Cov kuab tshuaj yog dab tsi? Cov kuab tshuaj yog cov tshuaj uas yaj lwm cov tshuaj, ua rau lawv ntau dua kua. Lawv siv ntau txoj hauv kev los ntawm tu cov khoom rau xim rau cov tshuaj.
Tab sis ua li cas koj thiaj paub tias nws yog ib qho hnyav? Cia saib dab tsi ua rau cov kuab tshuaj tshwj xeeb.
Hauv kab ntawv no peb yuav npog:
Tau Paub Txog Cov Ntsiab Lus: Lub Ntsiab Rau Kev Tsim Kev daws teeb meem
Cov kuab tshuaj yog ib yam khoom uas dissolves ib tug solute, uas ua rau ib tug tov. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov kuab tshuaj yog cov khoom uas ua rau lub dissolving, thaum lub solute yog cov khoom uas yaj. Cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau yog cov kua, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem yog cov khoom khib nyiab, cov pa roj, lossis cov kua dej tshwj xeeb.
Lub Hwj Chim ntawm Dej raws li cov kuab tshuaj
Dej yog ib qho ntawm cov kuab tshuaj siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb vim nws muaj peev xwm ua kom yaj ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj. Qhov no yog vim nws cov polarity siab, uas tso cai rau nws los rhuav tshem cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov molecules thiab yaj lawv tusyees thoob plaws hauv cov tshuaj. Dej kuj yog ib qho kev ruaj khov thiab nruab nrab hnyav, uas txhais tau hais tias nws tuaj yeem ua ke nrog ntau yam kev daws teeb meem yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws cov khoom yooj yim.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kuab tshuaj hauv lub neej txhua hnub
Cov kuab tshuaj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub, los ntawm cov khoom tu thiab cov khoom tu tus kheej mus rau cov tshuaj thiab cov txheej txheem kev lag luam. Piv txwv li:
- Qab zib dissolves nyob rau hauv dej los ua ib tug qab zib tov.
- Cov ntsia thawv polish tshem tawm siv acetone ua cov kuab tshuaj kom yaj cov txhuam.
- Xim thinner siv sib tov ntawm cov kuab tshuaj kom yaj cov xim.
- Cov roj av siv cov kuab tshuaj sib tov los tsim cov roj uas tuaj yeem hlawv hauv lub cav.
Lub Ntiaj Teb Fascinating ntawm kev daws teeb meem
Thaum peb tham txog cov kev daws teeb meem, peb tab tom hais txog kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau yam tshuaj uas sib npaug ntawm qib molecular. Cov khoom uas muaj nyob rau hauv qhov loj tshaj plaws yog hu ua cov kuab tshuaj, thaum lwm yam tshuaj hu ua solutes. Solvation, ntawm qhov tod tes, hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom cov kuab tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib qho hnyav.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev daws teeb meem hauv Biological Systems
Kev daws teeb meem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov kab ke lom neeg, tshwj xeeb hauv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein. Cov proteins yog tsim los ntawm cov saw ntev ntawm cov amino acids uas quav rau hauv ib qho duab. Cov duab ntawm cov protein yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov amino acid sab chains thiab ib puag ncig cov kuab tshuaj molecules. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov dej molecules nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj tsim ib tug hydrophilic (dej-hlub) ib puag ncig uas yuav pab kom stabilize lub protein qauv.
Cov teebmeem ntawm kev daws teebmeem ntawm Solutes
Lub peev xwm ntawm cov kuab tshuaj kom yaj nyob rau hauv ib qho hnyav nyob ntawm ntau yam, nrog rau cov kua dej polarity, qhov loj me, thiab cov duab. Qee cov kuab tshuaj, xws li qab zib, yog cov polar heev thiab yaj yooj yim hauv dej. Lwm yam, xws li hydrophobic (dej- ntshai) cov tebchaw xws li roj, tsis yaj zoo hauv dej tab sis yuav yaj hauv cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj polar.
Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Solvents nyob rau hauv Solvation
Cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem raug cais raws li lawv cov polarity, nrog cov kuab tshuaj polar zoo li dej uas muaj cov dielectric siab tas li thiab cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj polar zoo li cov roj uas tsis muaj dielectric tsis tu ncua. Lub polarity ntawm cov kuab tshuaj plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev daws teeb meem vim nws txiav txim siab lub peev xwm ntawm cov kuab tshuaj los txais lossis pub dawb electrons. Polar solvents yog qhov zoo dua ntawm kev daws cov ions thiab cov polar solutes, thaum cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj polar zoo dua ntawm kev daws cov tshuaj tsis muaj polar.
Lub Hwj Chim ntawm Kev daws teeb meem hauv Kev Tsim Yeeb Tshuaj
Kev daws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim tshuaj vim tias nws cuam tshuam rau kev solubility thiab bioavailability ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov tshuaj uas muaj kuab heev nyob rau hauv dej yog feem ntau yuav absorbed los ntawm lub cev, thaum cov tshuaj uas tsis zoo soluble yuav xav tau ntau dua koob tshuaj los yog lwm txoj kev xa khoom. Cov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nws cov kev cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj cov protein thiab lwm yam biomolecules.
Classifying Solvents: Phau ntawv qhia kom nkag siab txog ntau hom
Thaum nws los txog rau kev faib cov kuab tshuaj, polarity yog qhov tseem ceeb. Polar solvents muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo kawg, thaum cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj polar tsis muaj. Cov kuab tshuaj tuaj yeem raug cais raws li lawv cov polarity, nrog cov polar solvents raug cais raws li protic lossis aprotic, thiab cov kuab tshuaj uas tsis yog polar raug cais raws li inorganic lossis organic.
Hom Tshuaj Solvents
Muaj ntau ntau hom kuab tshuaj, txhua tus muaj lawv tus kheej cov khoom tshwj xeeb thiab siv. Qee yam ntawm cov kuab tshuaj feem ntau muaj xws li:
- Dej: Dej yog cov kuab tshuaj polar uas muaj peev xwm yaj tau ntau yam sib txuas. Nws suav hais tias yog cov kuab tshuaj protic thiab muaj lub siab dielectric tas li.
- Ethanol: Ethanol yog cov kuab tshuaj polar uas feem ntau siv rau hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg. Nws suav hais tias yog cov kuab tshuaj protic thiab muaj lub siab dielectric tas li.
- Acetone: Acetone yog cov kuab tshuaj polar uas feem ntau siv hauv chav kuaj. Nws suav hais tias yog cov kuab tshuaj aprotic thiab muaj lub siab dielectric tas li.
- Hexane: Hexane yog cov kuab tshuaj tsis muaj polar uas feem ntau siv hauv cov organic chemistry. Nws suav hais tias yog cov kuab tshuaj inorganic thiab muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj dielectric.
- Chloroform: Chloroform yog cov kuab tshuaj polar uas feem ntau siv hauv chav kuaj. Nws suav hais tias yog cov kuab tshuaj aprotic thiab muaj qhov tsis tshua muaj dielectric.
Tshwj xeeb Case: Complex Solvents
Qee cov kuab tshuaj yog qhov nyuaj dua thiab tsis tuaj yeem faib tau yooj yim raws li lawv cov polarity, dielectric tas li, boiling point, lossis flash point. Cov kuab tshuaj no muaj xws li:
- Qab Zib: Qab Zib yog cov kuab tshuaj polar uas muaj peev xwm yaj tau ntau yam sib txuas. Lawv suav hais tias yog cov kuab tshuaj protic thiab muaj lub siab dielectric tas li.
- Ionic kua: Cov kua ionic yog cov kuab tshuaj uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov kua hauv lub xeev ntawm chav tsev kub. Lawv muaj ntau yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus kub thiab muaj peev xwm yaj ntau yam sib txuas.
- Hlau Complexes: Hlau complexes yog cov kuab tshuaj uas muaj cov khoom hlau. Lawv muaj peev xwm nqa tau cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab suav tias yog cov kuab tshuaj polar.
Multicomponent Solvents: Ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom xyaw
Multicomponent kuab tshuaj yog ib hom kuab tshuaj uas muaj kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau hom kuab tshuaj. Cov kuab tshuaj no tseem hu ua "universal solvents" vim tias lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom yaj ntau yam sib txuas. Multicomponent cov kuab tshuaj yog tsim los ntawm ob los yog ntau dua cov kuab tshuaj uas sib xyaw ua ke los tsim ib qho kev daws teeb meem. Qee hom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj multicomponent muaj xws li:
- acetate
- Xylene
- Toluene
- Ethanol
- Ethyl
- Butyl
- acetone
- Cellosolve
- thinner
Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim thaum Multicomponent Solvents ntxiv rau cov khoom?
Thaum multicomponent kuab tshuaj ntxiv rau cov khoom, ntau yam tuaj yeem tshwm sim nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej:
- Yog hais tias cov khoom yog soluble nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj, nws yuav dissolve uniformly thiab muab faib thoob plaws hauv lub tov.
- Yog hais tias cov khoom yog insoluble nyob rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj, nws yuav tsim ib tug cais theem thiab yuav raug tshem tawm los ntawm filtration los yog lwm txoj kev.
- Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv solvates nrog cov kuab tshuaj, ib tug tshiab compound yog tsim uas muaj txawv zog dua cov khoom qub.
- Yog tias cov tshuaj ntxiv rau hauv cov kuab tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke sib cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg, emulsions lossis lwm yam sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem tsim.
Dab tsi yog Qee Qhov Kev Siv Ntiaj Teb tiag ntawm Multicomponent Solvents?
Multicomponent solvents muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, suav nrog:
- Xim thiab coatings: Multicomponent solvents yog siv los ua thinners thiab solvents nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab txheej formulations.
- Pharmaceuticals: Multicomponent kuab tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov tshuaj rau yaj thiab purify tebchaw.
- Cov khoom siv ntxuav: Cov kuab tshuaj ntau yam yog siv los ntxuav cov khoom kom yaj thiab tshem tawm cov av thiab grime.
- Roj thiab roj rho tawm: Multicomponent cov kuab tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv extraction ntawm roj thiab roj los ntawm underground reservoirs.
Multicomponent kuab tshuaj yog ib tug complex sib tov ntawm cov khoom xyaw uas muaj ntau yam kev siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tshuaj. Kev nkag siab tias cov kuab tshuaj no ua haujlwm li cas thiab lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj sib txawv li cas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam tshuaj.
xaus
Yog li, qhov ntawd yog qhov hnyav - ib yam khoom uas yaj lwm yam khoom. Cov kuab tshuaj yog siv los ntxuav, tu tus kheej, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab lawv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej txhua hnub.
Koj tsis tuaj yeem zam lawv, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub cov khoom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj thiab seb lawv cuam tshuam dab tsi nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Yog li, tsis txhob ntshai mus tshawb txog lub ntiaj teb cov kuab tshuaj thiab kawm ntxiv txog lawv!
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.
