Rust: Nws yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas kom koj cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb

xeb yog hlau oxide, feem ntau yog liab oxide tsim los ntawm redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hlau thiab oxygen nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm dej los yog huab cua noo. Ntau hom xeb yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov pom thiab pom los ntawm spectroscopy, thiab tsim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej.

Hauv tsab xov xwm no, kuv yuav hais txog cov hauv paus ntawm xeb, nrog rau nws cov laj thawj thiab kev tiv thaiv.

Lub tsho Flaky yog dab tsi? Nkag siab txog xeb thiab nws ua rau

Rust yog ib lo lus uas feem ntau siv los piav txog oxidation ntawm hlau lossis hlau. Technically, xeb yog hlau oxide, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hlau hydrated (III) oxide uas yog tsim thaum hlau reacts nrog oxygen thiab dej nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm huab cua. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog hu ua xeb thiab tshwm sim thaum hlau raug huab cua thiab noo noo rau lub sijhawm ntev, uas ua rau tsim lub tsho liab-xim av flaky.

Rust tshwm sim li cas?

Thaum hlau los yog hlau los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog oxygen thiab dej, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim uas ua rau cov hlau oxide tsim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog catalyzed los ntawm muaj dej los yog huab cua noo, uas ua rau cov hlau corrode thiab tsim hydrous hlau (III) oxides thiab hlau (III) oxide-hydroxide. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub tsho tiv no flaky yuav kis tau thiab ua rau pitting los yog kab noj hniav tsim nyob rau hauv tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv steels, txo lawv lub zog.

Puas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv xeb?

Thaum xeb yog qhov tshwm sim tsis pom nyob rau ntau xyoo, nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau yooj yim lossis kho los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev, suav nrog:

• Siv cov txheej tiv thaiv rau cov hlau saum npoo kom txo tau cov huab cua thiab noo noo.
• Kev tu thiab ziab cov hlau tsis tu ncua kom txo qhov muaj cov deposits thiab av noo.
• Tsis txhob muaj qhov chaw kaw, qhov nro, thiab qhov khoob qhov twg cov dej noo tuaj yeem sib sau thiab ua rau xeb kom kis tau sai.
• Siv cov hlau tsis muaj steel lossis lwm cov hlau uas tsis muaj xeb hauv cov cheeb tsam uas xeb yog ib qho teeb meem tshwm sim.

Dab tsi yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Rust?

Rust tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam teebmeem ntawm cov hlau, xws li:

• Txo lub zog thiab durability ntawm cov hlau.
• Tsim qhov nqaim lossis tob tob uas tuaj yeem sib kis tau sai thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntxiv.
• Ua rau cov hlau nto dav dua thiab ntxeem tau, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xeb ntxiv.
• Tsim kom muaj qhov sib txawv lossis qhov sib txawv uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov dej noo thiab ua rau xeb kom kis tau sai.
• Kev koom tes rau kev tsim pitting lossis kab noj hniav tsim hauv cov hlau tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv.

Tshuaj Reactions: Kev Tshawb Fawb Tom Qab Rusting

Rusting yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj uas tshwm sim thaum hlau raug cua thiab ya raws. Cov txheej txheem ntawm xeb yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hlau, oxygen, thiab dej molecules. Lub ntsiab tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim thaum xeb yog oxidation ntawm hlau, uas ua rau hlau oxide.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Oxygen thiab Moisture

Oxygen thiab noo noo yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas ua rau xeb tshwm sim. Thaum hlau raug huab cua, nws ua ke nrog oxygen los ua hlau oxide. Dej kuj tseem xav tau rau kev xeb kom tshwm sim vim tias nws nqa cov pa oxygen thiab lwm cov khoom sib txuas uas tsim nyog rau kev siv tshuaj lom neeg.

Tshuaj Reaction ntawm Rusting

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau xeb yog: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias plaub lub atoms ntawm hlau ua ke nrog peb lub molecules ntawm oxygen los tsim ob lub molecules ntawm hlau oxide. Cov txheej txheem ntawm xeb pib thaum hlau yog oxidized rau hlau (II) ions los ntawm oxygen. Cov hlau (II) ions tom qab ntawd ua ke nrog cov dej molecules los tsim cov hlau hydroxide. Qhov sib xyaw no ces oxidizes ntxiv rau cov hlau oxide, uas zoo nkaus li cov xim liab-xim av uas peb feem ntau koom nrog xeb.

Cov teebmeem ntawm Rusting ntawm Hlau

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Kev xeb tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam tsis zoo rau cov hlau, suav nrog flaking, corrosion, thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm cov qauv. Kev xeb tshwm sim thaum hlau raug huab cua thiab noo noo, thiab cov hlau oxide tshwm sim yog cov khoom tsis muaj zog thiab nkig uas tuaj yeem tawg tau yooj yim. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj zog thiab thaum kawg ua tsis tiav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug choj los yog lwm yam qauv, rusting tuaj yeem yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb txog kev nyab xeeb.

Tiv thaiv xeb

Kev tiv thaiv xeb yuav tsum tshem tawm cov dej noo thiab oxygen. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm kev ua kom cov hlau qhuav thiab txheej nrog cov txheej tiv thaiv, xws li xim lossis roj. Lwm txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv xeb yog siv cov hlau uas tsis tshua muaj xeb, xws li stainless hlau lossis hlau ntshiab.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nkag siab Rusting

Nkag siab txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim thaum xeb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kho xeb. Rusting yog txheej txheem nyuaj uas muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau lub tebchaw thiab cov tshuaj electrochemical. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam nrog kev xeb, peb tuaj yeem tiv thaiv thiab kho xeb zoo hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub.

Vim li cas Rust yog Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb thiab Yuav Tiv Thaiv Li Cas

Kev xeb tsis yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj pleev ib ce xwb, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb loj hauv kev tsim kho thiab cov cuab yeej siv. Nov yog vim li cas:

• Rust tsis muaj zog ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov khoom siv hlau, ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov neeg siv thiab cov neeg taug kev.
• Cov cuab yeej uas muaj xeb tuaj yeem tawg lossis ua haujlwm tsis zoo, ua rau raug mob hnyav lossis tuag taus.
• Rust tuaj yeem stains thiab rhuav tshem cov khoom, ua rau poob nyiaj txiag rau cov tuam txhab thiab cov neeg siv khoom ib yam.

Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Risks ntawm Rust

Kev xeb tsis yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm lub cev xwb, nws tseem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv vim yog vim li cas hauv qab no:

• Cov kab mob xeb tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kab mob, suav nrog tetanus, uas tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav yog tias nws nkag mus rau hauv lub cev los ntawm qhov txhab, xws li los ntawm cov ntsia hlau xeb.
• Cov chaw uas muaj xeb loj hlob, xws li sab nraum zoov lossis hauv qhov chaw ntub dej, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov neeg muaj teeb meem ua pa vim xeb yog cov tshuaj oxide uas tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj thaum nqus tau.

Tiv thaiv xeb thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv xeb thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb, cov kev ntsuas hauv qab no tuaj yeem ua:

• Kev tshuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw txhawm rau txheeb xyuas thiab hais txog kev loj hlob ntawm xeb hauv kev tsim kho thiab cov cuab yeej.
• Txoj cai lij choj yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov tuam txhab tsim khoom muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam uas muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tsis muaj xeb.
• Siv cov khoom uas pab tiv thaiv xeb, xws li xeb inhibitors thiab coatings, tuaj yeem ua tau zoo los tiv thaiv xeb kev loj hlob.
• Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, huab cua thiab noo noo yog lub ntsiab ua rau xeb, yog li ua kom cov khoom hlau kom qhuav thiab huv tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv xeb.

Saib xyuas! Cov ntaub ntawv no yooj yim rau xeb

Hlau yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab carbon, uas ua rau nws muaj kev xaiv nrov rau kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, steel kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rusting hlau. Piv nrog rau lwm yam hlau, steel xeb kuj sai heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum raug dej thiab oxygen. Steelcast thiab ironwrought yog ob hom hlau uas tuaj yeem xeb.

Cam khwb cia hlau: Tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv xeb

Cam khwb cia hlau yog ib qho hlau uas muaj hlau, carbon, thiab cov kab ntawm lwm cov khoom. Nws tsim thaum molten hlau yog poured rau hauv ib tug cam khwb cia, li no lub npe. cam khwb cia hlau yog paub txog nws tsis kam hnav thiab tsim kua muag, tab sis nws tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv xeb. Cov khoom cam khwb cia hlau tuaj yeem xeb tsis tu ncua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum raug dej thiab oxygen.

Wrought Hlau: Rusts tsawg dua hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau

Wrought hlau yog ib hom hlau ntshiab uas muaj cov pa roj carbon tsawg heev. Nws yog lub npe hu rau nws cov kev tiv thaiv xeb thiab corrosion, ua rau nws yog ib qho kev xaiv nrov rau cov rooj tog zaum nraum zoov thiab cov khoom zoo nkauj. Wrought hlau rusts tsawg dua hlau thiab cam khwb cia hlau, tab sis nws tseem yuav tsum tau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm dej thiab oxygen.

Stainless hlau: Ib daim thaiv tiv thaiv xeb

Stainless hlau yog ib qho hlau alloy uas muaj hlau, chromium, thiab cov lej ntawm lwm cov khoom. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom no tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm xeb thiab corrosion. Stainless hlau yog ze li impervious rau xeb, ua rau nws yog ib qho kev xaiv nrov rau cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj, khoom siv kho mob, thiab rooj tog zaum nraum zoov.

Yuav tiv thaiv xeb li cas

Kev tiv thaiv xeb yuav tsum tau siv cov ntaub thaiv npog lossis kev tiv thaiv rau cov hlau. Nov yog qee cov lus qhia los tiv thaiv xeb:

• Tsis tu ncua so qhuav cov hlau uas raug dej.
• Tshem tawm cov kab xeb los ntawm kev so lawv nrog cov dej sib tov thiab vinegar.
• Siv cov xim pleev xim rau cov hlau los tiv thaiv dej thiab oxygen.

Nco ntsoov, tsuas yog hlau thiab alloys uas muaj hlau tuaj yeem xeb. Yog li, yog tias koj xav kom tsis txhob xeb, xaiv cov hlau xws li stainless hlau lossis wrought hlau.

Cov hlau uas nyob ci ntsa iab: Phau ntawv qhia rau cov khoom uas tsis xeb

Xeb yog cov bane ntawm ntau cov khoom hlau, ua rau lawv corrode thiab degrade dhau sijhawm. Tab sis koj puas paub tias muaj cov hlau uas tiv thaiv xeb thiab xeb? Hauv seem no, peb yuav tshawb xyuas cov khoom ntawm cov hlau no thiab vim li cas lawv tuaj yeem nyob ci ntsa iab thiab saib tshiab txawm tias tom qab siv ntau xyoo.

Cov hlau uas tsis xeb

Nov yog qee cov hlau uas paub txog lawv cov kev tiv thaiv xeb thiab corrosion:

• Stainless Hlau: Hom hlau no muaj chromium, uas ua rau cov pa oxygen los tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau. Cov txheej no tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm kev xeb ntxiv thiab pab nws tiv thaiv xeb.

• Aluminium: Zoo li cov hlau tsis muaj steel, txhuas ua cov txheej txheem oxide tiv thaiv thaum raug huab cua. Cov txheej no yog nyias thiab pob tshab, yog li nws tsis cuam tshuam rau cov tsos ntawm cov hlau. Aluminium kuj yog lub teeb yuag thiab yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm nrog, ua rau nws yog qhov kev xaiv nrov rau ntau daim ntawv thov.

• Copper: Tooj liab yog ib yam khoom ntuj tsim los tiv thaiv corrosion uas feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob thaiv thiab kav dej. Thaum raug huab cua thiab dej, tooj liab tsim ib qho ntsuab patina uas tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm corrosion ntxiv.

• Brass: Brass yog qhov sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc, thiab nws tau muab cais ua "daj hlau." Brass yog resistant rau corrosion thiab tarnish, thiab nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov khoom zoo nkauj thiab suab paj nruag.

• Bronze: Bronze yog sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab thiab lwm yam khoom, xws li tin, aluminium, lossis npib tsib xee. Nws yog lub npe hu rau nws cov durability thiab tsis kam mus corrosion, thiab nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov pej thuam, tswb, thiab lwm yam khoom uas raug rau lub ntsiab.

• Kub thiab Platinum: Cov hlau tseem ceeb no muaj zog tiv taus corrosion thiab tarnish, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lwm yam khoom siv zoo nkauj.

Yuav ua li cas hlau tiv thaiv xeb

Yog li, nws yog dab tsi txog cov hlau uas tso cai rau lawv tiv thaiv xeb thiab xeb? Nov yog qee qhov laj thawj uas tuaj yeem ua si:

• Cov Txheej Txheem Tiv Thaiv: Raws li peb tau hais dhau los, cov hlau zoo li stainless hlau thiab txhuas ua cov txheej tiv thaiv thaum raug huab cua thiab dej. Cov txheej no tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm kev xeb ntxiv thiab pab nws tiv thaiv xeb.

• Tsis muaj hlau: xeb yog tsim thaum hlau reacts nrog oxygen thiab dej los tsim hlau oxide. Cov hlau uas muaj me me lossis tsis muaj hlau yog li ntawd tsis tshua muaj xeb.

• Chemical Reactivity: Qee cov hlau tsuas yog tsis tshua muaj zog dua li lwm tus, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv tsis tshua muaj peev xwm tsim cov tshuaj lom neeg uas ua rau xeb thiab xeb.

• Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus: Qee cov hlau, zoo li tooj liab, muaj peev xwm tiv taus xeb vim tias lawv yog cov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom sib txawv. Qhov sib tov no tsim cov hlau uas tiv taus corrosion ntau dua li ib qho ntawm nws tus kheej cov khoom.

Txoj kev tsim cov khoom xeb-Resistant

Yog tias koj xav tsim cov khoom uas tiv taus xeb thiab corrosion, ntawm no yog qee txoj hauv kev los xav txog:

• Galvanizing: Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog txheej cov khoom siv hlau nrog txheej zinc, uas ua los tiv thaiv xeb thiab xeb.

• Huab cua: Qee cov hlau, xws li tooj liab thiab tooj liab, txhim kho patina tiv thaiv lub sijhawm thaum raug cov khoom. Qhov no patina ua raws li daim thaiv tiv thaiv ntxiv corrosion.

• Stainless hlau: Raws li peb tau hais ua ntej, stainless hlau yog cov resistant rau xeb thiab corrosion. Siv cov hlau tsis muaj steel rau cov khoom uas yuav raug dej los yog ya raws yog txoj hauv kev yooj yim thiab yooj yim kom ntseeg tau tias lawv nyob tsis muaj xeb.

• Kev tu tsis tu ncua: Txawm tias cov hlau uas tiv taus xeb thiab xeb yuav tsum muaj qee qhov kev saib xyuas kom nyob twj ywm rau saum toj. Khaws cov khoom kom huv si thiab qhuav, thiab khaws cia kom deb ntawm cov dej noo, tuaj yeem pab ua kom lawv lub neej ntev.

Txoj hauv kev kom Rust ntawm Bay

Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv xeb yog los ntawm kev khaws cov khoom hlau kom zoo. Nov yog qee cov lus qhia kom nco ntsoov:

• Khaws cov khoom hlau los yog cov khoom lag luam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj dej noo lossis hauv qhov chaw kub thiab av noo tswj kom qeeb xeb.
• Siv cov tshuaj desiccant kom qhuav hauv qhov chaw cia kom txo qis cov dej noo.
• Tsis tu ncua so cov npoo hlau kom tshem tawm cov dej noo uas tuaj yeem khaws cia.
• Khaws cov hlau rau hauv daim ntaub qhuav los yog qhwv hauv cov yas kom lawv qhuav.

Galvanizing

Galvanizing yog txheej txheem uas txheej hlau los yog hlau hauv zinc los tiv thaiv nws ntawm xeb. Zinc tiv taus corrosion heev, thiab thaum nws ua ke nrog hlau lossis hlau, nws tsim cov txheej tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv xeb los ntawm kev sib sau. Galvanizing yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv xeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom siv sab nraum zoov lossis cov hlau ferrous uas muaj zog heev rau oxygen thiab dej.

Kev Txij Nkawm Yuav Raug Ntuas

Kev saib xyuas cov khoom siv hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv xeb los ntawm kev sib sau. Nov yog qee txoj hauv kev los txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm xeb:

• Tshem tawm cov xeb kom sai li sai tau kom tsis txhob kis tau.
• Khaws cov npoo hlau kom qhuav thiab tsis txhob sib cuag nrog cov chaw ntub dej.
• Siv cov txheej txheem zoo xeb-tiv taus lossis tiv thaiv oxide txheej los muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv xeb.
• Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom hlau tsis tu ncua rau khawb, tawg, lossis lwm yam cim ntawm kev puas tsuaj uas tuaj yeem tuav cov dej noo thiab ua rau xeb.
• Siv cov hlau tsis muaj steel lossis lwm yam hlau uas muaj zog heev los muab kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv xeb.
• Rolling hlau cov khoom tsim ib tug smoother nto kev ntxhib los mos uas ntxiab thiab tuav tsawg noo noo, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm xeb tsim.

Lwm Txoj Kev Tiv Thaiv

Nov yog qee txoj hauv kev ntxiv los tiv thaiv xeb los ntawm kev sib sau:

• Siv cov hlau sib txawv uas tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam rau oxygen thiab dej, xws li chromium lossis stainless hlau.
• Muaj cov khoom siv hlau hauv qhov chaw qhuav kom tsis txhob muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm ya raws mus txog qhov chaw.
• Siv cov khoom siv tiv thaiv xeb, xws li xeb inhibitors lossis cov txheej tiv thaiv, los muab cov txheej txheem ntxiv ntawm kev tiv thaiv xeb.
• Khaws cov khoom hlau kom deb ntawm qhov kub lossis txias qhov chaw uas yuav ua rau muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm xeb tsim.

Nco ntsoov, kev tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum nws tuaj yeem xeb. Los ntawm kev ua cov kauj ruam tsim nyog los tiv thaiv koj cov khoom siv hlau, koj tuaj yeem xyuas kom meej tias lawv nyob twj ywm tsis muaj xeb thiab nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau xyoo tom ntej.

Kho xeb: Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj los hloov thiab tiv thaiv koj cov hlau

Thaum nws los kho cov xeb, muaj ntau hom kev hloov pauv muaj nyob hauv khw. Nov yog cov feem ntau:

• Acid-raws li converters: Cov hom converters chemically hloov xeb rau hauv inert oxide. Lawv muaj phosphoric acid ua cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab paub txog lawv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ceev ceev. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv txo qis pH ntawm xeb, uas ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai. Acid-based converters yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws siv rau ntawm cov xeb me me thiab muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv aerosol los yog sprayable.

• Tannic acid-raws li converters: Cov converters no muaj tannic los yog ferric acid, uas chemically converts xeb mus rau ib tug ruaj khov, reddish-xim av txheej. Lawv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws siv rau cov pob zeb loj dua thiab muaj nyob rau hauv quart lossis nkas loos qhov ntau thiab tsawg.

• Organic polymer-raws li converters: Cov hom converters no muaj ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm polymer uas ua raws li cov xeb-inhibiting tus neeg sawv cev. Lawv muab ib qho nyuaj, qhuav, thiab muaj zog tiv thaiv txheej ncaj qha rau ntawm cov hlau nto. Organic polymer-based converters muaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si aerosol thiab sprayable daim ntawv.

Txhim kho xeb tiv thaiv nrog xim

Thaum xeb hloov pauv muab cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv, ntxiv cov xim tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ntxiv. Nov yog qee yam uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov:

• Siv cov xim zoo nkauj uas tsim tshwj xeeb rau cov xim hlau.

• Siv cov xim tom qab lub converter tau qhuav tag.

• Yog tias repainting qhov qub, nco ntsoov tev tawm cov xim xoob thiab xuab zeb ntawm qhov chaw ua ntej siv lub converter thiab xim.

xaus

Yog li, xeb yog tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tshwm sim thaum hlau los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog oxygen thiab dej. Nws yog ib qho teeb meem zoo nkauj, tab sis koj tuaj yeem tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev kho koj cov hlau kom zoo. Yog li, tsis txhob hnov ​​​​qab khaws koj cov hlau kom qhuav thiab huv si! Koj yuav zoo. Tsaug nyeem ntawv!

Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.