Aluminium: Makhalidwe Ake, Chemistry, ndi Zochitika Zachilengedwe

Aluminiyamu kapena aluminiyumu ndi chinthu choyera chachitsulo chokhala ndi nambala ya atomiki 13. Amadziwika ndi mphamvu zake komanso zopepuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofunikira kwambiri masiku ano.

Kodi Aluminium Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Motani?

Aluminium ili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Zomangamanga: Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pantchito yomanga chifukwa cha mphamvu zake komanso kulimba kwake.
• Mphamvu yamagetsi: Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zingwe zamagetsi ndi mawaya chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake.
• Ziwiya ndi zotengera zakukhitchini: Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ziwiya zakukhitchini, zotengera, ndi zitini chifukwa chosachita dzimbiri.
• Kupanga kwa batri ndi zopepuka: Aluminiyamu ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri popanga mabatire ndi zoyatsira chifukwa cha kupepuka kwake.

Kodi Aluminiyamu Amapangidwa Motani?

Aluminiyamu ndi chinthu chopangidwa kwambiri, chokhala ndi mamiliyoni a matani opangidwa chaka chilichonse ndi makampani padziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi Aluminiyamu Amabwera mu Mafomu Otani?

Aluminiyamu imabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mapepala, mbale, mipiringidzo, ndi machubu. Zitha kupezekanso mumitundu yapadera monga extrusions ndi forgings.

Kodi Aluminiyamu Imagwira Ntchito Yanji Pachilengedwe?

Aluminiyamu imakhala ndi mphamvu yochepa pa chilengedwe poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zina, chifukwa imatha kubwezeretsedwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala chinthu chodziwika bwino m'magulu atsopano omwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa zinyalala ndikulimbikitsa kukhazikika.

Kupeza Thupi ndi Aluminium

• Aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo chabluish-siliva chomwe chimakhala chokhazikika chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake ka atomiki.
• Ili ndi nambala ya atomiki ya 13 ndipo ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zilipo padziko lapansi.
• Mapangidwe a atomiki a aluminiyumu ndi 2, 8, 3, kutanthauza kuti ali ndi ma elekitironi awiri pamlingo woyamba wa mphamvu, asanu ndi atatu wachiwiri, ndi atatu mulingo wamphamvu kwambiri.
• Ma elekitironi akunja a aluminiyamu amagawidwa pakati pa ma atomu, omwe amathandizira kulumikiza kwake kwachitsulo ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri.
• Aluminium ili ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo wa kiyubiki komanso utali wozungulira pafupifupi 143 pm.
• Ili ndi malo osungunuka a 660.32 ° C ndi malo otentha a 2519 ° C, kuti athe kupirira kutentha kwakukulu.
• Kachulukidwe ka aluminium ndi otsika, kuyambira 2.63 mpaka 2.80 g/cm³, kutengera aloyi.
• Aluminiyamu ndi pafupifupi yosungunuka ngati golide ndipo ndi yachiwiri chitsulo chosungunuka, pambuyo pa siliva.
• Komanso ndi ductile kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti imatha kukokedwa mu mawaya oonda osathyoka.
• Poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zina, aluminiyamu imakhala ndi kulemera kochepa, ndi kulemera kwa pafupifupi 26.98 mpaka 28.08 g / mol, kutengera isotopu.

Zizindikiro za thupi

• Aluminiyamu ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chimapezeka pansi pa dziko lapansi, komwe chimakhala ngati mawonekedwe a bauxite.
• Amapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza bauxite ndi sodium hydroxide ndiyeno electrolyzing chifukwa osakaniza.
• Aluminiyamu yoyera ndi chitsulo chotuwirako pang'ono chomwe chimapukutidwa kwambiri komanso chonyezimira pang'ono.
• Aluminiyamu imalimbana kwambiri ndi dzimbiri, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana komwe imawululidwa ndi zinthu.
• Ili ndi matenthedwe apamwamba kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti imatha kusamutsa kutentha mwachangu komanso moyenera.
• Aluminiyamu ilinso yopanda poizoni, yopanda maginito, komanso yosayaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosunthika kwambiri.
• Kutengera ndi aloyi, aluminiyumu imatha kukhala yofewa komanso yosasunthika mpaka yolimba komanso yamphamvu.
• Aluminiyamu ndi yoyenera kuponyedwa, kupanga makina, ndi kupanga, ndikupangitsa kukhala chisankho chodziwika bwino pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana.
• Kwa zaka zambiri, aluminiyumu yakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake komanso kusavuta kwake kupanga ndikuyengedwa.
• Malinga ndi tebulo la periodic, aluminiyumu ndi chinthu chapakatikati, ndipo ndi yokhazikika kwambiri chifukwa cha kasinthidwe kake ka ma elekitironi ndi kugwirizana kwake.
• Mphamvu za ionization za aluminiyumu ndizokwera kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti zimafuna mphamvu zambiri kuchotsa electron ku atomu ya aluminiyamu kapena ion.
• Aluminiyamu amatha kupanga mitundu yambiri ya isotopu, kuyambira 21Al mpaka 43Al, ndi mphamvu zoyambira 0.05 MeV mpaka 9.6 MeV.
• Zomwe zimapangidwira za aluminiyumu zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zomwe zimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku zomangamanga ndi zoyendetsa kupita kumagetsi ndi kulongedza.

Aluminium: Chemistry Kumbuyo kwa Chitsulo

• Aluminium inapezedwa mu 1825 ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku Danish Hans Christian Oersted.
• Ndichitsulo chosinthika pambuyo pa kusintha chokhala ndi chizindikiro Al ndi nambala ya atomiki 13.
• Aluminiyamu ndi yolimba kutentha kutentha ndipo imakhala ndi valence ya atatu.
• Ili ndi kagawo kakang'ono ka atomiki ndi electronegative kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti aziphatikizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zina kuti apange mankhwala.
• Makhalidwe a aluminiyamu amaphatikizapo kukhala kondakitala wabwino wa magetsi ndi kutentha, kukhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, ndi kusachita dzimbiri.
• Ndilofunika pa moyo wamakono ndipo lili ndi ntchito zambiri zomanga, zoyendera, ndi zopakira.

Kupanga ndi Kusintha kwa Aluminium

• Aluminium imapangidwa ndi njira ya Hall-Héroult, yomwe imaphatikizapo electrolysis ya alumina (Al2O3) mu molt cryolite (Na3AlF6).
• Njirayi ndiyogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso yokwera mtengo, koma aluminiyumu imapezeka kwambiri komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
• Kukhoza kupanga aluminiyumu yochuluka komanso pamtengo wotsika kwambiri kwapangitsa kuti ikhale chitsulo chodziwika bwino masiku ano.
• Njira yoyenga imaphatikizapo kuwonjezera zitsulo zina monga magnesium kuti apange ma alloys okhala ndi zinthu zinazake.

Aluminium mu Chilengedwe ndi Aqueous Chemistry yake

• Aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo chochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma sichipezeka mu mawonekedwe ake oyera.
• Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu mchere monga bauxite ndi dongo.
• Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chimapangidwa pamene aluminiyamu imachita ndi njira zamadzimadzi monga potaziyamu hydroxide (KOH).
• Pamaso pa madzi, aluminiyumu imapanga gawo lochepa la oxide pamwamba pake, lomwe limateteza kuti lisawonongeke.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Aluminium

• Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, kuphatikiza kupepuka, kulimba, komanso kosavuta kugwira ntchito.
• Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga ndi kumanga, kuyendetsa, kulongedza katundu, ndi zamagetsi.
• Aluminiyamu ndi yoyenera kupanga zidutswa zopyapyala, monga zojambulazo, ndi zidutswa zazikulu, monga mafelemu omangira.
• Kutha kusakaniza aluminiyamu ndi zitsulo zina kumapangitsa kupanga ma alloys okhala ndi zinthu zenizeni, monga mphamvu ndi kukana dzimbiri.
• Ndodo za aluminiyamu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma waya amagetsi chifukwa cha kuwongolera kwawo bwino.

Chiyambi cha Aluminium: Momwe Zimachitikira Mwachilengedwe

• Aluminiyamu ndi chinthu chachitatu chochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi, chomwe chimapanga pafupifupi 8% ya kulemera kwake.
• Ndi nambala ya atomiki yotsika kwambiri, yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha Al ndi nambala ya atomiki 13.
• Aluminiyamu sapezeka mu mawonekedwe ake oyera m'chilengedwe, koma m'malo mwake kuphatikiza ndi zinthu zina ndi mankhwala.
• Zimapezeka mumitundu yambiri ya mchere, kuphatikizapo silicates ndi oxides, komanso mawonekedwe a bauxite, osakaniza a hydrated aluminium oxides.
• Bauxite ndiye gwero lalikulu la aluminiyamu, ndipo amapezeka mochulukirapo m'maiko ena, kuphatikiza Australia, Guinea, ndi Brazil.
• Aluminiyamu imapezekanso m'miyala yoyaka ngati aluminosilicates mu feldspars, feldspathoids, ndi micas, komanso m'nthaka yochokera kwa iwo ngati dongo.
• M'nyengo yozizira, imawoneka ngati bauxite ndi chitsulo cholemera cha laterite.

Sayansi Pambuyo pa Kupanga Kwa Aluminium

• Aluminiyamu amapangidwa mu phata la nyenyezi kudzera mu kaphatikizidwe ka fusion, ndipo amatulutsidwa mumlengalenga pamene nyenyezi izi ziphulika ngati supernovae.
• Itha kupangidwanso pang'ono powotcha zinthu zina, monga magnesium, pamaso pa okosijeni.
• Aluminiyamu ndi chinthu chokhazikika, ndipo sichiphwanyika mosavuta kapena kuwonongedwa ndi machitidwe a mankhwala.
• Ndi yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yopepuka, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yamtengo wapatali pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Aluminiyamu M'chilengedwe

• Aluminiyamu ikhoza kukhalapo m'njira zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe imapezeka.
• Mu mawonekedwe ake achitsulo, aluminiyamu ndi chinthu champhamvu, chodumphira, komanso chosungunuka chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zambiri.
• Zitha kukhalaponso mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala, monga aluminium oxide (Al2O3), yomwe imadziwika kuti corundum kapena ruby.
• Native aluminiyamu, momwe chinthucho chimapezeka mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, ndi osowa kwambiri ndipo amapezeka m'malo ochepa padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza South America ndi Greenland.
• Aluminiyamu imathanso kulumikizidwa ndi zinthu zina, monga haidrojeni ndi okosijeni, kupanga zinthu monga aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) ndi aluminium oxide (Al2O3).

Kuchokera ku Migodi kupita Kupanga Zinthu: Ulendo Wopanga Aluminiyamu

• Bauxite ndiye chinthu choyambirira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga aluminiyamu
• Amapezeka mochuluka m'madera otentha ndi otentha, makamaka ku South America, Africa, ndi Australia
• Bauxite ndi thanthwe la sedimentary lomwe lili ndi mchere wosakaniza, kuphatikizapo aluminium hydroxide, iron oxide, ndi silica.
• Pofuna kuchotsa mchere wa bauxite, akatswiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira yotchedwa blasting, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zophulika kuchotsa dothi lapamwamba ndi nthaka kuti apeze malo olemera omwe ali pansi pake.
• Kenako bauxite yokumbidwayo imasungidwa ndi kutumizidwa kumalo oyenga

Kuyeretsa Bauxite Kuti Mupeze Alumina

• Ntchito yoyenga imayamba ndi kuyeretsa bauxite kuchotsa zonyansa zilizonse, monga dongo ndi chitsulo ndi zitsulo zina zolemera.
• Bauxite yoyeretsedwayo imaphwanyidwa muzidutswa ting'onoting'ono ndikuumitsa kupanga ufa wouma
• Ufa umenewu umayikidwa mu thanki yaikulu, kumene umasakanizidwa ndi mtundu wina wa caustic soda ndi kutenthedwa pansi
• Zotsatira zake za mankhwala zimatulutsa chinthu chotchedwa aluminiyamu, chomwe ndi choyera, chaufa
• Kenako aluminiyamu imasungidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku smelter kuti ipitirire kukonzedwa

Kusungunula Alumina Kupanga Aluminiyamu

• Njira yosungunulira imaphatikizapo kutembenuza aluminiyamu kukhala zitsulo zotayidwa
• Njira yamakono yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ambiri imakhudza ndondomeko ya Hall-Heroult, yomwe ili ndi njira ziwiri zazikulu: kuchepetsa aluminiyamu ku aluminium oxide ndi electrolysis ya aluminium oxide kuti apange zitsulo zotayidwa.
• Kuchepetsa kwa aluminiyamu kukhala aluminium oxide kumaphatikizapo kutenthetsa aluminiyamu ndi chochepetsera, monga mpweya, kuchotsa mpweya ndi kupanga aluminium oxide.
• Aluminium oxide imasungunuka mu electrolyte yosungunuka ndipo imayikidwa pamagetsi kuti apange zitsulo zotayidwa.
• Njira yosungunula imafuna mphamvu zambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala pafupi ndi magetsi otsika mtengo, monga malo opangira magetsi amadzi.
• Chotsatira cha smelting ndi zinthu za aluminiyamu zapamwamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zomangamanga, zoyendetsa, ndi zonyamula.

Aluminium: Chitsulo Chosiyanasiyana cha Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana

Aluminium ndi chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Ndizinthu zopepuka, zolimba, komanso zolimba zomwe ndizosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho chodziwika pamapulogalamu ambiri. Mu gawoli, tiwona momwe aluminiyamu amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yosunthika.

Ntchito Zomanga ndi Zomangamanga

Aluminiyamu ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino pomanga ndi kumanga chifukwa cha kupepuka kwake komanso kusamva dzimbiri. Zina mwazofunikira kwambiri za aluminiyamu pakumanga ndi zomangamanga ndi izi:

• Zomanga denga, zotsekera, ndi ma facades
• Mawindo, zitseko, ndi mashopu
• Zomangamanga ndi balustrading
• Miyendo ndi ma drainage systems
• Treadplate ndi mafakitale pansi

Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pomanga malo ochitira masewera, monga mabwalo amasewera ndi mabwalo amasewera, chifukwa chopepuka komanso cholimba.

Mapulogalamu mu Manufacturing and Industry

Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo opanga ndi mafakitale chifukwa cha makina ake ndi mankhwala. Zina mwazofunikira kwambiri za aluminiyumu popanga ndi mafakitale ndi:

• Mizere yotumizira magetsi ndi zigawo zake
• Kupanga zitini za zakumwa ndi zakudya
• Ziwiya ndi zophikira
• Zida zamagalimoto, kuphatikiza njanji ndi magalimoto
• Aloyi ntchito zosiyanasiyana mafakitale, kuphatikizapo chothandizira ndi dzimbiri zosagwira zipangizo

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Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zojambulazo zoyikapo ndi kutsekereza chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kutembenuza kutentha komanso kukana madzi ndi kuyanika.

Ma Aluminiyamu Aloyi ndi Ntchito Zawo

Ma aluminiyamu aloyi amapangidwa ndi alloying agents monga mkuwa, zinki, ndi silicon kuti apititse patsogolo makina ndi mankhwala achitsulo. Zina mwazitsulo zodziwika bwino za aluminiyamu ndi ntchito zake ndi monga:

• Aloyi wopangidwa - amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zigawo zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zazikulu komanso mawonekedwe abwino
• Cast alloys- amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zigawo zovuta chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupangidwa modabwitsa
• Kynal- banja la aloyi opangidwa ndi British Imperial Chemical Industries omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mizere yamagetsi ndi zigawo zake.

Msika Wapadziko Lonse wa Aluminium

Aluminiyamu ndi imodzi mwazitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Msika wapadziko lonse wa aluminiyumu ndi wofunikira, ndipo zopanga zotayidwa zambiri zimachokera ku China, kutsatiridwa ndi Russia ndi Canada. Kufunika kwa aluminiyamu kukuyembekezeka kupitiliza kukula, makamaka m'mafakitale amagalimoto ndi zomangamanga, pomwe kufunikira kwa zinthu zopepuka komanso zolimba kumawonjezeka.

Kugwira ntchito ndi Aluminium: Njira ndi Malangizo

Pankhani yogwira ntchito ndi aluminiyamu, pali njira zingapo ndi malangizo omwe angapangitse kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosavuta komanso yothandiza kwambiri:

• Kudula: Aluminium imatha kudulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ma saw, shears, ngakhale chodulira mabokosi chosavuta. Komabe, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito chida choyenera pantchitoyo komanso kusamala kuti musawononge zinthuzo.

• Kupindika: Aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo chofewa kwambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kupindika ndi kuumbika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera kuti musawononge kapena kusiya zizindikiro zosawoneka bwino.

• Kujowina: Aluminiyamu amatha kuphatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera, ndi kuwotcherera. Njira iliyonse ili ndi ubwino wake ndi zovuta zake, malingana ndi ntchito yeniyeni.

• Kumaliza: Aluminium imatha kumalizidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kupukuta, kudzoza, ndi kupenta. Njira iliyonse ili ndi ubwino wake wapadera ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga maonekedwe ndi matsirizidwe osiyanasiyana.

Mapulogalamu

Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Zomangamanga: Aluminiyamu ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino cha zida zomangira chifukwa cha mphamvu zake, kulimba kwake, komanso zinthu zopepuka.

• Kuphika: Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri muzophika chifukwa chotha kutentha mwachangu komanso mofanana.

• Malumikizidwe ozungulira ndi midadada: Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zolumikizira madera ndi midadada chifukwa chakutha kwake kuyendetsa magetsi.

• Kupaka: Aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zosiyanasiyana zoyikamo, kuphatikiza zitini, zojambulazo, ngakhale makatoni a dzira.

Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Ngakhale aluminiyamu ndi chinthu chosinthika komanso chothandiza, ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe. Kupanga aluminiyamu kumafuna mphamvu zambiri ndipo kungawononge kwambiri chilengedwe ngati sikunapangidwe moyenera. Komabe, pali njira ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito aluminiyamu.

Environmental Impact of Aluminium Production

Aluminiyamu ndi mankhwala oopsa omwe amatha kuwononga zachilengedwe zam'madzi. Ikatulutsidwa m'madzi, imatha kuwononga ma plasma ndi ayoni a haemolymph mu nsomba ndi nyama zopanda msana, zomwe zimapangitsa kulephera kwa osmoregulatory. Izi zingachititse kuti zomera ndi zinyama ziwonongeke, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zichepe. Kuonjezera apo, kutuluka kwa mpweya wa sulfuric panthawi yopanga aluminiyamu kungayambitse mvula ya asidi, yomwe imawononganso zachilengedwe zam'madzi.

Zachilengedwe Zapadziko Lapansi

Kupanga aluminiyamu kumakhudzanso kwambiri zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi. Kudula mitengo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira kuti pakhale malo opangira ma aluminiyamu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitundu yambiri ya zomera ndi nyama iwonongeke. Kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zowononga mumpweya kungawonongenso thanzi la anthu okhala pafupi ndi nyama zakuthengo. Kuwonongeka kwa nthaka ndi nkhani ina, chifukwa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga amatha kulowa pansi ndikuwononga zomera.

Kutsiliza

Ndiye muli nazo, ntchito zambiri za aluminiyamu ndi chifukwa chake zili zothandiza kwambiri. Ndizitsulo zopepuka komanso zolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera pomanga, zoyendera, komanso zopakira. Kuphatikiza apo, sizowopsa komanso simaginito, chifukwa chake ndizotetezeka kugwiritsa ntchito. Choncho musaope kugwiritsa ntchito! Mutha kuzibwezeretsanso mukamaliza nazo.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.