Njerwa: Chitsogozo Chokwanira cha Mbiri, Mitundu, ndi Ntchito

Njerwa ndi nyumba yaying'ono, yamakona anayi. Koma ndi zambiri kuposa izo. Ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pantchito yomanga ndipo lakhalapo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri. Choncho tiyeni tione kuti njerwa ndi chiyani komanso mmene imagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Njerwa ndi chipika kapena gawo limodzi la dothi lopindidwa lokhala ndi dongo, mchenga ndi laimu, kapena zinthu za konkriti, zowumitsa moto kapena zowumitsidwa ndi mpweya, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga. Njerwa zopepuka (zomwe zimatchedwanso kuti zopepuka) zimapangidwa kuchokera ku dongo lokulitsa.

Njerwa: Zoposa Zomangamanga

Njerwa ndi mtundu wa zida zomangira zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga kuyambira kalekale. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi dongo, koma amathanso kupangidwa ndi zinthu zina kapena midadada yomangidwa ndi mankhwala. Njerwa zimabwera mosiyanasiyana, koma kukula kwake ndi pafupifupi mainchesi 2.25 x 3.75 x 8.

Njerwa Yamakono

Ngakhale kuti mawu oti “njerwa” kwenikweni amatanthauza chinthu chopangidwa ndi dongo, njerwa zamakono zimatha kupangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo midadada yomangidwa ndi simenti ndi mankhwala. Zida zatsopanozi zimapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso zolimba, koma zimatha kubwera pamtengo wapamwamba.

Makulidwe a Njerwa ndi Maonekedwe

Kukula kwa njerwa kumasiyana malinga ndi dera komanso mtundu wa zomangamanga. M'Chisipanishi njerwa zimatchedwa "bloque" kapena "ladrillo," pamene mu Chipwitikizi zimatchedwa "tijolo." Njerwa zaku Turkey zimadziwika kuti "tuğla," ndipo mu French zimatchedwa "brique." Zinenero zina zili ndi mayina awoawo a njerwa, kuphatikizapo Catalan, Dutch, Arabic, Czech, Danish, Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, Malay, German, Norwegian, Korean, Ukrainian, Italian, and Russian.

Njerwa zimathanso kubwera mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza makona anayi, masikweya, ngakhalenso zopindika. Angathe kulumikiza pamodzi pogwiritsa ntchito matope a simenti, omwe ndi osakaniza simenti, mchenga, ndi madzi.

Kusintha Kwa Kupanga Njerwa: Kuchokera Ku Njerwa Zosavuta Zamatope Kufikira Zomangira Zamakono

Njerwa zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, ndi zitsanzo zoyambirira za 7000 BC. Njerwa zimenezi anazipeza kum’mwera kwa dziko la Turkey, m’mudzi wina wakale pafupi ndi mzinda wa Yeriko. Njerwa zoyambazo zinapangidwa kuchokera ku dothi n’kuziumitsa padzuwa, n’kuzipanga kukhala zinthu zomangira zosavuta komanso zachilengedwe zimene zinkapezeka mosavuta m’madera otentha.

The Standardization of Brick Production

Ntchito youmba njerwa itayamba kutchuka, mfundo zinayamba kuonekera. Njerwa zinkapangidwa molingana ndi kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake, ndipo ntchito yopangira njerwa inakhala yapamwamba kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Roma wakale njerwa zinkapangidwa mosiyanasiyana kukula kwake ndi maonekedwe ake, ndipo ankamanga chilichonse kuyambira makoma mpaka ngalande zamadzi.

Udindo wa Mmisiri pa Kupanga Njerwa

Kupanga njerwa sikunali kungopanga chabe, komanso mwaluso. Anthu aluso oumba njerwa ankatha kupanga njerwa zooneka bwino komanso zosalala bwino. Nthawi zina njerwa ankazipaka penti kapena kuzikongoletsa n’cholinga choti ziwonjezere kukongola kwake.

Kuchokera ku Dongo kupita ku Njerwa: Njira Yopangira

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Njira yopangira njerwa imaphatikizapo masitepe angapo, kuyambira ndikukonzekera zipangizo. Zida zofunika popanga njerwa ndi monga dongo, miyala yapansi, phulusa la mankhusu a mpunga, ndi phulusa la ntchentche. Dongo lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njerwa nthawi zambiri ndi dothi ladongo, lomwe limawumbidwa ndikuwotchedwa molingana ndi momwe akufunira. Zowonjezera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha momwe dongo limagwirira ntchito komanso momwe limagwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo cha okusayidi chikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku dongo kuti likhale lofiira.

Kusakaniza ndi Kuumba

Zida zikapezeka, sitepe yotsatira ndikusakaniza ndi kuumba. Dongoli amalisakaniza ndi madzi n’kupanga pulasitiki, kenako n’kuupanga kukhala mmene akufunira. Njira yowumba imatha kuchitidwa ndi manja kapena kugwiritsa ntchito makina. Unyinjiwo umasiyidwa kuti uume, womwe ungatenge masiku angapo malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi mumlengalenga.

Kuyanika ndi Kuwombera

Akaumba njerwa, amazisiya kuti ziume padzuwa kapena m’ng’anjo. Njira yowumitsa ndiyofunikira kuti njerwa zisaphwanyike powombera. Njerwa zikauma, amaziwotcha mung’anjo yotentha kwambiri. Kuwombera kumaphatikizapo kuwotcha njerwa mu ng'anjo, zomwe zingatenge masiku angapo. Kutentha koyenera komanso nthawi yowombera zimadalira mtundu wa dongo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zomwe zimafunikira za njerwa.

Zowonjezera ndi Udindo Wake

Zowonjezera zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga njerwa. Angathandize kuteteza nthaka yaulimi pogwiritsa ntchito zinyalala monga phulusa la mankhusu a mpunga ndi phulusa louluka. Zida zimenezi zimatha kusintha khalidwe la dongo panthawi yopanga, kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe ka pulasitiki ndi kuchepetsa zotsatira za thupi ndi mankhwala.

Kufunika kwa Njira Zopangira Zopanga

Njira zopangira njerwa zasintha pakapita nthawi, kuyambira nthawi zakale pomwe kuumba konse kumapangidwa ndi manja mpaka ntchito zambiri zopanga zomwe zilipo masiku ano. Kusankhidwa kwa njira yopangira zinthu kumatengera zinthu zingapo, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa makina ofunikira, kukula kwa malo, ndi mtundu wa njerwa zomwe zimapangidwira. Njira yopangira njerwa ndi yofunika kwambiri pakupanga njerwa, chifukwa imatsimikizira maonekedwe a thupi ndi mankhwala a mankhwala omaliza.

Njerwa Zowotchedwa ndi Ntchito Zawo

Njerwa zowotchedwa zimagwira ntchito bwino mu zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga. Iwo ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo pomanga nyumba, makoma, ndi zipilala za zipata. Makhalidwe a thupi ndi mankhwala a njerwa zowotchedwa amawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi otaya madzi, monga pomanga ngalande zamadzi.

Bwezerani Njerwa: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njerwa Zambiri

Njerwa zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo zikupitiriza kukhala chisankho chodziwika kwa omanga lero. Nazi njira zina zomwe njerwa zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pomanga:

• Makoma omangira: Njerwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga makoma mnyumba zogona komanso zamalonda. Ndi zamphamvu, zolimba, ndipo zimatha kupirira nyengo yovuta.
• Kuyala: Njerwa zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga tinjira ndi tinjira. Amakonda kusankha malo akunja chifukwa ndi osasunthika ndipo amatha kupirira magalimoto ochuluka.
• Poyatsira moto: Njerwa ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira poyatsira moto chifukwa sizigwira moto ndipo zimatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri.

zipangizo

Njerwa zimapangidwa ndi dongo, koma zimathanso kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zina monga:

• Konkire: Njerwa za konkire amapangidwa kuchokera kusakaniza simenti, mchenga, ndi madzi. Ndi zamphamvu komanso zolimba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zodziwika bwino pa ntchito yomanga.
• Phulusa la ntchentche: Njerwa za phulusa zimapangidwa kuchokera ku phulusa la ntchentche, mchenga, ndi madzi. Ndiwopepuka komanso okonda zachilengedwe, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chodziwika bwino pantchito yomanga yokhazikika.
• Mwala: Njerwa zamwala zimapangidwa kuchokera ku miyala yachilengedwe ndipo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa. Zimakhala zolimba ndipo zimatha kuwonjezera kukhudza kwapadera kwa nyumba iliyonse.

mitundu

Pali mitundu yambiri ya njerwa yomwe ilipo, iliyonse ili ndi makhalidwe akeake. Nayi mitundu yambiri ya njerwa:

• Njerwa wamba: Izi ndi njerwa zofunika kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga.
• Njerwa zoyang'anizana nazo: Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja kwa nyumba ndipo zidapangidwa kuti ziziwoneka bwino.
• Njerwa zozimitsa moto: Zimapangidwa kuti zisamatenthedwe kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyatsira moto ndi ntchito zina zotentha kwambiri.
• Njerwa zaumisiri: Izi ndi zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zolimba ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga zinthu zolemetsa.

kumanga

Kumanga ndi njerwa kumafuna luso komanso kulondola. Nawa njira zomangira njerwa:

• Kuyala maziko: Chinthu choyamba pomanga ndi njerwa ndicho kuyala maziko. Izi zimaphatikizapo kukumba ngalande ndi kuthira konkire kuti apange maziko okhazikika.
• Kusakaniza matope: Tondo amagwirizira njerwa pamodzi. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku mchenga wosakaniza, simenti, ndi madzi.
• Kuyala njerwa: Njerwa zimayalidwa mwanjira inayake kuti zikhale zolimba komanso zokhazikika. Zimenezi zimafuna kulinganiza mosamala ndi kusamala tsatanetsatane.
• Zomaliza: Njerwa zikakhazikika, chomaliza ndikuwonjezera chilichonse chomaliza monga kuloza ndi kusindikiza.

Mayunitsi Opangidwa

Njerwa zimapangidwa ndi mayunitsi omwe amapangidwa kuti agwirizane mopanda msoko. Nazi zina mwazochita za njerwa:

• Kukula: Njerwa zimabwera mosiyanasiyana, koma kukula kofala kwambiri ndi 2 1/4″ x 3 3/4″ x 8″.
• Zovala: Njerwa zimatha kukhala zosalala kapena zowoneka bwino, malingana ndi momwe zimapangidwira.
• Mtundu: Njerwa zimatha kupangidwa mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zofiira, zofiirira, ndi zotuwa.
• Maonekedwe: Njerwa zimatha kukhala makona anayi kapena mabwalo, kutengera zomwe mukufuna.

Tanthauzirani Mwamwayi

Ngakhale kuti mawu oti "njerwa" nthawi zambiri amatanthauza dongo lomwe limapangidwa ndi dongo, tsopano limagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwamwayi kutanthauza mayunitsi opangidwa ndi zinthu zina kapena midadada yomangidwa ndi mankhwala. Nazi zitsanzo:

• Mitsuko ya konkire: Izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa “njerwa za konkire” ngakhale kuti sizinapangidwe ndi dongo.
• Zotchinga zamagalasi: Izi nthawi zina zimatchedwa "njerwa zamagalasi" ngakhale kuti sizinapangidwe kuchokera ku njerwa zachikhalidwe.
• Mipiringidzo ya thovu: Izi nthawi zina zimatchedwa "njerwa za thovu" ngakhale kuti sizinapangidwe ndi dongo kapena njerwa zina zachikhalidwe.

Mbali Yosakhala Yamphamvu Kwambiri ya Njerwa

Njerwa zakhala zomangira zotchuka kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma zimabwera ndi zofooka zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Nazi zina mwazoletsa zomwe muyenera kukumbukira mukamagwiritsa ntchito njerwa pomanga:

• Njerwa sizili zolimba monga zida zina monga mwala kapena zitsulo, zomwe zingachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya zomangamanga kapena m'madera omwe ali ndi zivomezi zapamwamba.
• Kumanga njerwa kumafunika pulasitala kuti amalize ntchito yomwe ingakweze ndalama zomanga.
• Njerwa imatenga madzi omwe amachititsa chinyontho ndi kuwonongeka pakapita nthawi.
• Njerwa sizikhala zolimba poyerekeza ndi miyala, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizitha kukhala nthawi yayitali m'malo ena.
• Zomangamanga za njerwa zopanda mphamvu sizili zoyenera m'malo omwe zivomezi zimakonda, ndipo zomangira njerwa zolimba sizingakhale zotetezeka ngati zida zina pakachitika chivomezi.
• Mitundu ina ya njerwa imatha kukhala ndi zinthu zomwe sizoyenera ntchito zamtundu wina wa zomangamanga kapena zomangamanga.

Udindo wa Kupanga ndi Zosakaniza

Ubwino wa njerwa ukhoza kukhala wosiyana malinga ndi momwe zimapangidwira komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nazi zina zofunika kuziganizira:

• Njerwa zowotchedwa zimakhala zolimba kwambiri ndipo zimadziwika ndi mphamvu zake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zodziwika bwino pa zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga.
• Njerwa zosapsa kapena zowumitsidwa ndi dzuŵa n’zothandiza m’madera ena a dziko kumene nkhuni zikusoŵa, koma sizolimba kapena zolimba monga njerwa zopserera.
• Njerwa za Fly ash ndi mtundu watsopano wa njerwa zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito phulusa la ntchentche, lomwe limachokera kumagetsi opangira malasha. Njerwazi zili ndi ubwino wake kuposa njerwa zachikale, kuphatikizapo kufanana kwabwinoko kukula kwake komanso kutha bwino.
• Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njerwa zimatha kukhala ndi mphamvu komanso kulimba kwake. Mwachitsanzo, njerwa zopangidwa ndi mchenga wokanika zimakhala zosalimba ngati zimene zimamangidwa ndi mchenga wosalala.

Kufunika Komaliza ndi Kuumitsa Njerwa

Kuti nyumba za njerwa zikhale zolimba komanso zolimba, ndikofunikira kuganizira momwe amamalizirira ndikusunga njerwa zouma. Nazi zina zomwe muyenera kukumbukira:

• Kumanga njerwa kumafunika pulasitala kuti amalize ntchito yomwe ingakweze ndalama zomanga.
• Njerwa ziyenera kukonzedwa bwino musanagwiritse ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndi zabwino komanso zoyenerera zomwe akufuna.
• Njerwa ziyenera kukhala zouma kuti zisanyowe ndi kuwonongeka pakapita nthawi. Izi zikhoza kutheka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosungira chinyezi kapena kuonetsetsa kuti malo ozungulira malowo akuikidwa bwino kuti madzi asagwirizane mozungulira mazikowo.

Kalasi ya Njerwa ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwawo mu Zomangamanga

Njerwa zimagawidwa malinga ndi momwe amapangira komanso mphamvu zawo. Nazi zina zomwe muyenera kudziwa za magulu osiyanasiyana a njerwa:

• Njerwa za Gulu A ndizolimba kwambiri komanso zolimba kwambiri, ndipo ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamapangidwe onyamula katundu.
• Njerwa za Gulu B zimafanana ndi njerwa za Gulu A koma ndizochepa mphamvu.
• Njerwa za M’kalasi C ndi njerwa zoumbidwa zosalimba ngati njerwa za M’kalasi A kapena B, koma n’zothandizabe m’mitundu ina ya ntchito yomanga.
• Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa njerwa muzomangamanga kuli ndi mbiri yakale, ndipo akupitiriza kukhala chisankho chodziwika chifukwa cha kukongola kwawo komanso kulimba. Mwachitsanzo, ku San Francisco, nyumba zambiri zinamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njerwa zolimba pambuyo pa chivomezi cha 1906 kuti zitetezeke chifukwa cha zivomezi.

Kutsiliza

Kotero, ndicho chimene njerwa ili. Njerwa ndi chinthu chomangira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makoma, ndipo akhalapo kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. 

Simungamange nyumba popanda iwo, choncho ndi bwino kudziwa zoona zake. Chifukwa chake, musaope kufunsa mafunso ndipo musaiwale kuwerenganso nkhaniyi posachedwa!

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.