob zeb, thiab mortar, thaum roj hmab thiab nyiaj yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom muag.
Magnetic Properties
Lwm qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tawv thiab mos yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov khoom sib nqus. Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj, xws li cov hlau nplaum tas mus li, muaj kev sib zog siab thiab tuaj yeem ua kom cov hlau nplaum tsim kom muaj zog sib nqus. Cov ntaub ntawv mos, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj kev coercivity qis thiab tuaj yeem yooj yim demagnetized.
Magnetization Loop
Lub voj hlau nplaum yog ib daim duab uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab cov hlau nplaum ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj muaj lub vojvoog hysteresis, qhia txog kev sib zog siab thiab muaj zog sib nqus, thaum cov ntaub ntawv mos muaj lub voj voog hysteresis dav, qhia tias muaj kev sib zog qis thiab tsis muaj zog hlau nplaum.
Cov qauv Atomic
Lub atomic qauv ntawm cov khoom kuj plays lub luag hauj lwm los txiav txim nws hardness. Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj feem ntau muaj cov qauv atomic heev, nrog cov atoms teem rau hauv cov qauv tsis tu ncua. Cov ntaub ntawv mos, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj cov qauv atomic ntau dua, nrog cov atoms teem rau hauv cov qauv ib nrab.
siv
Cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tawv thiab mos ua rau lawv haum rau kev siv sib txawv. Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj feem ntau yog siv hauv kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim khoom, qhov chaw muaj zog thiab kav ntev yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov ntaub ntawv mos, ntawm qhov tod tes, feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau txav mus los thiab yoog raws, xws li hauv khaub ncaws thiab khau.
Sonorous Khoom
Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj kuj zoo li yog sonorous, txhais tau tias lawv tsim lub suab nrov thaum ntaus. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov atoms nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yog nruj nreem ntim thiab tuaj yeem co tau yooj yim. Cov ntaub ntawv mos, ntawm qhov tod tes, tsis yog-sonorous thiab tsis tsim lub suab nrov thaum ntaus.
Tshawb nrhiav lub ntiaj teb loj heev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj
Cov ntaub ntawv tawv yog cov khoom siv uas tsis tuaj yeem yooj yim deformed lossis hloov dua tshiab. Lawv muaj cov atoms uas yog compactly teem nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tu ncua crystalline qauv, uas muab lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Lub hardness ntawm ib yam khoom yog txiav txim los ntawm nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv raug khawb, hlais, los yog khawb.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv tawv thiab mos
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tawv thiab mos yog loj heev. Qee qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Cov ntaub ntawv tawv yog cov khoom thiab tsis tuaj yeem yooj yim deformed lossis hloov dua tshiab, thaum cov ntaub ntawv mos yog hloov tau yooj yim dua thiab tuaj yeem ua tau yooj yim molded lossis zoo li.
- Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj feem ntau yog siv tau ntev dua thiab siv tau ntev dua li cov ntaub ntawv mos.
- Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj feem ntau yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas lub zog thiab ruaj khov yog qhov tseem ceeb, thaum cov ntaub ntawv mos feem ntau siv rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas qhov kev nplij siab thiab yooj yim dua yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Customized Hard Materials
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yog tias lawv tuaj yeem hloov kho kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, los ntawm kev hloov cov qauv crystalline ntawm cov khoom, nws muaj peev xwm hloov nws hardness, lub zog, thiab lwm yam khoom. Qhov no ua rau cov engineers thiab cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj
Kev nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tuaj yeem yog qhov nyuaj, vim lawv feem ntau muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb lossis lwm yam khoom siv ntuj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nce qib hauv thev naus laus zis tau ua kom yooj yim nrhiav thiab rho tawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Piv txwv li, kev siv mining ua rau peb nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj xws li pob zeb diamond thiab hlau uas ib zaug nyuaj rau ncav cuag.
Cov lus nug ntawm Hardness
Cov lus nug ntawm hardness yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov sib txawv. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj, peb tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj zog, ruaj khov dua, tsim cov cuab yeej txiav tshiab thiab abrasives, thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv kho kom haum rau cov kev siv tshwj xeeb. Txawm hais tias koj yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb, kws tshaj lij, lossis tsuas yog xav paub txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig koj, kev kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yog paub tseeb tias yuav muab ntau cov lus teb thiab kev nkag siab.
Cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem hloov mus ua cov khoom tawv tawv
Qee lub ntsiab lus ntuj muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj los ntawm kev ua. Piv txwv li:
- Hlau tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv tempered steel, uas muaj qib siab hardness thiab lub zog.
- Boron tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv boron carbide, uas yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws rau txiv neej.
- Cov nyiaj tuaj yeem ua tiav rau hauv cov nyiaj sterling, uas nyuaj dua li cov nyiaj ntshiab.
Customized Formulas
Qee cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm cov qauv kom lawv tiv taus hnav, tsim kua muag, khawb, thiab txiav. Piv txwv li:
- mortar tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog cov ntsiab lus sib txawv los tsim cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb.
- Roj hmab tuaj yeem ua tiav los tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog siab hardness thiab lub zog.
Khaws Lub Zog
Qee cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm khaws cia lub zog, uas tso cai rau lawv hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom tawv. Piv txwv li:
- Cov dej khov tuaj yeem deformed thiab rov ua dua los tsim cov khoom tawv vim lub zog khaws cia hauv nws.
- Quartz tuaj yeem raug khawb los tsim cov khoom muaj suab npe vim lub zog muaj nyob hauv nws cov atoms.
Kev ua niaj hnub
Cov txheej txheem ua niaj hnub tso cai rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv mos rau hauv cov khoom tawv. Piv txwv li:
- Txiav thiab shaping ntau hom hlau tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov hardness thiab lub zog.
- Los ntawm cov txheej txheem hu ua tempering, iav tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom tawv.
Kev siv loj heev thiab raug cai txaus siab rau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tau ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm lub txhab nyiaj ntawm cov khoom thiab cov neeg muag khoom uas pom zoo qhia lawv cov kev paub thiab kev teeb tsa. Lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv hnav, tsim kua muag, khawb, thiab txiav yog hu ua hardness, thiab nws yog ib qho cuab yeej uas tau nrhiav tom qab hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam sib txawv.
xaus
Yog li ntawd koj muaj nws - cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yog cov uas nyuaj rau txiav, khawb, los yog distort. Lawv muaj ib txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv, tsis yog yuav tsum tau kev cai txheej txheem. Lawv ua raws li cov kev xav tau uas tau muab rau qhov project thiab kev khawb av tuaj yeem ntsuas tau siv Mohs nplai, Rockwell nplai, thiab Vickers nplai. Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim khoom, thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hardness thiab durability. Lawv kuj tau siv rau kev nplij siab thiab yooj yim, thiab yog li koj yuav tsum tshawb xyuas lub ntiaj teb loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj.
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.
