Zomatira: Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito ndi Chifukwa Chake Zimamamatira

Zomatira ndi chinthu chomwe chimagwirizanitsa zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga, kumanga mabuku, komanso ngakhale muzojambula ndi zamisiri. Koma ndi chiyani kwenikweni? Tiyeni tiwone tanthauzo ndi mbiri ya zomatira. Komanso, ndikugawana zinthu zosangalatsa za zinthu zomata.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya zomatira, koma zonse zili ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana: zomatira. Koma kodi chomata chimakhala chomata bwanji? Ndipo mumayesa bwanji kukakamira? Ndilowa mu izi mu bukhuli.

Ndiye, zomatira ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tifufuze.

Kumamatira pa Zomatira: Chitsogozo Chokwanira

Zomatira, zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti guluu, ndi chinthu chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinthu chimodzi kapena zonse ziwiri za zinthu ziwiri zosiyana kuti amangirire pamodzi ndikukana kupatukana kwawo. Ndizinthu zopanda zitsulo zomwe zimabwera m'mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzojambula zamakono ndi zomangamanga. Zomatira zimapezeka m'mitundu yambirimbiri, iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe akeake komanso ntchito zake. Zina mwa mitundu yoyambirira ya zomatira ndi izi:

• Zomatira zachilengedwe: Izi ndi zomatira zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe monga wowuma, mapuloteni, ndi zina za zomera ndi zinyama. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "glue" ndipo amaphatikiza zinthu monga guluu wa chikopa cha nyama, guluu wa casein, ndi phala lowuma.
• Zomatira za Synthetic: Izi ndi zomatira zomwe zimapangidwa pokonza ndi kusintha kwamankhwala. Zimaphatikizapo zinthu monga zomatira za polima, zomatira zotentha zosungunuka, ndi zomatira zamadzi.
• Zomatira zosungunulira: Izi ndi zomatira zomwe zimaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe amadzimadzi ndipo zimafuna kuti zosungunulira zigwiritsidwe. Zimaphatikizapo zinthu monga simenti yolumikizirana ndi simenti ya rabara.
• Zomatira zolimba: Izi ndi zomatira zomwe zimaperekedwa molimba ndipo zimafuna kutentha, kupanikizika, kapena madzi kuti zitsegule. Amaphatikizapo zinthu monga ndodo zotentha za glue ndi epoxy.

Kodi Zomatira Zimakonzedwa Motani?

Njira yokonzekera zomatira zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa zomatira zomwe zimapangidwira. Komabe, masitepe ena onse ndi awa:

• Kusakaniza zinthu zomwe zili mulingo woyenera
• Processing osakaniza kulenga ankafuna kusasinthasintha ndi mtundu
• Kulola zomatira kuti ziume kapena kuchiritsa mpaka mphamvu yake yoyamba
• Kuyika zomatira zogulitsa

Kodi Zomatira ndi Zotani?

Zomatira zili ndi zinthu zingapo zofunika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zina mwazinthuzi ndi izi:

• Kumatira: Kutha kumamatira pamwamba
• Kugwirizana: Kukhoza kwa zomatira kuti zigwirizane
• Tack: Kuthekera kwa zomatira kuti zigwire pamwamba mwachangu
• Nthawi yoyika: Nthawi yomwe imatengera kuti zomatira ziume kapena kuchira
• Moyo wa alumali: Kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe zomatira zimatha kusungidwa zisanayambe kuwonongeka
• Kukhudzidwa ndi madzi, kutentha, kapena zinthu zina zachilengedwe: Zomatira zina zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi izi kuposa zina
• Kugwira mphamvu: Kukhoza kwa zomatira kukana kupatukana zitagwiritsidwa ntchito

Kusintha kwa Zomatira: Mbiri Yomata

Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito zomatira kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Umboni wa zinthu zonga guluu wapezeka m'malo akale a nthawi ya Pleistocene, zaka 40,000 zapitazo. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale apeza umboni wa zomatira zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Khungwa la Birch tar: Zomatira zakale kwambiri zomwe zidadziwika zaka pafupifupi 200,000 zapitazo, zidapezeka ku Italy. Anapangidwa ndi khungwa la birch ndi phulusa, zosakaniza pamodzi ndi kutenthedwa kuti apange pawiri yomata.
• Dongo: Anthu akale ankagwiritsa ntchito dongo polumikiza zida ndi zida zawo.
• Sera: Agiriki ndi Aroma ankagwiritsa ntchito phula kulumikiza zigawo zamatabwa za mauta awo.
• Ocher: Pigment yachilengedweyi idasakanizidwa ndi mafuta anyama kuti apange phala lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana mu Middle Stone Age.
• Chingamu: Anthu a ku Igupto akale ankagwiritsa ntchito chingamu kuchokera kumitengo ya mthethe monga zomatira pomanga.

Kukula kwa Adhesive Production

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anthu anawonjezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomatira ndi kuwongolera njira yopangira izo. Zitsanzo zina ndi izi:

• Guluu wa nyama: Zomatirazi ankazipanga ndi kuwiritsa mafupa, khungu, ndi minyewa ya nyama kuti apange madzi omatira. Nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matabwa komanso kumanga mabuku.
• Lime mortar: Agiriki ndi Aroma ankagwiritsa ntchito laimu matope kumanga miyala ndi njerwa pomanga.
• Zomatira zamadzimadzi: M’zaka za m’ma 20, panapangidwa zomatira zamadzimadzi, zomwe zinkapangitsa kuti pakhale zomatira mosavuta.

Udindo wa Sayansi mu Kupititsa patsogolo Zomatira

Sayansi itapita patsogolo, kupangidwanso kwa zomatira kunakulanso. Asayansi anayamba kufufuza mmene zinthu zomatira zimapangidwira komanso kuyesa zinthu zatsopano kuti apange zinthu zamphamvu komanso zogwira mtima kwambiri. Zina zodziwika bwino ndi izi:

• Zomatira zopangira: M'zaka za zana la 20, zomatira zopangira zidapangidwa, zomwe zimatha kupangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi ntchito zinazake ndipo zidakulitsa luso lomangira.
• Zomatira zotentha zosungunuka: Zomatirazi zimakhala zolimba pa kutentha kwa firiji koma zimatha kusungunuka ndi kuzipaka pamwamba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popaka ndi matabwa.
• Zomatira za epoxy: Zomatira za epoxy zimadziwika chifukwa chotha kulumikizana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zitsulo, pulasitiki, ndi matabwa.

Kumamatira: Sayansi Yomata Pambuyo pa Kulumikizana

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Kumatira ndiko kuthekera kwa zomatira kumamatira pamwamba. Zimaphatikizapo kupanga mgwirizano wamankhwala ndi thupi pakati pa zomatira ndi zomatira. Mphamvu ya mgwirizano zimadalira mphamvu intermolecular pakati pa malo awiri.

Udindo wa Interfacial Forces

Mphamvu zolumikizirana zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakumatira. Mphamvu izi zikuphatikiza ma adsorption, makina, thupi, ndi mphamvu zamagetsi. Adsorption imaphatikizapo kukopa kwa tinthu tating'ono pamwamba, pomwe mphamvu zamakina zimaphatikizira kukhudzana pakati pa zomatira ndi zomatira. Mphamvu zamagetsi zimaphatikizapo kupanga ma covalent bond pakati pa zomatira ndi zomatira.

Njira za Adhesion

Adhesion imaphatikizapo njira zingapo, kuphatikizapo:

• Kunyowetsa: Izi zimaphatikizapo kuthekera kwa zomatira kufalikira pamwamba pa adherend.
• Mphamvu yapamwamba: Izi zikutanthauza mphamvu yofunikira kuti ilekanitse zomatira ndi zomatira.
• Njira yolumikizirana: Iyi ndi ngodya yomwe imapangidwa pakati pa zomatira ndi zomatira pamalo olumikizana.
• Malire a mbewu: Awa ndi malo omwe njere ziwiri zimakumana mu chinthu cholimba.
• Kapangidwe ka polima: Izi zikutanthauza dongosolo la mamolekyu mu zomatira.

Kufunika kwa Kumamatira mu Kumangirira

Kumamatira ndi chinthu chofunikira pakupanga mgwirizano. Zimatsimikizira kuthekera kwa zomatira kuti zigwire ntchito yomwe akufuna. Kuchuluka kwa kumamatira kumatengera mtundu wa zida zomwe zimalumikizidwa, kapangidwe ka cholumikizira, ndi magwiridwe antchito ofunikira.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Zomatira

Pali mitundu ingapo ya zomatira, kuphatikiza:

• Zomatira pamankhwala: Izi ndi zomatira zomwe zimapanga mgwirizano wamankhwala ndi zomatira.
• Zomatira pathupi: Izi ndi zomatira zomwe zimadalira mphamvu za intermolecular kuti zigwirizane ndi zomatira.
• Zomatira zamakina: Izi ndi zomatira zomwe zimadalira mphamvu zamakina kuti zigwirizane ndi zomatira.

Njira Zazikulu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pomatira

Njira zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomatira ndi:

• Kukonzekera pamwamba: Izi zimaphatikizapo kukonzekera pamwamba pa zomatira kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimamatira bwino.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira: Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira pamwamba pa adherend.
• Kupanga kophatikizana: Izi zimaphatikizapo kupanga cholumikizira kuti chitsimikizire kumamatira bwino.

Njira Zina Zomamatirira

Pali njira zina zomatira, kuphatikiza:

• Kuwotcherera: Izi zimaphatikizapo kusungunula zitsulo kuti zikhale zomangira.
• Soldering: Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito aloyi yachitsulo kulumikiza zitsulo ziwiri pamodzi.
• Kumanga kwamakina: Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zomangira, mabawuti, kapena zomangira zamakina kuti mulumikizane ndi zigawo ziwiri.

Zomatira: Choonadi Chomata

• Zida zomatira zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu: zachilengedwe ndi zopangira.
• Zomatira zachilengedwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, pomwe zomatira zopangira zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala.
• Zitsanzo za zomatira zachilengedwe ndi guluu wopangidwa kuchokera ku mapuloteni a nyama, guluu wopangidwa ndi wowuma, ndi zomatira zopangidwa kuchokera ku mphira wachilengedwe.
• Zomatira zopangira zimaphatikiza zomatira zopangidwa ndi polima, zomatira zotentha zosungunuka, ndi zomatira zosungunulira.

Kusungirako ndi Shelf Moyo wa Zipangizo Zomatira

• Zomatira ziyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, ouma kuti zisaume kapena kumata kwambiri.
• Nthawi ya alumali ya zinthu zomatira zidzadalira momwe zimapangidwira komanso momwe zimapangidwira.
• Zida zina zomatira, monga zomatira zotentha zosungunuka, zimakhala ndi shelufu yayifupi kuposa zina ndipo zingafunikire kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakapita nthawi yayitali zitapangidwa.
• Kawirikawiri, zipangizo zomatira zomwe zimasungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali zingafunike zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena kusakaniza kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuyika Zonse Pamodzi: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zomatira

Pankhani yosankha zomatira zoyenera pa ntchito inayake, pali zinthu zingapo zofunika kuziganizira. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Zida zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa
• Mlingo wofunidwa wa mphamvu yolumikizana
• Kukula ndi dera la chomangira
• Mphamvu zamphamvu zomwe chomangiracho chidzafunika kulimbana nacho
• The ankafuna alumali moyo wa zigawo zikuluzikulu

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomatira imapangidwa kuti izigwira bwino ntchito zosiyanasiyana, choncho ndikofunikira kusankha yoyenera pa ntchitoyo. Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino ya zomatira ndi:

• Zomatira zolimba, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsulo chosungunuka ndiyeno zimalimba zikazizira
• Zomatira zamadzimadzi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ponyowa kenako zimayikidwa kapena kuchiritsa kupanga chomangira
• Zomatira zotengera kupanikizika, zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zigwirizane pokhudzana ndi pamwamba
• Zomatira zolumikizirana, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo onse awiri ndikuloledwa kuti ziume zisanagwirizane
• Zomatira zotentha zosungunuka, zomwe zimasungunuka ndikuziyika pamalo amodzi musanamangiridwe zina

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zomatira

Mukasankha zomatira zoyenera pa ntchito yanu, ndi nthawi yoti mugwiritse ntchito. Njira zotsatirazi zimatsatiridwa nthawi zambiri mukamagwiritsa ntchito zomatira:

1. Konzani malo: Malo omangapo ayenera kukhala oyera, owuma, opanda zonyansa zomwe zingalepheretse zomatira kuti zisagwirizane bwino.

2. Ikani zomatira: Zomatira ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi malangizo a wopanga. Izi zingaphatikizepo kufalitsa mofanana pamtunda umodzi, kuzigwiritsa ntchito m'njira inayake, kapena kuziyika kumbali zonse ziwiri.

3. Gwirizanitsani malo: Malo awiriwa ayenera kulumikizidwa pamodzi pamene zomatira zikadali zonyowa. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuzigwirizanitsa mosamala kapena kukakamiza kuti zitsimikizire mgwirizano wolimba.

4. Lolani kuti zomatira zikhazikike: Zomatira ziyenera kuloledwa kuyika kapena kuchiritsa molingana ndi malangizo a wopanga. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuzisiya kuti ziume mwachibadwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kapena mphamvu kuti ntchitoyi ifulumire.

Kuyesa Adhesive Magwiridwe

Zomatira zikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikuloledwa kuyika, ndikofunikira kuyesa momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Izi zingaphatikizepo kuyeza mphamvu ya chomangira, kuyesa mphamvu yake yolimbana ndi mphamvu zamphamvu, kapena kuyang'ana mphamvu yake yoletsa kutsekemera (kufalikira kwa zomatira kupitirira mzere wofunidwa).

Pali njira zingapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyesa zomatira, kuphatikiza:

• Kuyesa kwamphamvu, komwe kumayesa mphamvu yofunikira kuti iwononge mgwirizano
• Kuyesa kukameta ubweya, komwe kumayesa mphamvu yofunikira kuti musungunulire zigawo zomangika
• Kuyesa kwa peel, komwe kumayesa mphamvu yofunikira kuti musungunule zigawo zomangika
• Kuyesa kwamphamvu, komwe kumayesa kuthekera kwa chomangiracho kupirira kupsinjika kobwerezabwereza ndi zovuta

Zomatira Zanu Zitha Nthawi Yaitali Bwanji? Alumali Moyo wa Zomatira

Zinthu zingapo zingakhudze moyo wa alumali wa zomatira, kuphatikiza:

• Zomatira ziyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, ouma kuteteza kusintha kwa mankhwala awo. Kutenthedwa ndi chinyezi, kutentha, kapena kuwala kwa dzuwa kungachititse kuti zomatira ziwonongeke mofulumira kwambiri.
• Kapangidwe kazinthu: Zomatira zimatha kukhudza moyo wake wa alumali. Zomatira zina zimakhala ndi ma antioxidants kapena UV stabilizers kuti apititse patsogolo kukhazikika kwawo pakapita nthawi.
• Kukalamba: Pakapita nthawi, zomatira zimatha kukalamba ndikutaya mawonekedwe ake, monga kusinthasintha kapena mphamvu. Ukalamba ukhoza kufulumizitsidwa ndi kutentha, chinyezi, kapena mankhwala.
• Kutentha: Zomatira zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa kutentha. Kutentha kwambiri kungapangitse zomatira kukhala zokhuthala kwambiri kapena zoonda kwambiri, zomwe zimakhudza kuthekera kwawo kulumikiza.
• Kuyesa: Opanga amapanga maphunziro kuti adziwe nthawi ya alumali ya zomatira zawo. Maphunzirowa akuphatikizapo kuyesa mphamvu ya zomatira pakapita nthawi kuti adziwe pamene ayamba kunyozeka.

Tsiku Lomaliza Ntchito ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kovomerezeka

Opanga nthawi zambiri amapereka tsiku lotha ntchito ya zomatira zawo, kenako zomatira siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndikofunika kutsatira malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kutaya kuti atsimikizire kuti zomatirazo zimakhalabe zokhazikika komanso zotetezedwa ndi mankhwala. Kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira zomwe zidatha nthawi kumatha kupangitsa kuti mgwirizano ukhale wofooka kapena kulephera kwathunthu.

Kutsiliza

Kotero, ndi zomwe zomatira ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Ndi chinthu chothandiza kukhala nacho, ndipo muyenera kudziwa zambiri za iwo tsopano. 

Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira pachilichonse kuyambira pakumanga mpaka kusungitsa mabuku, chifukwa chake musaope kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito mtundu woyenera pantchitoyo ndipo mukhala bwino.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.