koj ntaiv yog zoo li tshiab nrog staircase kev kho dua
Cov ntaiv yog siv ntau heev. Txhua txhua hnub koj taug kev nce thiab nqis ntaiv nrog tag nrho tsev neeg.
Vim tias cov ntaiv tau siv ntau heev, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias lawv tuaj yeem raug puas tsuaj ntau xyoo. Puas yog koj lub staircase puas raug puas tsuaj uas nws tsis zoo li qub thiab sawv cev?
Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem ua qee yam txog qhov no. Ua lag luam nyob rau hauv ib lub staircase renovation thiab koj staircase yuav zoo li tshiab dua.
Ntawm nplooj ntawv no koj tuaj yeem nyeem ntxiv txog kev kho koj cov ntaiv. Koj tuaj yeem nyeem tsis tau tsuas yog yuav ua li cas zoo tshaj rau outsource lub staircase renovation, tab sis kuj yuav ua li cas koj tuaj yeem kho koj tus ntaiv (tread) koj tus kheej. Koj puas npaj yuav muab koj cov ntaiv ib qho kev kho dua tshiab? Ces cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nplooj ntawv no yeej nthuav rau koj.
Koj puas xav mus pleev xim tus ntaiv? Nyeem kuj:
Scratch-resistant xim rau rooj, pem teb thiab ntaiv
Painting stairs, uas xim yog haum
Painting banisters cas koj ua li no
Puas muaj stairs pleev xim? Dawb quote thov
Outsource lub staircase renovation
Cov neeg feem coob xaiv outsource lawv cov staircase renovation. Yog tias koj outsource koj cov staircase kho dua tshiab, koj tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias koj lub staircase yuav raug kho dua tshiab rau tus qauv siab. Ib tus kws tshaj lij hauv kev txhim kho ntaiv paub meej tias yuav saib xyuas koj cov ntaiv li cas.
Tsis tas li ntawd, koj yuav txuag tau ntau lub sijhawm yog tias koj xaiv outsource staircase renovation. Koj tsis tas yuav pib nrog cov ntaiv tshiab npog koj tus kheej, tab sis cia li tso nws mus rau tus kws tshaj lij. Thaum koj lub staircase tab tom kho dua tshiab, koj tsis khoom nrog lwm yam. Xav txog koj txoj haujlwm, cov menyuam yaus thiab / lossis koj tus khub.
Koj puas xav outsource koj staircase renovation? Tom qab ntawd peb pom zoo kom koj thov cov lus hais los ntawm ntau tus kws tshaj lij kho dua tshiab. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem sib piv cov kev thov no. Los ntawm kev sib piv cov nqe lus, koj yuav pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws stair renovation kws txawj. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no koj tseem yuav pom cov kws tshaj lij nrog tus nqi qis tshaj kev kho dua tshiab. Qhov no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, vim tias nrog tus kws tshaj lij nrog tus nqi qis koj tuaj yeem txuag tau kaum rau pua pua ntawm euros ntawm kev kho koj cov ntaiv.
Renovating stairs koj tus kheej: step-by-step plan
Kev kho koj tus ntaiv koj tus kheej tsis yog qhov nyuaj, tab sis nws siv sijhawm ntau heev. Nco ntsoov qhov no yog tias koj txiav txim siab ua koj tus kheej txhim kho staircase. Siv sijhawm txaus rau txoj haujlwm no, vim tsuas yog tom qab ntawd qhov kawg yuav zoo nkauj.
Txhawm rau kho koj tus ntaiv koj tus kheej, ua raws cov kauj ruam hauv qab no. Thov nco ntsoov: txoj kev npaj ua ib kauj ruam hauv qab no tsom mus rau kev txhim kho staircase nrog ntaub pua plag. Yog tias koj kho koj cov ntaiv nrog ntoo, laminate, vinyl lossis lwm yam khoom siv, koj txoj kev npaj ib kauj ruam yuav zoo li txawv me ntsis. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau cov kauj ruam, suav nrog suav tus nqi ntawm tus ntaiv npog, yog hais txog tib yam.
Paub zoo: ua raws cov kauj ruam hauv qab no yog tias koj tau tshem koj cov ntaiv qub npog. Hauv cov phiaj xwm ib kauj ruam koj tuaj yeem nyeem yuav ua li cas rau nruab cov ntaiv tshiab ntawm koj cov ntaiv. 'Thaum koj tau tshem tawm cov qub npog, nws yog qhov zoo rau thawj zaug ntxuav, degrease thiab xuab zeb cov ntaiv (sanding tshuab).
Kauj Ruam 1: xam tus nqi ntawm cov ntaiv npog
Ua ntej koj tuaj yeem kho koj cov ntaiv, koj thawj zaug xav tau cov ntaiv npog tshiab. Ua ntej koj mus rau lub khw yuav khoom cov ntaiv tshiab, xam raws nraim li cas ntaiv npog koj xav tau. Koj ua qhov no los ntawm kev ntsuas thiab ntxiv qhov tob ntawm cov kauj ruam, qhov nkhaus ntawm cov ntaiv qhov ntswg thiab qhov siab ntawm txhua tus risers.
Lus Cim: Ntsuas qhov tob ntawm txhua kauj ruam ntawm qhov tob tshaj plaws. Yog tias koj tsis ua li no, koj yuav tsis nco qab yuav me ntsis ntaiv npog.
Koj puas muab cov ntaub pua plag hauv qab koj cov ntaiv tshiab? Tom qab ntawd xaj ntxiv cov ntaiv npog. Ntxiv 4 centimeters ntawm cov ntaiv ntxiv npog rau txhua kauj ruam thiab ntxiv ib nrab ntawm ib lub 'meter' rau ib lub 'meter' ntawm ntaiv npog rau tag nrho, yog li koj tau lees tias yuav xaj kom npog cov ntaiv txaus.
Kauj ruam 2: Txiav lub hauv qab
Txhawm rau txiav cov ntaub pua plag hauv qab, ua ib qho pwm ntawm txhua tus ntaiv tread. Koj tsuas yog ua qhov no nrog daim ntawv, los ntawm folding thiab / lossis txiav daim ntawv rau hauv qhov tseeb. Nco tseg: cov pwm yuav tsum khiav ncig lub qhov ntswg qhov ntswg.
Muab txhua tus pwm ib tus lej. Txoj kev no koj paub tias pwm twg yog cov kauj ruam twg. Tam sim no siv cov pwm los txiav cov hauv qab rau hauv cov duab thiab qhov ntev. Siv ib qho ntxiv 2 centimeters ntawm txhua sab rau hauv qab. Txoj kev no koj tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias koj tsis txiav koj cov ntaub pua plag underlay me me dhau.
Kauj Ruam 3: txiav cov ntaub pua plag hauv qab
Thaum koj tau txiav tag nrho cov khoom ntawm underlayment nrog cov qauv, muab tso rau ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawm koj cov ntaiv. Tam sim no txiav tawm cov ntaub pua plag dhau ntawm cov npoo. Koj tuaj yeem ua qhov no nrog rab riam yooj yim.
Kauj Ruam 4: Kua nplaum thiab Staple
Hauv cov kauj ruam no koj ua haujlwm los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab. Yog li koj pib ntawm cov kauj ruam saum toj kawg nkaus thiab ib txwm ua haujlwm ib kauj ruam nqis. Siv cov ntaub pua plag nplaum rau cov kauj ruam nrog ib tug notched trowel. Tom qab ntawd muab lub hauv qab rau ntawm cov kua nplaum. Nias qhov no kom ruaj khov, kom cov kua nplaum nplaum zoo rau hauv qab. Ruaj ntseg cov npoo ntawm cov ntaub pua plag nrog staples. Koj kuj ua qhov no hauv qab
nt ntawm step nos.
Kauj Ruam 5: txiav cov ntaub pua plag
Thaum koj tau nplaum thiab stapled cov ntaub pua plag hauv qab rau cov kauj ruam ntawm cov ntaiv, ua cov pwm tshiab rau cov ntaiv treads. Cov pwm qub tsis raug lawm, vim tam sim no muaj cov ntaub pua plag underlay ntawm cov kauj ruam.
Koj muab tag nrho cov pwm dua, kom koj tsis txhob sib tov. Thiab yog tias koj txiav cov ntaub pua plag rau cov duab thiab qhov ntev ntawm cov pwm, koj siv lwm 2 centimeters ib pwm. Txawm tias tam sim no koj xav kom tsis txhob txiav cov ntaub pua plag me me rau koj cov kauj ruam ntaiv.
Kauj Ruam 6: Kua nplaum
Koj lo koj cov ntaiv tshiab npog rau cov ntaub pua plag hauv qab nrog cov ntaub pua plag. Siv cov kua nplaum no rau hauv qab nrog lub trowel. Thaum cov nplaum nyob rau hauv cov ntaub pua plag, muab cov ntaub pua plag txiav rau ntawm cov kauj ruam. Koj coj mus rhaub cov npoo thiab qhov ntswg ntawm cov ntaub pua plag nrog rauj, kom cov khoom no txuas nrog. Tom qab ntawd, siv lub pob zeb chisel los yog ntaub pua plag hlau los kais cov npoo ntawm cov ntaub pua plag.
Tswv yim: Koj puas xav kom paub tseeb tias koj cov ntaub pua plag adheres zoo rau hauv qab? Ntxiv ib ntus staples los yog rau tes ntawm no thiab nyob ntawd. Koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov no dua thaum cov kua nplaum tau kho zoo. Cov staples lossis rau tes xyuas kom meej tias cov ntaub pua plag adheres zoo rau hauv qab thiab qhov kawg ntawm koj cov staircase renovation zoo.
Kauj Ruam 7: Txheej Cov Risers
Rau kev kho kom tiav staircase, koj kuj npog cov risers ntawm koj cov ntaiv. Koj ua qhov no los ntawm kev ntsuas qhov ntev ntawm cov risers thiab txiav tawm cov ntaub pua plag. Siv cov ntaub pua plag nplaum rau cov risers nrog ib qho trowel. Tom qab ntawd lo cov ntaub pua plag. Nrog rau ib tug rauj koj khob cov npoo thiab nrog lub pob zeb chisel los yog ntaub pua plag hlau koj xyuas kom meej tias cov ntaub pua plag adheres ntxiv zoo rau cov risers.
Kauj Ruam 8: ua kom tiav cov ntaiv
Tam sim no koj yuav luag ua tiav nrog koj qhov kev txhim kho staircase. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kawg ntawm kev txhim kho staircase zoo nkaus li zoo heev, koj yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov ntaiv kom zoo. Koj ua qhov no los ntawm kev tshem cov xov hlau xoob los ntawm cov ntaiv tshiab npog. Koj kuj tseem tshem tawm cov staples ib ntus lossis cov ntsia hlau uas koj tau muab tso rau kom zoo dua adhesion ntawm cov ntaiv npog. Thaum koj tau ua tiav qhov no, koj tau ua tiav nrog koj qhov kev txhim kho staircase.
Koj puas tseem xav tawm ntawm koj qhov kev txhim kho staircase tom qab nyeem cov phiaj xwm step-by-step saum toj no? Ces qhov no tsis muaj teeb meem kiag li. Thov ob peb nqe lus rau koj qhov kev txhim kho ntaiv, sib piv lawv thiab ntiav tus kws tshaj lij stair renovation zoo tshaj plaws thiab pheej yig tshaj.
painting ntaiv
Koj puas xav muab koj cov ntaiv tshiab, tshiab saib? Hmoov zoo, qhov no tsis yog qhov nyuaj heev, tab sis nws yuav siv qee lub sijhawm. Koj puas xav tau txuas ntxiv siv cov ntaiv hauv lub sijhawm no? Tom qab ntawd koj yuav ua tau zoo los pleev xim rau cov kauj ruam ua ke. Nyob rau hauv no step-by-step npaj peb qhia koj raws nraim yuav ua li cas pleev xim rau cov ntaiv thiab dab tsi koj xav tau rau qhov no.
Koj puas xav hloov kho cov ntaiv? Ua tibzoo saib ntawm no super handy staircase renovation pob:
Koj xav tau dab tsi?
Koj tsis xav tau ntau yam khoom siv rau txoj haujlwm no thiab muaj caij nyoog uas koj twb muaj ntau nyob hauv tsev. Tag nrho lwm yam khoom siv tau yooj yim tuaj yeem yuav hauv khw muag khoom kho vajtse.
Acrylic primer
Stair xim
daim npog ntsej muag
Xab npum
degreaser
Coarse sandpaper grit 80
Medium-coarse sandpaper grit 120
Cov ntawv xuab zeb zoo 320
ceev putty
acrylic sealant
tes sander
xim tais
xim chais
puag ncig tassels
Xim cov menyuam nrog bracket
xim scraper
caulk syringe
Thoob
Cov ntaub uas tsis fluff
Mos tes txhuam
Txoj kev npaj ua ib kauj ruam
Puas yog lub staircase tseem npog nrog ntaub pua plag thiab nws puas yog glued? Tom qab ntawd ua ib qho kev daws ntawm dej sov thiab xab npum rau hauv ib lub thoob. Tom qab ntawd ua cov kauj ruam ntub dej thiab rov ua dua tom qab peb teev. Ua li no, cov kauj ruam yog tsau. Tam sim no cia cov xab npum so rau li plaub teev. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem rub cov ntaub pua plag tawm ntawm cov kauj ruam ua ke nrog cov kua nplaum.
Tom qab ntawd koj yuav tsum tshem tawm tag nrho cov kua nplaum residue. Txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los ua qhov no yog khawb nws nrog rab riam putty. Tsis tuaj yeem tshem cov kua nplaum kom raug? ces qhov no yog cov kua nplaum uas tsis yog dej. Hauv qhov no, Coke tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Muab txhuam rau hauv ib lub thawv ntawm cola thiab tom qab ntawd siv nws liberally rau cov kua nplaum residue. Tos ob peb feeb thiab mam li muab cov kua nplaum tawm. Yog tias qhov no tseem ua tsis tau, koj yuav tau siv cov tshuaj hnyav kom tshem tawm cov kua nplaum.
Thaum koj tau tshem tag nrho cov kua nplaum residue, nws yog lub sij hawm los degrease cov kauj ruam. Degrease tsis yog cov kauj ruam nkaus xwb tab sis kuj yog cov risers thiab ob sab ntawm cov kauj ruam. Tom qab koj tau degreased cov no, txhuam lawv nrog dej huv.
Yog tias muaj cov xim xoob xoob ntawm cov ntaiv, tshem lawv nrog cov xim pleev xim. Tom qab ntawd, koj xuab zeb qhov puas tsuaj los ntawm tes. Koj ua qhov no nrog ntxhib sandpaper grit 80.
Tam sim no koj xuab zeb tag nrho cov staircase kom huv si, qhov no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ua nrog ib txhais tes sander. Koj siv cov ntaub ntawv ntxhib ntxhib nruab nrab ntawm 120. Tom qab ntawd tshem tawm tag nrho cov plua plav nrog ib tus txhuam muag muag thiab tom qab ntawd nrog daim ntaub ntub dej.
Seal txoj kev hloov ntawm cov ntaiv thiab phab ntsa nrog daim kab xev npog. khaws cia rau hauv siab
e tias koj tshem daim kab xev tam sim ntawd tom qab pleev xim thawj txheej los tiv thaiv cov kua nplaum seem. Nrog rau txheej thib ob koj kaw txhua yam ntxiv.
Tam sim no nws yog lub sij hawm los txhim kho cov ntaiv. Yog tias koj xav siv cov ntaiv txuas ntxiv, koj ua qhov no los ntawm kev pleev xim rau cov kauj ruam, risers thiab ob sab ua ke. Cov primer tsis tsuas yog ua kom zoo dua adhesion, tab sis kuj ua rau cov kab nrib pleb thiab irregularities pom meej. Siv cov xim me me rau cov ces kaum thiab txhuam thiab rau qhov loj dua. Tom qab tsib teev cov primer qhuav thiab koj tuaj yeem xuab zeb cov xim pleev xim nrog cov ntawv xuab zeb zoo 320. Tom qab ntawd so nrog cov ntaub ntub dej.
Puas muaj qhov tsis sib xws? Ces smooth nws tawm. Koj ua qhov no los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog rab riam nqaim thiab dav dav. Siv ib tug me me ntawm putty rau lub dav putty riam thiab sau nyob rau hauv lub imperfections nrog nqaim putty riam. Tom qab lub putty qhuav tag, xuab zeb cov ntaiv dua.
Tom qab xuab zeb, koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm tag nrho cov kab nrib pleb thiab seams nrog acrylic sealant. Koj tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov sealant ntau dhau tam sim nrog daim ntaub ntub dej.
Tom qab ntawd nws yog lub sijhawm los pleev xim cov ntaiv hauv cov xim uas xav tau. Ua qhov no ntawm cov npoo nrog txhuam thiab qhov loj nrog cov xim pleev xim rau. Yog tias koj xav siv cov ntaiv txuas ntxiv, ua qhov no dua thiab ua dua. Tom qab ntawd cov xim yuav tsum qhuav rau 24 teev.
Yog tias tsim nyog los thov txheej thib ob, koj yuav tsum xub xuab zeb cov kauj ruam nrog cov ntawv xuab zeb zoo 320. Tom qab ntawd ntxuav cov kauj ruam nrog cov ntaub ntub dej ua ntej siv txheej thib ob. Cov txheej no kuj yuav tsum tau qhuav rau lwm 24 teev.
Cov lus qhia ntxiv
Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los siv cov xim acrylic rau cov ntaiv vim tias nws yog ib qho nyuaj ntxiv thiab tseem tsis tshua muaj teeb meem rau ib puag ncig. Nco ntsoov tias koj siv cov txhuam hniav thiab cov chais uas tshwj xeeb rau cov xim acrylic. Koj tuaj yeem pom qhov no ntawm lub ntim.
Koj puas xav pleev xim rau cov ntaiv hauv cov xim tsaus? Tom qab ntawd siv grey es tsis txhob dawb primer.
Siv cov putty ceev kom koj tuaj yeem thov ob peb txheej hauv ob peb teev.
Tsis txhob ntxuav cov txhuam hniav thiab cov chais ntawm cov tsho loj. Qhwv lawv nruj nreem nyob rau hauv aluminium ntawv ci los yog submerge lawv nyob rau hauv dej.
Rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, koj tsuas tuaj yeem taug kev ntawm cov kauj ruam pleev xim rau hauv cov thom khwm. Tom qab ib lub lim tiam, cov xim tau kho tag nrho thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov ntaiv nrog khau.
Stair painting - Painting nrog ib tug hnav-resistant xim
Kuj nyeem tsab xov xwm no txog kev txhim kho staircase.
Cov khoom siv pleev xim stairs
Thoob
txhua hom phiaj nqus tsev vacuum
so
Lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum
xim scraper
Sander thiab/los yog sandpaper grit 80, 120, 180 thiab 240
Dustpan / Plua plav
daim ntaub nplaum
daim npog qhov ncauj
Putty riam (2)
Ob feem putty
caulk syringe
acrylic sealant
Acrylic xim
xim tais
Felt roller (10 cm)
Txhuam (synthetic)
Npog ntawv ci los yog plaster
Hnav-resistant xim
tsev neeg ntaiv
Masking daim kab xev / Painting daim kab xev
Nyem qhov no mus yuav cov khoom siv hauv kuv lub vev xaib
Painting lub staircase thiab cov xim twg koj yuav tsum siv kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo kawg. Painting stairs yuav tsum tau npaj zoo ua ntej. Ua ntej koj pib, nco ntsoov muab lub plaster khiav rau hauv pem teb los yog npog nws nrog ntawv ci. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog lub sijhawm ntawm topcoating. Lub sijhawm tom qab ntawd yuav tsum yog tsawg kawg 48 teev ua ntej koj tuaj yeem taug kev dua. Ua li no yam tsis muaj khau.
Hnav tsis kam
Lub tsho tiv no zaum kawg yuav tsum yog cov xim uas muaj kev hnav zoo. Qhov no yog vim nws tsis tu ncua taug kev thiab hnav sai dua li cov khoom qub. Cov xim muaj cov tshuaj ntxiv uas ua kom lub ntsej muag tsis zoo. Kuj xaiv cov xim pleev xim dej, tseem hu ua acrylic xim. Cov xim xim dej tsis daj piv rau cov xim alkyd.
Degrease, xuab zeb thiab putty stairs
Pib nrog degreasing ua ntej. Thaum cov kauj ruam tau qhuav koj tuaj yeem pib sanding. Yog hais tias qhov saum npoo yog ntxhib thiab qhov chaw ntawm cov xim yog tev tawm, ua ntej tshem tawm cov seem ntawm cov xim xoob nrog cov xim pleev xim. Tom qab ntawd, siv cov xuab zeb nrog 80-grit sandpaper thiab txuas ntxiv sanding kom txog thaum cov xim tsis tawm lawm. Tom qab ntawd xuab zeb nrog 120-grit sandpaper. Xuab zeb kom txog thaum nws ua ib qho chaw du. Xuab zeb tag nrho ntawm cov ntaiv los ntawm tes siv 180-grit sandpaper. Khiav koj txhais tes hla nws rau qhov tsis sib xws. Tam sim no ua cov kauj ruam tsis muaj plua plav nrog lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev. Tom qab ntawd ntxuav nrog ib daim ntaub tack. Yog hais tias muaj dents, tawg los yog lwm yam irregularities, ua ntej kho cov no nrog ib tug primer, nrog rau lwm yam liab qab qhov chaw. Tom qab ntawd siv ib tug kom muaj nuj nqis ntawm ob-tivthaiv muab tub lim thiab sau lub qhov thiab kab nrib pleb. Thaum qhov no tau hardened, prime qhov liab qab me ntsis dua.
Kitten seams thiab pleev xim rau cov ntaiv ob zaug
Nqa rab phom caulking nrog acrylic sealant rau hauv nws. Ib qho acrylic sealant tuaj yeem pleev xim rau. Muab tag nrho cov seams koj pom. Koj feem ntau pom ib lub seam loj uas cov ntaiv nyob ntawm phab ntsa. Kuj tseem muab cov khoom no kom nruj tag nrho. Tej zaum 1 filling tsis txaus
xws li kaw lub seam. Tom qab ntawd tos ib pliag thiab kaw nws zaum ob. Hnub tom qab koj tuaj yeem pib nrog thawj lub tsho loj. Siv cov xim acrylic rau qhov no. Yog hais tias nws yog pob tshab staircase, pleev xim rau sab nraub qaum ua ntej. Ces pem hauv ntej. Xim ob sab ua ntej thiab tom qab ntawd cov kauj ruam. Ua qhov no rau ib kauj ruam thiab ua haujlwm koj txoj hauv kev. Cia cov xim pleev xim rau 48 teev. Tom qab ntawd cov xuab zeb maj mam nrog cov ntawv xuab zeb grit 240 thiab ua kom txhua yam tsis muaj plua plav thiab so nrog cov ntaub ntub dej los yog daim ntaub tack. Tam sim no koj tuaj yeem thov lub tsho thib ob thiab cia nws qhuav. Tos tsawg kawg 48 teev ua ntej taug kev cov kauj ruam dua. Yog tias koj tsis tuaj yeem tos ntev li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem xaiv pleev xim rau cov kauj ruam ua ke kom koj tseem tuaj yeem taug kev txhua hmo. Tsuas yog tos kom txog thaum cov kauj ruam pleev xim qhuav. Qhov no mus sai heev vim nws yog xim acrylic. Koj puas xav pleev xim rau banister? Ces nyeem ntawm no.
Kuv xav kom koj ntau painting lom zem!
Nyem qhov no mus yuav cov xim dej (Acrylic xim).
BVD.
Piet
Kuj nyeem kuv qhov blog hais txog kev txhim kho staircase.
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.
