C-clamp yog ib hom clamping cuab yeej uas yog siv los tuav ntoo lossis hlau workpieces nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pab tau nyob rau hauv cov ntoo thiab vuam. Koj tuaj yeem siv lawv los tuav ob yam khoom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw lossis sib txuas ob lossis ntau yam khoom.
Thaum nws los txog rau kev kawm txog ntau hom C clamps, nws tsis yog qhov tsis yooj yim uas yuav tsis meej pem. Vim tias nws tau hais tias muaj qhov clamp rau txhua txoj haujlwm xav tau. Yog tias koj tshawb hauv Is Taws Nem rau C clamps, koj yuav pom tias lawv tuaj ntau yam duab thiab ntau thiab tsawg nyob ntawm lawv qhov project yuav tsum tau ua.
Yog tias koj tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb lossis kho koj lub tsev, nyeem cov ntawv no kom paub txog hom C clamps lossis cov clamps twg yog qhov zoo tshaj rau koj cov kev xav tau.
Hauv kab ntawv no peb yuav npog:
AC Clamp yog dab tsi?
C clamps yog cov khoom siv uas siv lub zog sab hauv kom ruaj ntseg tuav cov khoom lossis cov khoom kom tsis txhob txav mus. C clamp tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm nws cov duab uas zoo ib yam li tsab ntawv "C". Nws feem ntau hu ua "G" clamp. Feem ntau steel lossis cam khwb cia hlau yog siv los ua C clamps.
Koj tuaj yeem siv C clamps txhua qhov chaw nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntoo lossis ntoo, hlau ua haujlwm, tsim khoom, nrog rau kev nyiam ua haujlwm thiab khoom siv tes ua xws li neeg hlau, kho tsev, thiab ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub.
Nws yog qhov tsis yooj yim sua kom tau txais kev ua haujlwm woodworking lossis clamping ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj clamper. Yog lawm, koj tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm ib lossis ob txoj haujlwm tab sis koj yuav tsis tuaj yeem tau txais qhov project thiab npaj yam tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov no.
Clamps ua haujlwm hloov pauv rau koj ob txhais tes thaum koj ua ntau dhau los nrog. Muaj tsuas yog ntawm lawv (tes) uas koj tau txais tom qab tag nrho. Cov no ntxiv kev ruaj ntseg rau koj qhov project tsis tiav, ua rau cov khoom ua haujlwm tsis poob thaum koj tseem ua haujlwm rau nws.
Tej zaum lawv txhua tus yuav zoo ib yam, tab sis qhov zoo tshaj plaws C clamps ntim ua haujlwm ntau dua li lwm tus hauv khw. Nov yog cov lus qhia ceev thiab cov npe luv luv kom muaj koj tuaj thiab npaj nrog qhov ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws thiab ergonomic c clamp.
Qhia rau Qhov Zoo Tshaj C Clamps
Nov yog ob peb lub tswv yim zoo los ua kom koj lub tuam txhab. Txoj kev no koj yuav tsis ploj mus nrhiav koj C Clamps tom ntej.
khoom
Hlau…… ib lo lus "STEEL", uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum nws los txog rau rigidity. Yog, cov hlau tsis raug nqi ntau dua thiab txawm tias yuav zoo li kim. Tab sis nws yuav tsim nyog txhua lub nyiaj thaum koj yuav siv nws rau xyoo uas koj lub clamp tsis puas.
Koj yuav pom ntau lub aluminium clamps uas yuav pheej yig dua tab sis nws yuav khoov tam sim ntawd.
Hom
Tus nqi lag luam yeej ib txwm muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Cov npe saum toj kawg nkaus muaj lawv cov khoom siv los ntawm kev tswj xyuas nruj ua ntej lawv tsaws ntawm kev ua lag luam. IRWIN thiab Vise-Grip yog ob ntawm cov kingpins hauv lub ntiaj teb clamp.
Swivel Pads
Yog, ua kom nws nyob hauv siab. Feem ntau tuaj nrog swivel pads tshwj tsis yog rau ob peb. Ib qho uas muaj swivel pads ua haujlwm yooj yim dua. Ua hauj lwm exquisitely tuav workpieces uas yog nyob rau hauv me ntsis ntawm ib tug txawv txawv txoj hauj lwm. Zoo, yog tias nws yuav tsum tuav lub ces kaum ntawm lub workpiece, hloov txoj cai mus rau ib ces kaum clamp yuav tsum yog qhov ntse tshaj ntawm kev xaiv.
Adjustable Lub puab tsaig Length
Muaj ob peb C-Clamps uas muaj lub puab tsaig ruaj khov, zoo li cov pliers. Tab sis cov no yog qhov loj heev tsis muaj. Muaj adjustable lub puab tsaig ntev ua rau nws ua tau rau koj kom tau ib tug tuav ntawm lub siab uas lub clamps thov. Thiab txawm tias nws ua rau clamping me ntsis sai dua.
Kev Tawm Sai Sai
Koj yuav pom qee qhov clamps uas muaj lub khawm nrawm uas tso tawm lub clamp tam sim ntawd thaum nias. Qhov no ua rau clamping txoj haujlwm ib leeg thiab koj ua haujlwm yooj yim dua.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws C Clamps tshuaj xyuas
Tsawg heev ntawm C-Clamps uas koj yuav pom ntawm lub khw yuav muaj teeb meem ua haujlwm ntev. Yog li, raws li kev ua haujlwm uas txhua qhov clamp muab, Kuv tau teev cia ob peb ntawm lawv. Txoj kev no koj yuav pom ib qho uas haum rau koj xaiv sai heev.
TEKTON Malleable Hlau C-Clamp
Tau nyob hauv teb chaws USA
Txhua Yam Uas Zoo Txog Nws
Nws tsis tas txhais tau tias cov cuab yeej tsim tawm lwm qhov tsis zoo rau cov khoom tsim hauv lub xeev. Tab sis ntau dua los yog tsawg dua tag nrho cov cuab yeej hauv lub xeev muaj kev ua tiav zoo meej, lawv tsis muaj cov npoo ntxhib los yog ib qho qauv ntawm protrusions. Yog li, qhov no tsis yog qhov zam rau qhov ntawd.
Nws tuav ntawm lub workpieces nruj nreem tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws ntog los yog dab tsi. Swivel lub puab tsaig ua haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus hauv kev tuav cov khoom ua haujlwm uas ua rau qhov chaw tsis sib xws. Lub puab tsaig so ntawm txoj cai tiv thaiv pob rau 360 degrees kev sib hloov. Txhawm rau siv lub zog, nws siv lub qhov (socket) sib koom ua ke.
Qhov clamp no tsuas yog siv ib lub hom phiaj xwb tab sis nws tuaj yeem siv tau rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv xws li koj tuaj yeem siv qhov no rau vuam ib yam nkaus. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau li ntawd vim yog chrome plated Acme-threaded ntsia hlau thiab hlau ncej. Ua chrome plated cov khib nyiab kub ya tawm thaum lub sij hawm vuam yuav tsis mus tas li rau cov ntsia hlau.
Thaum nws los txog rau ntau yam ntawm no C Clamp muaj ib theem ntawm nws tus kheej. Nrog lub caj pas qhov tob ntawm 2-5/8 ntiv tes, nws tuaj yeem gulp nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm cov workpieces los tuav ntawm qhov deb ntawm ntug. Koj tuaj yeem pom qhov clamp no nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv clamping muaj peev xwm pib ntawm 1 nti mus rau 12 ntiv tes.
Tej Yam Koj Yuav Tsis Nyiam
Ua malleable thiab nrum tus ncej muaj questionable durability. Cov khoom siv no feem ntau muaj qhov txwv rau qhov hnyav npaum li cas nws tuaj yeem tuav tau lossis ntau npaum li cas nws tuaj yeem tiv taus lub sijhawm.
IRWIN Cov Cuab Yeej QUICK-GRIP C-Clamp
Tsawg torque siab dua
Txhua Yam Uas Zoo Txog Nws
Lub I-beam los yog tus tuav ntawm lub clamp yog loj dua li niaj zaus. Muaj tus kov loj dua txhais tau tias tsis muaj kev siv zog ntawm kev zawm lub clamp. Yog li, txo qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm koj tus kheej los ntawm kev ua kom lub zog clamping los ntawm 50%.
Screw ob npaug xov, qhov no txo qhov tsis sib xws ntawm koj cov workpieces drifting tam sim ntawd. Txawm tias lub swivel loj dua thiab coj mus rau qhov xav tau kev taw qhia. Lub versatility nce ntau dua vim tias tag nrho cov ncej tau ua los ntawm hlau. Cov hlau uas tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub ntawm vuam.
Muaj feem ntawm khawb los yog marring ntawm koj workpieces yog heev txo los ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm lub swivel ncoo.
Tej Yam Koj Yuav Tsis Nyiam
Muaj qee qhov kev tsis txaus siab uas clamps yuav muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qee lub sijhawm. Nyob rau ntau lub sijhawm cov neeg yuav khoom tau yws tias cov threaded screws muaj cov npoo ntxhib ntawm qhov chaw, ua rau nws tau daig nyob rau qee lub sijhawm.
Bessey Ob Lub Taub Hau C-Clamp
Cim
Txhua Yam Uas Zoo Txog Nws
Bessey qhov kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv zoo ntawm lub tsev kawm qub c clamp, yog li ob lub taub hau c clamp. Ib qho khoom siv zoo heev rau kev ua haujlwm woodworking thiab tinkering.
Swiveling sab saum toj ncoo thiab spindle rau rotating tus kov muab ntau rau versatility ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm clamping workpieces nrog unparallel nto, lub swiveling ncoo nyob rau hauv sab saum toj proves yog ib qho tseem ceeb. Hais txog cov ntaub qhwv, qhov clamp no hu ua ob lub taub hau vim qhov tseeb tias muaj ob lub taub hau thiab cov ntaub qhwv hauv qab.
Txhua lub taub hau muaj pads tsau rau lawv. Qhov no Lub clamp pads xyuas kom tsis muaj marring, caws pliav, los yog dents ntawm koj workpieces. Lub ntxaiv uas kuv tau hais ua ntej ua rau nce lub zog ntawm ze li ntawm 50%.
Raws li rau lub thav duab, nws yog tsim los ntawm cam khwb cia hlau. Chrome-plated threaded ntsia hlau teamed nrog cov cam khwb cia hlau ncej ua rau lub clamp tsim nyog rau vuam ua hauj lwm. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv.
Tej Yam Koj Yuav Tsis Nyiam
Lub clamp tau ua pov thawj tias nws yooj yim rau xeb. Qhov ntawd yog bummer.
Deep Throat U-Clamp
Coj nws tag nrho hauv
Txhua Yam Uas Zoo Txog Nws
Yim thiab ib nrab ntiv tes, yog li yim thiab ib nrab ntiv tes ntev caj pas. Nws yuav tuav tej daim uas muaj yim nti tawm ntawm ntug. Qhov ntawd yog qhov zoo ntawm nws. Nws tsuas yog ua tau los ntawm Harbor Freight los xav txog qhov kev tsim no vim lawv ib txwm txhawj xeeb txog cov neeg siv khoom xav tau.
Tag nrho lwm yam sib nrug los ntawm tus tsim yog tsis muaj dab tsi tawm ntawm qhov dog dig tab sis tsis substandard nyob rau hauv lub meantime. Tag nrho cov clamp yog ua los ntawm malleable steel, nws muaj peev xwm tiag tiag siv rau qee qhov siab. Txawm tias yuav tiv thaiv xeb tawm tsam muaj hmoov txheej tiav.
Thiab rau qhov yooj yim, muaj qhov pom tseeb zawv zawg T-kawg zoo li txhua lwm C-clamp. Thiab tag nrho cov no hnyav txog li 2.3 lbs.
Tej Yam Koj Yuav Tsis Nyiam
Tau tsim los ntawm malleable steel, muaj kev txwv rau ntau npaum li cas nws tuaj yeem tiv taus. Muaj ntau qhov xwm txheej uas tib neeg tau ua txhaum nws.
IRWIN VISE-GRIP Thawj Xauv C-Clamp
High-Qib Steel
Txhua Yam Uas Zoo Txog Nws
Qhov no ntawm no yog 11-nti C-Clamp los ntawm vise tuav uas pom tseeb los nrog lawv cov cim lag luam vise tuav. Muaj lub vise tuav ua rau koj tinkering kev yooj yim dua li qhov koj xav tau. Yuav ua li cas? Spinning ib tug ntsia hlau cia koj kho lub puab tsaig qhov sib txawv thiab txawm ntau, koj muaj peev xwm loosen nws los ntawm nias lub ntsis ntawm tus kov.
Raws li cov khoom uas tau tsim tawm, nws yog cov hlau alloy. Nws yog qib high-qib ntawm qhov uas txawm mus los ntawm kev kho cua sov los txhawb nws cov durability thiab rigidity.
Tsis zoo li ntau lwm yam C-Clamps uas koj tau pom, qhov no tuaj nrog lub voj voog ntawm ob lub puab tsaig. Yog, nws tsis yog qhov tsis tshua muaj ntawm C-Clamps, tab sis cov qauv tsis nco txog qhov no. Qhov no ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau clamp cia ib yam khoom uas nyob rau hauv me ntsis ntawm qhov tsis sib xws.
Tej Yam Koj Yuav Tsis Nyiam
Lub swivel pads ntawm no tsis muaj cov ntaub mos muag txuas. Qhov no tuaj yeem rov qab los rau koj nrog cov qhab nia lossis dents ntawm koj daim phiaj.
Pro-Qib 3 txoj kev C-Clamp
Txhua yam uas zoo txog nws
Pro-Grade, uas yog lub npe ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Nws tsis yog ib tug heev hnov ntawm lub npe nyob rau hauv lub hardware thiab cov cuab yeej arena, tab sis tseem, nws uniqueness ua rau kuv muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv. Nws yog 3-txoj kev c-clamp, ntau dua ntawm E-clamp. Koj yuav nkag siab tias nws yog dab tsi uas um tham txog thaum koj saib zoo ntawm daim duab.
Nws yog ib qho khoom siv zoo meej rau ntug clamping thiab txhua yam uas C-clamp tuaj yeem ua tau tib lub sijhawm. Nws muaj 3 movable dub oxide coated threaded screws, ua rau nws muaj ntau yam tshaj li qhov kev xav. Thiab lub stability uas nws ntxiv, oh tus me nyuam uas nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho lwm theem.
Lub puab tsaig ntawm lub puab tsaig tuaj yeem yog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 2½ ntiv tes. Thiab yog li ntawd yog lub caj pas qhov tob, 2½ nti. Qhov dimensioning yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau woodworking tej yaam num thiab vuam.
Durability yog heev unquestionable heev. Pro-Qib yog muab lub neej warranty. Lawv tau coated lub cev ntawm lub clamp nrog ib tug dub oxide txheej. Thiab yog, lawv ib yam nkaus tau muab tag nrho peb ntawm cov khoom txav txav tau txav tau los ntawm cov ntaub qhwv. Yog li, koj paub tias qhov no yuav yog ib qho khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom ntawm qhov tsis sib xws.
Sib Tsoo
Lub zog clamping tsis zoo txaus rau cov haujlwm hnyav. Nws tsuas yog me ntsis tsawg dhau ntawm kev ntxhov siab rau ntau qhov haujlwm.
Ntau hom C Clamps
C clamps yog nrov heev ntawm cov crafters vim lawv txoj kev yooj yim, pheej yig, thiab ntau daim ntawv thov thoob ntiaj teb. Raws li C clamps nrov heev, lawv muaj ntau ntau nrog ntau hom ntawv, qhov ntau thiab tsawg, thiab tsim. Yog tias koj ua qee qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv internet, koj yuav pom tias muaj tsib yam sib txawv ntawm C clamps, txhua tus nrog nws cov duab, qhov loj me, thiab daim ntawv thov:
- Txheem C-Clamps
- Copper Coated C-Clamps
- Ob chav Anvil C-Clamps
- Ceev tso C-Clamps
- Deep Reach C-Clamps
Txheem C-Clamps
Standard C-Clamps yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau siv C clamps thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Lawv tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev siv hnyav. Nws muaj lub zog steel thav duab nrog lub zog quab yuam ntsia hlau thiab cuam tshuam-resistant pads ntawm forcing screws. Koj tuaj yeem siv lawv los tuav thiab sib dhos ob peb yam khoom ntoo lossis hlau ua ke. Feem ntau, tus qauv C-clamps tuaj yeem tsim 1,200 txog 9500-phaus clamping pressures.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Standard C-Clamps
- Khoom siv: Ua los ntawm cov hlau ductile lossis cam khwb cia hlau.
- Qhov Loj: Tus qauv C clam qhov loj me yog 3/8 "mus rau 5/8" (0.37 txog 0.625)".
- Furnish: Furnish nrog stainless hlau los yog galvanized hlau.
- Dimensions: Nws muaj qhov ntev ntawm 21 x 10.1 x 1.7 nti.
- Qhov hnyav: Nws qhov hnyav yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 10.77 phaus.
- Max qhib muaj peev xwm 2 nti.
- Min qhib peev xwm 0.62 "x 4.5" x 2.42" nti.
Ob chav Anvil C-Clamps
Ob chav Anvil C-Clamps yog ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab muaj cov coated cam khwb cia hlau lub cev, chrome-tiav hlau log, thiab rotating pads. Nws nta ob lub ntsiab lus siab kom kis kev ntxhov siab rau thaj tsam loj dua thiab nws yuav pab tiv thaiv cov chaw ua haujlwm kom tsis txhob raug puas tsuaj.
Ob chav anvil C-clamps yog hnyav-duty thiab industrial-qib C clamps. Tab sis koj tseem tuaj yeem siv hom C clamp no los ua cov haujlwm yooj yim xws li hloov koj lub tsheb nres, ruaj ntseg teeb, thiab tsim cov txaj txaj.
Nta Ntawm Ob Qhov Ncauj C-Clamps
- Khoom siv lub cev: ua los ntawm cam khwb cia hlau.
- Lub caj pas tob: Nws muaj 2 mus rau 1/4 nti caj pas qhov tob.
- Load Capacity: Nws muaj peev xwm thauj khoom ntawm ib ncig ntawm 1200 lb.
- Max caj pas qhib: Lub caj dab qhib qhov siab tshaj plaws yog li 4 mus rau 4.5 ntiv tes.
Copper Coated C-Clamps
Copper Coated C-Clamps yog lwm qhov nrov C clamp. Nws muaj tooj liab-plated ntsia liaj qhov rooj thiab zawv zawg kov uas tiv taus slag thiab weld splatter. Ntxiv rau, Nws yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau uas muaj zog malleable vim nws yog qhov ntev thiab ruaj khov.
Nta ntawm Copper Coated C-Clamps
- Khoom siv: Copper-coated C-clamps yog tsim los ntawm tooj liab alloy.
- Furnished: Furnished nrog tooj liab phaj.
- Dimension: Qhov loj ntawm C clamp no yog hais txog 10.5 x 4.4 x 0.6 nti.
- Qhov hnyav: Hauv kev sib piv rau lwm yam C clamps, nws yog ib qho hnyav hnyav. Nws qhov hnyav yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 3.05 phaus.
- Daim Ntawv Thov: Copper-plated C-clamps yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau kev siv vuam.
Ceev tso C-Clamps
Ceev-Tshem C-Clamps yog lub npe hu ua ntse C clamps. Nws suav nrog lub khawm tso tawm nrawm rau kev hloov kho sai ntawm cov ntsia hlau, uas yuav txuag koj lub sijhawm thiab kev siv zog. Qhov clamp no yog ua los ntawm rugged cam khwb cia hlau vim nws yog qhov ruaj khov thiab muab kev pabcuam ntev rau koj. Nws kuj tseem muaj qhov qhib lub puab tsaig loj rau tuav ntau hom ntawv nrog rau kev hloov pauv tau ntxiv.
Nta Ntawm Kev Tso Tawm Ceev C-Clamps
- Khoom siv: Nws muaj lub cev hlau malleable.
- Furnish: Furnished nrog enamel tag vim nws yog xeb tiv thaiv.
- Luj: Nws yog qhov hnyav heev. Nws qhov hnyav yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 2.1 phaus.
- Qhov zoo tshaj plaws feature: nta ceev-tso khawm kom txuag lub sij hawm thiab twisting.
- Thoob ntiaj teb nrov rau kev ua haujlwm du.
Deep Reach C-Clamps
Deep Reach C clamp yog ib qho clamp uas muaj lub caj pas loj. Nws feem ntau yog siv los tuav cov khoom loj ntxiv. Nws yog tsim los ntawm carbon steel nrog kev kho cua sov ntau. Qhov tob ncav cuag C clamps ntseeg tau tias yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws C clamps puas tau tsim. Txhawm rau kom nruj thiab tso cov ntsia hlau, nws muaj T-shaped kov uas tuaj yeem muab kev nruj dua. Koj tuaj yeem siv qhov C clamp no los sib sau ua ke, txuas, nplaum, thiab vuam ntau yam hlau lossis ntoo.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Deep Reach C-Clamps
- Khoom siv: Ua los ntawm carbon steel.
- Khoom Dimension: Nws muaj qhov ntev ntawm 7.87 x 3.94 x 0.79 nti.
- Qhov hnyav: Nws kuj yog lub teeb heev, zoo ib yam li ceev ceev-tso C-clamps. Nws hnyav 2.64 phaus ua rau nws hnyav dua li ceev-tso C-clamps.
- Nws nta yooj yim fastening thiab unfastening technology.
- Nws muaj anti-corrosion thiab anti-xeb zog.
Cov Lus Nug
Q: Dab tsi ntawm C clamps kuv yuav tsum xaiv rau kuv qhov project woodworking?
teb: Txheem C-clamps yuav zoo tagnrho rau txhua qhov haujlwm ua haujlwm ntoo. Ntxiv mus, koj tuaj yeem yuav Deep Reach C-Clamps lossis Ceev Tso C-Clamps. Ob qho no yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau koj.
xaus
Hauv luv luv, C clamps yog cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo thaum koj tab tom gluing lossis xav tau tuav ob lossis ntau yam khoom ua ke thaum koj kho, sib sau, lossis ua haujlwm rau lawv. C clamp ntseeg tau ua raws li koj txhais tes thib peb, thiab nws yuav ua haujlwm rau lub cev kom koj tuaj yeem tsom mus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes.
Txawm hais tias tag nrho C clamps ua tiav tib txoj haujlwm, muaj ntau yam sib txawv clamps ntxiv rau koj qhov kev cob qhia uas nws yuav nyuaj heev yog tias koj yog tus tshiab. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb tau hais txog txhua yam koj xav paub txog ntau yam ntawm C clamps thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv, yog li koj tuaj yeem xaiv qhov zoo tshaj plaws C clamps rau koj qhov project.
Kuv yog Joost Nusselder, tus tsim ntawm Tools Doctor, cov ntsiab lus lag luam, thiab txiv. Kuv nyiam sim cov cuab yeej tshiab, thiab ua ke nrog kuv pab neeg kuv tau tsim cov ntawv blog tob txij li xyoo 2016 los pab cov neeg nyeem siab ncaj nrog cov cuab yeej & cov lus qhia ua khoom siv.
