Cov yas muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw. Los ntawm lub raj mis dej koj haus los ntawm lub xov tooj koj siv los nyeem cov kab lus no, lawv txhua tus ua los ntawm qee yam yas. Tab sis lawv yog dab tsi tiag?
Plastics yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov organic polymers, feem ntau petrochemicals. Lawv feem ntau molded rau hauv ntau yam duab thiab ntau thiab tsawg thiab siv rau ntau yam kev siv. Lawv yog lub teeb yuag, ruaj, thiab tiv taus corrosion thiab kub kub.
Cia peb saib txhua yam muaj kom paub txog plastics.
Hauv kab ntawv no peb yuav npog:
Plastics: Lub Tsev Blocks ntawm Lub Neej Niaj Hnub No
Plastics yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov polymers, uas yog cov saw ntev ntawm cov molecules. Cov polymers no yog tsim los ntawm qhov me me hu ua monomers, uas feem ntau yog muab los ntawm cov thee lossis cov nkev ntuj. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov yas koom nrog kev sib xyaw cov monomers ua ke thiab dhau los ntawm ob peb theem sib txawv los hloov lawv mus rau hauv cov khoom siv. Cov txheej txheem no yog ib qho yooj yim thiab tuaj yeem ua tau ntau yam sib txawv, uas txhais tau hais tias muaj ntau ntau hom yas tawm muaj.
Cov Khoom Siv Plastics
Ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov yas yog lawv lub peev xwm los ua molded rau hauv txhua yam. Cov yas kuj tseem muaj zog tiv taus hluav taws xob thiab feem ntau siv los tiv thaiv cov kab hluav taws xob nqa hluav taws xob. Cov yas yog me ntsis nplaum, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv tuaj yeem siv los sib xyaw cov khoom sib txawv ua ke. Cov yas kuj tseem tiv taus dej, uas ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau siv hauv cov thawv ntim khoom. Thaum kawg, cov yas yog lub teeb yuag, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv yooj yim thauj thiab khaws cia.
Environmental Impact ntawm Plastics
Cov yas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Cov yas tsis yog biodegradable, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv tsis tawg ib txwm dhau sijhawm. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov yas tuaj yeem nyob hauv ib puag ncig rau ntau pua lossis ntau txhiab xyoo. Cov yas kuj tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau cov tsiaj qus, vim tias tsiaj txhu yuav ua yuam kev me me ntawm cov yas rau zaub mov. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov yas tuaj yeem tso cov tshuaj phem rau hauv ib puag ncig thaum lawv hlawv.
Lub Fascinating Etymology ntawm Lo Lus "Plastic"
Hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom, lo lus "yas" muaj kev txhais ntau dua. Nws yog hais txog cov khoom siv uas tuaj yeem tsim los yog molded siv cov txheej txheem xws li extrusion lossis compression. Cov yas tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv, nrog rau cov khoom ntuj xws li cellulose thiab hluavtaws cov ntaub ntawv zoo li polyethylene.
Kev siv "Plastic" hauv kev tsim khoom
Plastics yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev tsim daim ntawv thov, los ntawm ntim cov ntaub ntawv mus rau automotive qhov chaw. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv cov yas yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov fwj thiab ntim. Plastics kuj tseem siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam, raws li lawv yog lub teeb yuag, ruaj, thiab tiv taus corrosion.
Cov yas tuaj yeem raug cais raws li lawv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg, nrog rau lawv cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm. Nov yog qee qhov kev faib ua feem ntau ntawm plastics:
- Cov Khoom Siv Plastics: Cov no yog cov yas siv ntau tshaj plaws thiab siv ntau yam kev siv. Lawv feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv yooj yim polymer thiab yog tsim nyob rau hauv siab ntim.
- Engineering plastics: Cov yas no yog siv rau hauv daim ntawv thov tshwj xeeb thiab feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem polymer. Lawv muaj thermal thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau dua li cov khoom yas.
- Cov yas tshwj xeeb: Cov yas no yog siv rau hauv cov ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov qauv polymer tshwj xeeb. Lawv muaj lub siab tshaj plaws thermal thiab tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tag nrho cov yas.
- Amorphous solids: Cov yas no muaj cov qauv molecular tsis zoo thiab feem ntau yog pob tshab thiab nkig. Lawv muaj qhov hloov pauv iav qis thiab feem ntau yog siv rau hauv ntim thiab molded khoom.
- Crystalline solids: Cov yas no muaj cov qauv molecular thiab feem ntau opaque thiab ruaj khov. Lawv muaj qhov kub hloov pauv iav siab thiab feem ntau siv hauv cov khoom sib tw nrog cov hlau.
Tau paub txog ntau hom yas
Cov khoom siv yas yog cov khoom siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Lawv paub txog lawv txoj kev siv ntau yam thiab siv ntau yam khoom siv niaj hnub. Cov yas no yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polymer thiab feem ntau yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ib zaug. Qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau siv plastics suav nrog:
- Polyethylene: Cov thermoplastic no yog cov yas muag khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nrog ntau tshaj 100 lab tonnes tsim txhua xyoo. Nws yog siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom, nrog rau cov hnab yas, lub raj mis dej, thiab ntim khoom noj.
- Polypropylene: Cov polyolefin no paub txog nws qhov siab melting point thiab feem ntau siv hauv kev tsim kho, hluav taws xob, thiab kev siv tsheb. Nws kuj yog siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev, nrog rau cov thawv ntim khoom noj, cov tais diav, thiab cov khoom ua si.
- Polystyrene: Cov khoom siv yas no yog siv rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev ntim khoom, kev tsim kho, thiab kev pabcuam zaub mov. Nws kuj yog siv los tsim cov khoom ua npuas ncauj, xws li khob kas fes thiab cov khoom ntim khoom.
Engineering Plastics: Qhov Kev Xaiv Zoo Tshaj Plaws rau Kev Siv Tshuab
Engineering plastics yog ib kauj ruam los ntawm cov khoom siv yas raws li lawv cov khoom siv. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev siv uas yuav tsum tau superior kev ua tau zoo, xws li nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho tsheb thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Qee qhov feem ntau siv engineering plastics suav nrog:
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS): Cov thermoplastic no paub txog nws qhov kev tiv thaiv siab thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, khoom siv tsheb, thiab cov khoom ua si.
- Polycarbonate: Cov yas engineering no paub txog nws lub zog siab thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov lo ntsiab muag, lub tsheb, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Cov thermoplastic no feem ntau siv los tsim cov fwj thiab lwm yam khoom ntim khoom noj.
Cov Plastics Tshwj Xeeb: Hloov rau cov khoom siv niaj hnub
Cov yas tshwj xeeb yog cov khoom siv sib txawv ntawm cov yas uas siv rau ntau yam kev siv. Lawv feem ntau nyiam tshaj cov khoom siv ib txwm siv, xws li ntoo thiab hlau, vim lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Qee yam ntawm cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws muaj xws li:
- Polyurethanes: Cov khoom siv sib txawv ntawm cov yas no tau siv ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog kev tsim cov khoom ua npuas ncauj, txheej, thiab cov nplaum.
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Cov yas no feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kav dej, hluav taws xob cables, thiab hauv pem teb.
- Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) thiab Polycarbonate Blend: Cov yas sib xyaw no ua ke cov khoom ntawm ABS thiab polycarbonate los tsim cov khoom uas muaj zog, ruaj, thiab kub-resistant. Nws yog feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv tsheb.
Kev txheeb xyuas cov yas: Lub hauv paus ntawm Plastic Identification
Plastics tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov cai uas yog tsom rau hauv ib daim duab peb sab me me ntawm cov khoom. Txoj cai no yuav pab txheeb xyuas hom yas siv hauv cov khoom thiab pab nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab. Nov yog xya tus lej thiab hom yas uas lawv npog:
- Code 1: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- Code 2: High-density Polyethylene (HDPE)
- Code 3: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- Code 4: Tsawg-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
- Code 5: Polypropylene (PP)
- Txoj Cai 6: Polystyrene (PS)
- Code 7: Lwm cov yas (suav nrog cov yas tshwj xeeb, xws li polycarbonate thiab ABS)
Plastic Fantastic: Qhov dav ntawm kev siv rau cov yas
Plastics yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom loj tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nrog rau ntau yam kev siv uas tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau peb lub neej niaj hnub. Nov yog ob peb txoj hauv kev uas cov yas siv tau:
- Ntim: Cov yas yog siv dav hauv ntim, los ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom noj mus rau cov khoom xa tuaj. Cov kav ntev thiab yooj yim ntawm cov yas ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau kev tiv thaiv cov khoom thaum thauj thiab khaws cia.
- Textiles: Synthetic fibers ua los ntawm cov yas yog siv ntau yam textiles, los ntawm khaub ncaws mus rau upholstery. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog lub teeb yuag, muaj zog, thiab tiv taus hnav thiab tsim kua muag.
- Cov khoom siv: Cov yas yog siv rau hauv ntau yam khoom siv, los ntawm cov khoom ua si mus rau cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj. Lub versatility ntawm plastics tso cai rau cov tuam txhab tsim cov khoom lag luam uas ua haujlwm zoo thiab zoo nkauj.
Kev thauj mus los thiab Electronics: Yas hauv Tshuab thiab Tshuab
Yas kuj tseem ceeb hauv kev thauj mus los thiab kev lag luam hluav taws xob, qhov uas lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau ntau yam kev siv:
- Kev Thauj Mus Los: Cov yas yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam tsheb thiab kev lag luam aerospace, qhov chaw uas lawv lub teeb yuag thiab ruaj khov ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau kev siv txhua yam ntawm lub tsheb mus rau lub dav hlau.
- Electronics: Yas yog siv ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, los ntawm smartphones mus rau computers. Cov khoom insulating ntawm plastics ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau kev tiv thaiv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob me me los ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
Lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Plastics: Innovations thiab Sustainability
Raws li lub ntiaj teb paub ntau ntxiv txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm plastics, muaj kev tsom mus rau kev tsim cov kev hloov pauv tau zoo. Nov yog qee txoj hauv kev uas kev lag luam plastics ua haujlwm los tsim kom muaj kev vam meej yav tom ntej:
- Bioplastics: Bioplastics yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv txuas ntxiv dua tshiab xws li pob kws hmoov nplej thiab qab zib, thiab yog biodegradable lossis compostable.
- Recycling: Kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm cov yas tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, nrog ntau lub tuam txhab thiab tsoomfwv tau nqis peev hauv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab los ua kom rov ua dua tshiab thiab ua tau zoo.
- Innovation: Kev lag luam plastics niaj hnub tsim kho tshiab, nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tsim txhua lub sijhawm. Cov kev tsim kho tshiab no tau pab tsim lub neej yav tom ntej zoo dua rau cov yas.
Plastics thiab Ib puag ncig: Kev Sib Raug Zoo
Plastics, thaum cov khoom siv tau zoo thiab muaj ntau yam, muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig. Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem yas tsis yog qhov tshiab thiab tau ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau ntxiv rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ib puag ncig rau ntau dua ib puas xyoo. Nov yog qee txoj hauv kev uas plastics tuaj yeem ua phem rau ib puag ncig:
- Cov yas yog tsim los siv cov tshuaj phem thiab cov tshuaj sib txuas xws li phthalates thiab BPA uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv ib puag ncig thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.
- Thaum muab pov tseg, cov yas yuav siv sij hawm ntau pua xyoo los decompose, ua rau cov khoom pov tseg yas hauv qhov chaw pov tseg thiab dej hiav txwv.
- Cov pov tseg yas tuaj yeem ua mob rau cov chaw nyob thiab txo cov ecosystems lub peev xwm los hloov pauv huab cua, cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau ntau lab tus tib neeg txoj kev noj qab haus huv, muaj peev xwm tsim khoom noj, thiab kev noj qab haus huv hauv zej zog.
- Cov neeg siv khoom tsim los ntawm cov yas xws li cov khoom ua si, ntim khoom noj, thiab cov fwj dej muaj peev xwm muaj cov phthalates thiab BPA, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv xws li mob qog noj ntshav, teeb meem kev xeeb tub, thiab teeb meem kev loj hlob.
Muaj peev xwm daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm Plastic Pollution
Txawm hais tias qhov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem ntawm cov yas yuav zoo li nyuaj, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev hauv zej zog tuaj yeem ua haujlwm los txo cov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov yas. Nov yog qee qhov kev daws teeb meem:
- Txo kev siv cov yas siv ib zaug xws li cov quav cab, hnab, thiab cov tais diav.
- Ntxiv dag zog rau kev rov ua dua tshiab thiab txhawb kev siv cov yas biodegradable.
- Txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev hloov pauv mus rau plastics.
- Txhawb nqa cov cai thiab cov cai uas txwv tsis pub siv cov tshuaj phem hauv kev tsim cov yas.
- Qhia cov neeg siv khoom txog kev phom sij ntawm cov yas thiab txhawb kev noj qab haus huv.
xaus
Plastics yog cov khoom siv los ntawm cov neeg siv los ua ntau yam khoom. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm hluavtaws polymers, thiab siv nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm ntim mus rau kev tsim kho.
Yog li, tsis txhob ntshai cov yas! Lawv yog cov khoom siv zoo rau ntau yam, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Tsuas yog paub txog qhov txaus ntshai thiab tsis txhob siv ntau dhau.
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.
