Pali zida zina zachikhalidwe zaukalipentala zomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwazaka zambiri ndipo chifukwa chake zikufunikabe ndikuti palibe zida zamakono zomwe zidalowa m'malo mwazothandiza.
Pali zida zambiri zoyezera pamsika, koma malo opangira matabwa amakhalabe okondedwa ndi amisiri onse chifukwa cha kuphweka kwake, kusinthasintha, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta.
Pambuyo pofufuza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabwalo omwe alipo, chosankha changa chachikulu ndi Vinca SCLS-2416, chifukwa cholondola, kulimba, mtengo wabwino wandalama, komanso kukwanira kwa DIY komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mwaukadaulo.
Ngati mukuyang'ana kugula sikwele yatsopano yopangira mafelemu kapena kusintha chida chotayika kapena chotha, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe muyenera kukumbukira.
M'munsimu ndi chitsogozo chachidule cha mabwalo opangira mafelemu omwe alipo, mawonekedwe awo osiyanasiyana, mphamvu zawo ndi zofooka zawo.
Izi zikuyenera kukuthandizani kuti mupange chisankho choyenera cha masikweya pazosowa zanu.
| Malo abwino kwambiri opangira square | Images |
| Malo abwino kwambiri opangira mawonekedwe: VINCA SCLS-2416 Mmisiri wamatabwa L 16 x 24 inchi |  (onani zithunzi zambiri) |
| Malo abwino kwambiri opangira bajeti: Johnson Level & Chida CS10 |  (onani zithunzi zambiri) |
| Malo abwino kwambiri opangira mafelemu ang'onoang'ono: Bambo Pen 8-inch x 12-inchi |  (onani zithunzi zambiri) |
| Malo abwino kwambiri opangira masikwele kwa oyamba kumene: Starrett FS-24 Zitsulo |  (onani zithunzi zambiri) |
| Malo abwino kwambiri opangira ma premium: Zida za IRWIN Hi-Contrast Aluminium |  (onani zithunzi zambiri) |
Mu positi iyi tikambirana:
- Malo abwino kwambiri opangira mafelemu - kalozera wa ogula
- Malo abwino kwambiri opangira mabwalo omwe alipo
- Malo abwino kwambiri opangira malo: VINCA SCLS-2416 Mmisiri wamatabwa L 16 x 24 inchi
- Malo abwino kwambiri opangira bajeti: Johnson Level & Tool CS10
- Malo abwino kwambiri ang'onoang'ono opangira: Mr. Pen 8-inch x 12-inchi
- Malo abwino kwambiri opangira oyamba kumene: Starrett FS-24 Steel
- Malo abwino kwambiri opangira ma premium: IRWIN Tools Hi-Contrast Aluminium
- Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
- Kodi masikweya opangira mafelemu ndi chiyani?
- Kodi masikwela amamapangira chiyani?
- Kodi zitsulo zabwino kwambiri zopangira masikweya mafelemu ndi ziti?
- Kodi mabwalo opangira mafelemu amalondola bwanji?
- Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito bwanji masikweya omangira?
- Chifukwa chiyani kupanga mabwalo nthawi zambiri kumakhala mainchesi 16?
- Chifukwa chiyani ndikofunikira kukhala ndi zolembera?
- Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati lalikulu ndi lolondola?
- Kodi dzina lina la sikwele yopangira mafelemu ndi chiyani?
- Ino ncinzi ncotweelede kucita oobo?
- Ndi miyeso yamtundu wanji yomwe sikwaya yopangira mafelemu iyenera kukhala nayo?
- Kodi masikelo ndi ma gradations ndi chiyani?
- Kodi kupanga masikweya angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zitsulo?
- Tengera kwina
Malo abwino kwambiri opangira mafelemu - kalozera wa ogula
Malo abwino opangira mafelemu, omwe amatchedwanso squarenter's square, akuyenera kukhala aakulu, olimba, komanso abwino kwambiri, kotero kuti samasweka mosavuta.
Iyenera kukhala ndi tsamba lolondola kuti liziyezera komanso zowerengera zosavuta kuwerenga.
Izi ndi zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana pogula malo opangira ma framing, kuti muwonetsetse kuti mwasankha yabwino kwambiri pazosowa zanu.
Zofunika
Kulimba, kulondola, komanso kulimba kwa sikweyayi zimadalira kwambiri zinthu zomwe zimapangidwako. Mabwalo ambiri masiku ano amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, aluminiyamu, kapena ma polima.
Lilime m'lifupi liyenera kukhala lomasuka kugwira komanso kuti ligwire mosavuta. Chofunika kwambiri, chiyenera kukhala chofanana ndi tsamba.
lolondola
Kulondola ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe muyenera kuganizira posankha masikweya omangira. Miyezo yeniyeni ndiyofunikira pakupanga matabwa amtundu uliwonse.
Kuti muwone kulondola kwa sikweya yokonzera, ikani ndi wolamulira ndikuyang'ana zolembera. Ngati zikugwirizana, lembani mzere ndi lalikulu kuti mudziwe ngati ndilolunjika kapena ayi.
Kuwerenga
Posankha malo opangira framing, yang'anani mosamala zolemba ndi kumaliza maphunziro kuti muwonetsetse kuti ndizosavuta kuwerenga.
Zitha kukhala zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito masikwele omangira mopepuka ndipo zolembera zina zimatha kapena kutha, zomwe zimapangitsa chidacho kukhala chopanda ntchito.
Opanga ambiri amadinda pazidazo kapena amagwiritsa ntchito ma lasers kuti zilembozo zikhale zokhazikika.
Mtundu wa zolembera uyenera kusiyana ndi mtundu wa thupi kuti zitsimikizire kuwoneka bwino.
kwake
Kukhalitsa kwa zidazi kumadalira zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga komanso kuya kwa ma gradations.
Ngati chinthucho sichiri cholimba, ziwalozo zimatha kupindika zomwe zingayambitse miyeso yolakwika. Maphunzirowa ayenera kukhala okhazikika kwambiri kuti asawonongeke pogwiritsa ntchito.
Kuphatikizika kwamtundu kuyenera kukhala kotero kuti kuwerengeka mosavuta.
Njira yoyezera
Mabwalo amapangidwe osiyanasiyana ali ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana oyezera, ndipo muyenera kuwayang'ana musanagule.
Dongosolo la kuyeza kwa sikweya yopangira mafelemu zimatengera magawo a inchi ndi matebulo otembenuka.
Kodi mumadziwa pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabwalo? Dziwani kuti ndi iti yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri pantchito yanu pano
Malo abwino kwambiri opangira mabwalo omwe alipo
Kuti tiphatikize mndandanda wathu wamabwalo abwino kwambiri opangira matabwa, tafufuza ndikuwunika mabwalo ogulitsidwa kwambiri pamsika.
Malo abwino kwambiri opangira malo: VINCA SCLS-2416 Mmisiri wamatabwa L 16 x 24 inchi
Kulondola komanso kulimba, mtengo wabwino wandalama, komanso woyenera DIY komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mwaukadaulo.
Izi ndi zomwe zidapangitsa Vinca SCLS-2416 kupanga masikweya kusankha kwathu kopambana.
Kulondola kwa malowa ndi pafupifupi madigiri 0.0573, kotero kumapereka zotsatira zolondola.
Ma gradations ndi 1/8-inch ndi 1/12-inchi mbali imodzi, ndi mamilimita mbali inayo. Amasindikizidwa muzitsulo ndipo onse ndi osavuta kumva komanso osavuta kuwerenga.
Malowa ndi opangidwa ndi chitsulo cholemera kwambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chiwonjezeke ndikuchilepheretsa kusuntha pamene chikugwira ntchito nacho.
Zimakutidwa ndi epoxy yotsimikizira dzimbiri kuti itetezedwe komanso kulimba.
Mawonekedwe
- Zofunika: Chitsulo cholemera kwambiri chokhala ndi zokutira zotsimikizira dzimbiri za epoxy
- lolondola: Kulondola kwa pafupifupi madigiri 0.0573
- Kuwerenga: Dinani zosindikizira zosindikizidwa, kuti zimveke
- kwake: Makasitomala osindikizidwa amatsimikizira kukhazikika
- Njira yoyezera: Miyezo yachifumu ndi metric
Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano
Malo abwino kwambiri opangira bajeti: Johnson Level & Tool CS10
Mukuyang'ana chida choyambirira, cholimba chomwe chimagwira ntchitoyi koma sichingakuwonongereni mkono ndi mwendo?
Johnson Level ndi Chida CS10 Carpenter Square ndi chida chosavuta, chokhazikika chomwe chimapereka phindu lalikulu pandalama zanu.
Chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri, ndi chopepuka koma cholimba kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito molemera.
Ikhoza kulimbana ndi malo ovuta kwambiri a ntchito. Ili ndi zokutira zocheperako, zoletsa dzimbiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yolimba.
Malowa ali ndi magawo okhazikika, osavuta kuwerenga a 1/8-inch ndi 1/16-inchi kuti muyezedwe molondola. Ma gradations amalumikizidwa ndi kutentha m'malo mokhazikika.
Nsonga yabodza imalola kukhudzana kwabwino kwambiri ndikugwira mwamphamvu, ndikuchotsa kuvula.
Ndibwino kuyeza mkati kapena kunja kwa bwalo, komanso kuyang'ana tebulo lawona kusintha.
Mawonekedwe
- Zofunika: Zapangidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba kwambiri
- lolondola: Ichi ndi chida chosavuta, koma chapamwamba kwambiri.
- Kuwerenga: Zosavuta kuwerenga 1/8-inch ndi 1/16-inch gradations
- kwake: Kuwala pang'ono, zokutira zoletsa dzimbiri
- Njira yoyezera: miyeso yachifumu
Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano
Malo abwino kwambiri ang'onoang'ono opangira: Mr. Pen 8-inch x 12-inchi
Yaing'ono kuposa malo opangira ma framing square, Mr. Pen Framing Square ndi chida chokhazikika chomwe chili chokhazikika komanso chotsika mtengo.
Oyenera kupanga mafelemu, denga, ntchito masitepe, kupanga masanjidwe ndi mapatani.
Zopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha carbon, ndizopepuka ndipo sizimapindika. Imanyamula ma Imperial mayunitsi mbali imodzi, yokhala ndi 1/16-inch gradations, ndi ma metric mayunitsi mbali inayo.
Ma gradations ndi oyera owala kumbuyo kwakuda ndipo ndi osavuta kuwerenga ngakhale pakuwunikira kocheperako.
Mwendo wamfupi ndi mainchesi 8 kunja ndi mainchesi 6.5 mkati. Mwendo wautali ndi mainchesi 12 kunja ndi mainchesi 11 mkati.
Malowa angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati njira yowongoka pozindikira kusalala kwa pamwamba.
Mawonekedwe
- Zofunika: Zapangidwa ndi chitsulo cha carbon
- lolondola: Zolondola kwambiri
- Kuwerenga: Maguluwa ndi oyera owala kumbuyo kwakuda ndipo ndi osavuta kuwerenga ngakhale pakuwunikira kocheperako
- kwake: Ngakhale kuti ndi yaying'ono, imapangidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba cha carbon
- Njira yoyezera: Miyezo ya Imperial ndi metric
Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano
Malo abwino kwambiri opangira oyamba kumene: Starrett FS-24 Steel
Sikwele iyi yolembedwa ndi Starrett ndi malo osavuta, okhazikika omwe ndi abwino kwa oyamba kumene. Ndi chida champhamvu chomwe chimapereka zinthu zonse zoyambira popanda frills.
Malo omangira agawo amodziwa amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosasunthika ndipo amakhala ndi thupi la 24 ″ x 2 ″ komanso lilime 16 ″ 1-1/2 ″.
Ili ndi zisindikizo zokhazikika za 1/8 inchi kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.
Ili ndi zokutira zomveka bwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisachite dzimbiri komanso zolimba.
Ngakhale sizipereka masikelo osinthika kapena masikelo owonjezera, ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri kwa omanga omanga ndi omanga matabwa.
Mawonekedwe
- Zofunika: Zapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosasunthika
- lolondola: Ichi ndi chida choyamba. Owunikira ena amati sizinali zolondola kwenikweni, koma ndizabwino kwa oyamba kumene omwe sakugwira ntchito ndi ma angles olondola kwambiri.
- Kuwerenga: Kusindikiza kosindikiza kokhazikika
- kwake: Chokhazikika komanso chosamva kuwonongeka
- Njira yoyezera: Wachifumu
Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano
Ngati mukuyang'ana mfumu yamabwalo onse opanga mabwalo, zida za IRWIN 1794447 Framing Square ndi zanu.
Chida ichi chogwira ntchito zambiri chimapereka matebulo okwera, masikelo a brace ndi octagon, ndi miyeso ya board ya Essex.
Ili ndi masikelo angapo, ndipo itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati a protractor, wotsogolera macheka, ndi wolamulira.
Zonsezi, komabe, zimabwera pamtengo wowonjezera, kotero khalani okonzeka kulipira zambiri pa chida ichi.
Wopangidwa kuchokera ku aluminiyamu, ndi yolimba, yosagwira dzimbiri, komanso yolondola.
Zopangidwa ndi mtundu wakuda wabuluu, ma gradations achikasu amakhazikika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwerenga komanso zokhazikika.
Imakhala ndi masikelo angapo - 1/8-inchi, 1/10-inchi, 1/12-inchi, ndi 1/16-inchi. Pa 12.6 ounces, iyi ndi malo opepuka komanso osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
Mawonekedwe
- Zofunika: Wopangidwa kuchokera ku aluminiyamu
- lolondola: Zolondola kwambiri, zapamwamba kwambiri
- Kuwerenga: Yellow gradations pakuda buluu maziko
- Kukhalitsa: Aluminiyamu yolimba kwambiri
- Dongosolo loyezera: Imagwira ntchito zambiri ndi matebulo okwera, ndi masikelo angapo. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati protractor, wotsogola, ndi wolamulira
Onani mitengo yaposachedwa pano
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Ngati mukuyang'anabe zambiri pakupanga mabwalo, ndayankha mafunso omwe amafunsidwa kwambiri okhudza chida ichi.
Kodi masikweya opangira mafelemu ndi chiyani?
Poyamba ankadziwika kuti sikweya zitsulo, chifukwa nthawi zonse ankapangidwa ndi chitsulo, koma masiku ano anthu ambiri amati sikweya wa matabwa, bwalo la denga, kapena bwalo la omanga.
Monga momwe mayinawa akusonyezera, ndi chida chothandizira kukonza, kufolera, ndi ntchito zamasitepe (monga kumanga masitepe awa).
Masiku ano mabwalo opangira mabwalo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena ma polima omwe ndi opepuka kuposa chitsulo komanso osamva dzimbiri.
Malo opangira mafelemu amapangidwa ngati L.
Kutalika, nthawi zambiri mkono wa mainchesi awiri m'lifupi mwake ndi tsamba. Dzanja lalifupi, nthawi zambiri inchi imodzi ndi theka m'lifupi, limatchedwa lilime.
Pangodya yakunja, pomwe tsamba ndi lilime zimalumikizana, ndi chidendene. Pamalo athyathyathya, okhala ndi miyeso yodindidwa / zozikika pamenepo, ndi nkhope.
Mtundu wokhazikika wokhala ndi mainchesi makumi awiri ndi anayi ndi mainchesi 16, koma kukula kwake kumasiyana. Atha kukhala mainchesi khumi ndi awiri ndi asanu ndi atatu kapena mainchesi makumi awiri ndi anayi ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu.
Chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga masikelo ndikuyala ndi kulemba zilembo pamapangidwe, denga, ndi masitepe.
Malowa angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati njira yowongoka pozindikira kusalala kwa pamwamba. M'ma workshop, ndi chida chothandizira cholembera ntchito yodulidwa pa katundu wambiri.
Mawerengedwe a sikweya amasiyana, kutengera zaka zake komanso cholinga chomwe chida chidapangidwira.
Zopangira zakale zopangidwa ndi manja zimakhala ndi zolembera zocheperako kapena zolembedwa pamanja.
Mabwalo atsopano, opangidwa ndi fakitale amatha kukhala ndi masinthidwe osiyanasiyana ndi matebulo odinda pankhope zawo.
Pafupifupi mabwalo onse amalembedwa mu mainchesi ndi tizigawo ta inchi.
Kodi masikwela amamapangira chiyani?
Kwenikweni, mabwalo opangira mabwalo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera ndi masanjidwe pa ngodya yolondola kapena mitundu ina yamitundu.
Mutha kupeza ntchito zina zopangira malo ngati muli kalipentala, wopanga mipando, kapena DIYer monga miyeso yoyambira ndi miter saw mizere.
Ponseponse, zimapangidwira kupereka magwiridwe antchito ambiri pantchito yanu.
Kodi zitsulo zabwino kwambiri zopangira masikweya mafelemu ndi ziti?
Izi zonse zimatengera mtundu wa polojekiti yomwe mwakonza.
Nthawi zambiri, masikweya amapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena chitsulo. Mabwalo achitsulo amakhala okhazikika komanso olondola.
Poyerekeza, malo opangira aluminiyamu ndi chisankho chabwinoko kwa a handyman kapena DIYer popeza ndi wopepuka kwambiri.
Kodi mabwalo opangira mafelemu amalondola bwanji?
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi zovuta zomanga komanso pazolinga zambiri zomangira, sikweya yomangirira sibwalo lalikulu.
Kuti muwerenge molondola pogwira ntchito yopangira matabwa, zingakhale bwino kumangirira masambawo kuti asasunthe.
Kuti muwonetsetse kuti mwawerenga zolondola pagawo lopangira mafelemu panthawi yantchito yayikulu, mungafune kuwonanso zowerengera zanu ndi chida china cholembera.
Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito bwanji masikweya omangira?
Zida zoyezera bwino, masikweya amapangidwe amakhala ndi ntchito zambiri mukaganizira zamitundu yatsopano pamsika.
Ntchito yayikulu ya sikweya yopangira mafelemu ndikuyeza mabala.
Chinthu choyamba chimene mumachita ndikuyesa kudulidwa ndi sikweya yokonzerako polumikiza tsamba la sikweya molingana ndi pamwamba pa chinthucho.
Kenako, lembani mzere wodulidwa ndikuwerenga cholembacho kuti muwonetsetse kulondola kwake musanadulire pamzere.
Chifukwa chiyani kupanga mabwalo nthawi zambiri kumakhala mainchesi 16?
Kawirikawiri, bwalo lokonzekera lidzakhala ndi lilime la 16-inch ndi thupi la 24-inch.
Popeza uku ndi kutalika kofanana, mabwalo a mainchesi 16 ndiofala chifukwa amapangitsa chidacho kukhala cholimba komanso chosavuta kuwerenga.
Chifukwa chiyani ndikofunikira kukhala ndi zolembera?
Ngakhale simungaganize kuti izi ndizofunikira kwambiri, zilidi choncho.
Popeza ntchito ya framing square ndikupereka miyeso yolondola ndi ma angles, chidacho ndichabechabe ngati mungathe kuwerenga ma gradations kapena manambala.
Yang'anani mabwalo opangira mafelemu apamwamba kwambiri kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi laser etch kapena miyeso yolimba kwambiri muzitsulo zomwe sizitha.
Ndipo, ngati mutapeza imodzi, yang'anani malo opangira mafelemu omwe ali ndi mtundu wosiyana wa nambala ndi chitsulo chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuwerenga mu kuwala kochepa.
Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati lalikulu ndi lolondola?
Jambulani mzere m'mphepete mwa mbali yayitali ya sikweya. Kenaka tembenuzirani chidacho, kugwirizanitsa maziko a chizindikirocho ndi m'mphepete mwa bwalo; jambulani mzere wina.
Ngati zizindikiro ziwirizi sizikufanana, sikwaya wanu si lalikulu. Pogula sikweya, ndi bwino kuyang'ana kulondola kwake musanachoke m'sitolo.
Kodi dzina lina la sikwele yopangira mafelemu ndi chiyani?
Masiku ano, sikweya yachitsulo imatchedwa sikweya wa framing kapena sikweya wa kalipentala.
Ino ncinzi ncotweelede kucita oobo?
Lilime ili ndi kupachika chida pa khoma lililonse. Ingoikani msomali kapena mbedza chida chanu cholembera ndi kupachika malo anu opangira.
Ndi miyeso yamtundu wanji yomwe sikwaya yopangira mafelemu iyenera kukhala nayo?
Funso lina lofunika kwambiri lomwe limadaliranso mtundu wa polojekiti yomwe mwakonza.
Mabwalo onse amapangidwe amapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi ndi makina oyezera aku America, koma ena amaphatikizanso ma metric system.
Ngati simukudziwa kuti ndi njira iti yoyezera yomwe mungafune, sankhani sikweya yomwe ili ndi mitundu yonse iwiri kuti musagwidwe popanda kuyeza komwe mukufuna.
Kodi masikelo ndi ma gradations ndi chiyani?
Magawo omwe ali pa sikweya yopangira mafelemu amatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa danga pakati pa chilemba chilichonse.
Kawirikawiri, mudzawona zosankha zomwe zimakhala pakati pa 1/8, 1/10, ndi 1/12-inch gradations. Ndi maphunziro ati omwe mungafune zimadalira momwe mungafunikire kuti mukhale ndi polojekiti yanu.
Sikelo ndiyofunikanso, koma sizosavuta kuziwona mukamayang'ana mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Mulingo wosiyanasiyana ndi wofunikira mukamapanga mawonekedwe a octagonal, square, ndi hexagonal.
Yang'anani mafotokozedwe omwe ali ndi masikelo a octagonal ndi masikelo, koma ngati muwafuna zidzadalira kufunikira kwa polojekiti yanu.
Kodi kupanga masikweya angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zitsulo?
Inde, mwachiwonekere mutha kugwiritsa ntchito masikwele opangira zitsulo.
Chinthu chimodzi choyenera kukumbukira ndi chakuti zidazi zimapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena zitsulo zopyapyala, ndi bwino kuzisunga kutali ndi zida zachitsulo zakuthwa.
Tengera kwina
Tsopano popeza mwadziwa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamabwalo omwe alipo, mawonekedwe awo osiyanasiyana, mphamvu, ndi zofooka zake, muli ndi mwayi wosankha chida chabwino kwambiri pazosowa zanu.
Kaya mukufuna china chake chopangira matabwa kapena zomangamanga, pali malo abwino opangira makwerero pamsika kwa inu.
Onetsetsani kuti mwayang'ana mawonekedwe kuti muwonetsetse kuti zikugwirizana ndi polojekiti yanu.
Tsopano gwirani ntchito ndi izi Mapulani 11 Aulere Oyimilira a DYI (& momwe angapangire imodzi)
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.
