Pigments yog cov xim uas tsis muaj dej nyob hauv dej tab sis soluble hauv qee cov organic hnyav. Lawv feem ntau finely av hais ntxiv rau a phau ntawv kom ua pleev xim lub ink. Muaj cov pigments ntuj thiab hluavtaws pigments.
Hauv tsab xov xwm no, kuv yuav qhia koj txhua tus txog lawv. Yog li, cia peb pib! Koj puas npaj txhij? Kuv tseem npaj txhij! Cia peb dhia dej!
Hauv kab ntawv no peb yuav npog:
- Unleashing lub zog ntawm Pigments nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab txheej
- Lub Evolution ntawm Pigments nyob rau hauv xim: Ib tug yeeb yuj keeb kwm
- Lub Ntiaj Teb Fascinating Biological Pigments hauv Xim
- Tshawb nrhiav Chemistry ntawm Pigments hauv Xim
- Binding Pigments: Tus yuam sij rau kev tsim cov duab ntev ntev
- Cia peb tham txog Transparency thiab Opacity nyob rau hauv Xim Pigments
- xaus
Unleashing lub zog ntawm Pigments nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab txheej
Pigments yog cov xim uas muab cov xim thiab coatings lawv cov xim tshwj xeeb. Lawv feem ntau yog insoluble particles uas yog finely hauv av thiab ntxiv rau cov xim los yog txheej formulation rau impart xim, tej, los yog ib tug xav tau lub cev thiab tshuaj cov cuab yeej rau cov ntub los yog qhuav zaj duab xis. Pigments tuaj yeem yog ntuj lossis hluavtaws, thiab lawv tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam xim, los ntawm lub ntiaj teb xim av thiab ntsuab mus rau vibrant liab, xiav, thiab daj.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Pigments hauv Coloring
Pigments ua haujlwm los ntawm kev xav lossis xa lub teeb los tsim kev xaav ntawm cov xim. Thaum lub teeb hits ib tug pigment, ib co ntawm nws yog absorbed thaum tus so yog reflected los yog kis tau tus mob. Cov xim peb pom yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub wavelengths ntawm lub teeb uas yog reflected los yog kis los ntawm cov xim. Qhov no yog vim li cas pigments feem ntau tau piav qhia tias muaj cov xim xim.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv cov xim zoo nkauj
Xaiv cov xim zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb kom ua tiav cov xim uas xav tau thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv cov xim thiab cov txheej txheem. Qee yam yuav tsum xav txog thaum xaiv cov xim muaj xws li:
- Hom tshuaj pleev xim los yog txheej siv
- Cov xim uas xav tau thiab ua tiav
- Cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg xav tau
- Cov khoom siv coated
- Cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig lub txheej yuav raug nthuav tawm
Lub Evolution ntawm Pigments nyob rau hauv xim: Ib tug yeeb yuj keeb kwm
• Tib neeg tau siv cov xim pleev xim rau ntau tshaj 40,000 xyoo, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov duab hauv qhov tsua prehistoric.
- Cov xim qub qub tau muab los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj xws li cov ntxhia, av nplaum, thiab cov xim raws li tsiaj txhu.
- Cov pigments no tau muab tso rau hauv cov hmoov zoo siv cov khoom qub thiab sib xyaw nrog cov hlua khi los tsim cov xim.
- Cov pigments paub ntxov tshaj plaws yog liab thiab daj ochre, burnt sienna thiab umber, thiab dawb chalk.
Ancient Egyptian thiab Indian Pigments
• Cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub nyiam cov xim xiav, xws li lapis lazuli thiab tooj liab silicate.
- Cov kws ua yeeb yam Indian tau siv cov organic dyes tau los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab kab los tsim cov xim zoo nkauj.
- Lead-raws li pigments, xws li txhuas dawb thiab lead-tin daj, kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm.
Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Synthetic Pigments
• Nyob rau xyoo 18th thiab 19th, chemists nrhiav tau txoj kev tshiab los tsim cov xim hluavtaws, xws li phthalo xiav thiab anhydrous hlau oxide.
- Cov pigments no yooj yim dua los tsim thiab tuaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam xim ntau dua li lawv cov natural counterparts.
- Kev siv cov xim hluavtaws tso cai rau kev txhim kho cov txuj ci tshiab, xws li cov xim luminous siv los ntawm Vermeer.
Lub Ntiaj Teb Fascinating Biological Pigments hauv Xim
Biological pigments yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov kab mob muaj sia uas muaj xim uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev xaiv xim xim. Cov pigments no muaj nyob rau hauv cov xwm thiab tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, thiab txawm tias tib neeg. Lawv hu ua biological pigments vim lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob nyob.
Kev tsim cov xim lom neeg
Biological pigments yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob nyob thiab muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom, nrog rau cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, thiab txawm ntoo. Lawv raug tsim los ntawm lub cev thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev ua haujlwm. Kev tsim cov pigments lom neeg muaj feem xyuam rau cov protein uas xav tau los ntawm lub cev kom ua tiav cov xim.
Tshawb nrhiav Chemistry ntawm Pigments hauv Xim
Pigments yog cov xim muaj xim uas muab xim rau nws cov xim. Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pigments txiav txim lawv cov xim, durability, thiab daim ntawv thov. Pigments tuaj yeem yog cov organic lossis inorganic, thiab txhua hom muaj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas cuam tshuam rau lawv siv hauv cov xim. Nov yog qee cov pigments thiab lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg:
- Inorganic pigments: Cov xim no feem ntau ci dua thiab ruaj dua li cov xim organic. Lawv suav nrog:
- Titanium dawb: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm titanium dioxide thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv cov xim, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab lwm yam khoom.
- Cadmium daj: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm cadmium sulfide thiab paub txog nws cov xim ci, sov.
- Ultramarine xiav: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm sodium aluminium sulfosilicate thiab yog tsim los ntawm kev sib tsoo cov pob zeb semi-precious lapis lazuli.
- Burnt sienna: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm cov sienna nyoos uas tau ua kom sov los tsim cov xim tsaus, xim liab-xim av.
- Vermilion: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm mercuric sulfide thiab tau siv txij thaum ub los rau nws cov xim liab ci.
- Organic pigments: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm carbon-based molecules thiab feem ntau tsis tshua muaj zog dua li cov xim tsis muaj zog. Lawv suav nrog:
- Phthalo ntsuab: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm tooj liab phthalocyanine thiab paub txog nws cov xim ci, xiav-ntsuab.
- Hansa daj: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj azo thiab feem ntau siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab lwm yam khoom.
- Phthalo xiav: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm tooj liab phthalocyanine thiab paub txog nws cov xim ci, xiav.
- Rose madder: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag madder thiab tau siv los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam rau ntau pua xyoo.
- Suav dawb: Cov xim no yog tsim los ntawm zinc oxide thiab feem ntau siv hauv cov xim dej.
Yuav Siv Pigments li cas hauv Xim
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pigments txiav txim seb lawv siv li cas hauv cov xim. Nov yog qee txoj hauv kev uas pigments siv rau xim:
- Absorb tej wavelengths ntawm lub teeb: Pigments nqus tej wavelengths ntawm lub teeb thiab xav txog lwm tus, uas tsim cov xim uas peb pom.
- Tsim cov xim xim: Qee cov xim, zoo li ultramarine xiav, tsim cov xim xim los ntawm kev xav txog lub teeb hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb.
- Sib txawv ntawm lub sij hawm ziab: Qee cov xim, xws li titanium dawb, qhuav sai sai, thaum lwm tus, zoo li burnt sienna, siv sij hawm ntev dua kom qhuav.
- Tsim ib qho kev daws teeb meem: Qee cov xim, zoo li phthalo xiav, yog soluble hauv dej thiab tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov xim dej.
- Tsim kom muaj ntau yam xim: Pigments tuaj yeem sib xyaw ua ke los tsim ntau yam xim, nyob ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom sib txuas tam sim no.
- Ntxiv xim rau lwm yam khoom: Cov xim yog siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom, nrog rau cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, textiles, thiab plastics.
Binding Pigments: Tus yuam sij rau kev tsim cov duab ntev ntev
Binders yog cov khoom uas tuav cov xim ua ke hauv cov xim. Lawv yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua cov pigments siv tau thiab tsim kom muaj kev ntxhib los mos thiab ua tiav ntawm cov xim. Binders feem ntau yog ua los ntawm hnyav, du cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem txo cov suab nrov ntawm cov xim thiab muab ntau yam xim.
Hom Binders
Muaj ntau ntau hom binders uas cov kws kos duab siv hauv lawv cov duab. Qee qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog:
- Roj: Qhov no yog lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov nplua nuj, sib sib zog nqus tones hauv paintings. Nws yog qhov kev xaiv nrov ntawm cov neeg pleev kob niaj hnub no vim tias nws tso cai rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev thiab tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv ntau txoj kev.
- Qe: Qhov no yog lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws nrawm uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim kom du, txawm tias lub suab nrov hauv cov duab kos duab. Nws yog qhov kev xaiv nrov ntawm cov neeg pleev kob thaum ntxov thiab tseem siv niaj hnub no los ntawm qee tus kws kos duab.
- Tempera: Qhov no yog lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws ceev uas tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov duab me me, cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws. Nws yog ib qho kev xaiv nrov ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas xav tsim cov duab kos nrog cov ntsiab lus siab.
Sib tsoo Pigments nrog Binders
Txhawm rau tsim cov xim, pigments yog av nrog binders los tsim ib tug du, txawm zoo nkauj. Cov txheej txheem sib tsoo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov xim thiab kev ntxhib los mos ntawm cov xim, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom zom cov xim kom raug. Qee cov lus qhia rau kev sib tsoo pigments nrog binders muaj xws li:
- Siv cov xim ntuj: Cov pigments ntuj yog yooj yim dua rau zom thiab tsim kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj dua li cov xim hluavtaws.
- Siv cov xim dawb: Ntxiv cov xim dawb rau hauv av pigments tuaj yeem pab tsim cov xim siv tau ntau dua.
- Kev sib xyaw ua ke: Kev sib xyaw ua ke sib txawv ntawm cov binders tuaj yeem pab tsim cov xim uas haum rau cov txheej txheem kos duab tshwj xeeb.
Cov kev txwv ntawm Binders
Thaum cov binders yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov xim, lawv nthuav tawm qee qhov kev txwv. Qee qhov kev txwv no suav nrog:
- Lead: Qee cov binders muaj cov hmoov txhuas, uas tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau cov kws ua yeeb yam uas ua haujlwm nrog lawv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau siv cov binders uas tsis muaj txhuas.
- Lub sij hawm ziab: Lub sij hawm ziab ntawm cov xim tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv. Qee cov binders qhuav sai dua lwm tus, uas tuaj yeem ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov xim.
- Pas dej: Qee cov pigments raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lawv nrawm lossis retard lub sij hawm ziab ntawm cov xim.
Tawm tswv yim kom raug Binder rau cov xim
Xaiv qhov tseeb binder rau cov xim yog tsim nyog los tsim cov xim uas haum rau cov txheej txheem kev kos duab uas xav tau. Qee cov lus qhia rau kev qhia qhov tseeb binder rau cov xim muaj xws li:
- Nkag siab txog cov khoom ntawm cov xim: Paub txog cov khoom ntawm cov xim tuaj yeem pab txiav txim siab seb qhov twg yuav ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws nrog nws.
- Kev ntsuam xyuas sib txawv binders: Kev ntsuam xyuas cov binders sib txawv nrog cov xim tuaj yeem pab txiav txim siab seb qhov twg yuav tsim cov kev xav tau zoo nkauj thiab ua tiav.
- Nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov chaw ncaj qha: Nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov chaw ncaj qha, xws li cov chaw tsim khoom xim lossis lub studio uas tshwj xeeb hauv cov xim, tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov binder siv.
Cia peb tham txog Transparency thiab Opacity nyob rau hauv Xim Pigments
Thaum peb tham txog cov xim pob tshab hauv cov xim, peb tab tom hais txog cov uas tso cai rau lub teeb hla lawv. Nov yog qee yam kom paub txog pob tshab pigments:
- Cov xim pob tshab feem ntau yog siv los tsim glazes, uas yog nyias txheej ntawm cov xim uas tso cai rau cov xim hauv qab los qhia.
- Vim tias cov xim pob tshab tso cai rau lub teeb kom dhau mus, lawv tuaj yeem tsim cov nyhuv luminous hauv cov duab.
- Pob tshab pigments zoo li yuav khaus tsawg dua opaque pigments, txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem pom lawv tus kheej nyuaj dua.
- Qee cov xim pob tshab muaj xws li phthalo xiav, alizarin crimson, thiab quinacridone magenta.
Opacity: Thaum Lub Teeb Thaiv
Ntawm qhov tod tes, opaque pigments thaiv lub teeb los ntawm lawv. Nov yog qee yam uas yuav tsum paub txog opaque pigments:
- Opaque pigments feem ntau yog siv los npog qhov yuam kev lossis tsim cov xim xim.
- Vim opaque pigments thaiv lub teeb, lawv tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj zog, matte nyhuv hauv cov duab.
- Opaque pigments yuav khaus ntau dua pob tshab pigments, txhais tau tias lawv tuaj yeem yooj yim pom ntawm lawv tus kheej.
- Qee cov opaque pigments muaj xws li titanium dawb, cadmium liab, thiab ultramarine xiav.
Translucent: Ib me ntsis ntawm ob qho tib si
Kuj tseem muaj ib pawg thib peb ntawm cov xim los xav txog: cov xim translucent. Translucent pigments yog qhov chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm pob tshab thiab opaque, tso cai rau qee lub teeb hla tab sis tsis yog tag nrho. Qee cov xim zoo nkauj muaj xws li cov sienna nyoos, hlawv sienna, thiab cov umber nyoos.
xaus
Yog li ntawd, cov pigments yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas lawv cuam tshuam cov xim ntawm cov xim. Lawv yog cov khoom ntxiv rau cov khoom siv los hloov nws cov xim, kev ntxhib los mos, lossis lwm yam khoom. Pigments yog siv nyob rau hauv cov xim, coatings, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv. Lawv tau siv los xim txhua yam ntawm phab ntsa mus rau khaub ncaws mus rau tsheb. Yog li, nco ntsoov siv lawv thiab txaus siab rau lub neej muaj yeeb yuj!
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.
