Control Systems: Chiyambi cha Open-Loop ndi Closed-Loop Control

Machitidwe owongolera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti asunge malo kapena zomwe akufuna posintha chizindikiro cholowera. Njira zowongolera zimatha kukhala zotseguka kapena zotsekeka. Makina otsegula a loop alibe mayankho komanso makina owongolera otseka amakhala.

M'nkhaniyi, ndikufotokozerani momwe machitidwe olamulira alili, momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikugawana zinthu zosangalatsa za machitidwe owongolera omwe mwina simungadziwe!

Control Systems- Luso la Kupanga ndi Kukhazikitsa

Machitidwe olamulira amaphatikizapo njira yokhazikitsira ndi kusunga zotuluka zina mwa kusintha chizindikiro cholowera. Cholinga chake ndikutulutsa zolondola komanso zofananira, ngakhale kusintha kulikonse koyambira. Ntchitoyi imakhala ndi magawo angapo, kuphatikizapo awa:

• Gawo lolowetsa: komwe chizindikiro cholowera chikulandilidwa
• Gawo lokonzekera: komwe chizindikirocho chimakonzedwa ndikuwunikidwa
• Gawo lotulutsa: komwe chizindikirocho chimapangidwa

Udindo wa Control Systems Pakupanga

Njira zowongolera zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga ndi kugawa m'mafakitale ambiri. Ukadaulo wamagetsi nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa machitidwewa, omwe amatha kukhala ovuta kwambiri komanso okwera mtengo kupanga. Zinthu zotsatirazi ndizofunikira kuti mupange dongosolo labwino kwambiri lowongolera:

• Kumvetsetsa bwino dongosolo lomwe likuyendetsedwa
• Kutha kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa njira yoyenera yoyendetsera
• Phukusi la mapangidwe okhazikika ndi njira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zina

Njira Zomwe Zimaphatikizidwa Pakupanga Dongosolo Lowongolera

Kupanga dongosolo lowongolera kumaphatikizapo izi:

• Kupanga dongosolo la dongosolo: Izi zimaphatikizapo kudziwa mtundu wa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake ndi zigawo zomwe zidzaphatikizidwe.
• Kukhazikitsa dongosolo: Izi zimaphatikizapo kupanga mosamala dongosolo ndikuyesa mayeso kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikuyenda bwino
• Kusunga dongosolo: Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyang'anira momwe dongosolo likugwirira ntchito pakapita nthawi ndikusintha zofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikugwirabe ntchito moyenera.

Open-loop ndi control loop-loop: Kusiyana pakati pa kudzikonza nokha ndi kutulutsa kokhazikika

Njira zowongolera zotsegula zimadziwikanso ngati zowongolera zopanda mayankho. Machitidwewa ali ndi zotuluka zokhazikika zomwe sizimasinthidwa kutengera zomwe zalowetsedwa kapena ndemanga. Mapangidwe a dongosolo lotseguka lotseguka ndilofanana ndipo limaphatikizapo kulowetsa, malo oyika, ndi zotuluka. Kulowetsako ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zomwe mukufuna. Malo okhazikitsidwa ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali wotuluka. Linanena bungwe ndi zotsatira za ndondomeko kuthamanga.

Zitsanzo zamakina owongolera otseguka ndi awa:

• Chowotcha: Chophimbacho chimayikidwa mu "pa" gawo, ndipo ma coils amatenthedwa ndi kutentha kokhazikika. Chowotchacho chimakhala chotenthedwa mpaka nthawi yoikidwiratu, ndipo toast imatuluka.
• Kuwongolera pagalimoto m'galimoto: Zowongolera zimayikidwa kuti zisunge liwiro lokhazikika. Dongosololi silisintha malinga ndi kusintha kwa zinthu, monga mapiri kapena mphepo.

Kuwongolera kotsekeka: Kudziwongolera pazotulutsa mosasinthasintha

Makina owongolera otsekedwa, omwe amadziwikanso kuti machitidwe owongolera mayankho, amatha kudziwongolera okha kuti asunge zotulutsa zofananira. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa njira yotseguka ndi yotsekedwa ndi njira yotsekedwa yotsekedwa imakhala ndi mphamvu yodziwongolera yokha pamene dongosolo lotseguka silingathe. Mapangidwe a dongosolo lotsekedwa lotsekedwa ndi lofanana ndi lotseguka, koma limaphatikizapo ndondomeko ya ndemanga. Kubwereza kwa mayankho kumatsogolera kuchokera kuzomwe zimapangidwira, kulola dongosolo kuti liziyang'anira nthawi zonse ndikusintha malinga ndi kusintha kwa zinthu.

Zitsanzo zamakina owongolera otseka ndi awa:

• Kuwongolera kutentha m'chipinda: Dongosololi limasinthira kutentha kapena kuziziritsa potengera kutentha kwa chipindacho kuti chisatenthedwe.
• Kuwongolera kwamawu mumayendedwe amawu: Dongosololi limasinthira kukulitsa kutengera zomwe zatuluka kuti zikhalebe zomveka bwino.

Feedback Control Systems: Kubweretsa Control to Next Level

Machitidwe owongolera ndemanga ndi mtundu wa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, dongosololi limalandira chizindikiro kuchokera ku ndondomeko yomwe ikuyendetsedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito chizindikirocho kuti chisinthe zomwe zimalowetsa kuti zikwaniritse zomwe mukufuna.

Zithunzi ndi Mayina Ogwirizana ndi Feedback Control Systems

Pali zithunzi ndi mayina angapo okhudzana ndi machitidwe owongolera mayankho, kuphatikiza:

• Zithunzi za block: Izi zikuwonetsa zigawo za dongosolo lowongolera mayankho ndi momwe zimalumikizirana.
• Ntchito Zosamutsa: Izi zikufotokozera mgwirizano pakati pa zolowetsa ndi zotulutsa zadongosolo.
• Makina otsekeka otsekeka: Awa ndi machitidwe owongolera mayankho pomwe zotuluka zimabwezeredwa ku zolowetsa kuti zisungidwe zomwe mukufuna.
• Makina otsegula: Awa ndi machitidwe owongolera mayankho pomwe zotuluka sizibwezeredwa ku zomwe zalowetsedwa.

Kuwongolera Mfundo: Njira Zosavuta komanso Zogwira Ntchito Zowongolera

Kuwongolera kwanzeru ndi mtundu wamakina owongolera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a Boolean kapena zochitika zina zomveka kupanga zisankho ndi kuwongolera njira. Ndi njira yowongolera yosavuta komanso yothandiza yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kupanga, kupanga, ndi uinjiniya wamagetsi.

Kodi Logic Control Imagwira Ntchito Motani?

Machitidwe owongolera logic adapangidwa kuti azigwira zolowetsa zosiyanasiyana ndikupanga zomwe akufuna. Njira yoyambira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi iyi:

• Dongosolo limalandira chizindikiro cholowera, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala ngati mphamvu yamagetsi.
• Chizindikiro cholowetsacho chimafaniziridwa ndi mtengo wokhazikitsidwa kapena mfundo, yomwe imasungidwa mu dongosolo.
• Ngati chizindikiro cholowera chili cholondola, makinawo adzachitapo kanthu kapena kusinthana ndi malo enaake.
• Ngati chizindikiro cholowera sichili cholakwika, dongosololi lidzapitirizabe kulandira zolowetsa mpaka mtengo wolondola ufikire.

Zitsanzo za Logic Control Systems

Machitidwe owongolera logic amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Magetsi apamsewu: Magetsi agalimoto amagwiritsa ntchito logic control kusintha pakati pa magetsi ofiira, achikasu, ndi obiriwira potengera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto.
• Maloboti akumafakitale: Maloboti akumafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito logic control kuti agwire ntchito zovuta, monga kuwotcherera, kupenta, ndi kuphatikiza.
• Makina ochapira okha: Makina ochapira okha amagwiritsa ntchito logic control kusinthana pakati pa machape osiyanasiyana ndi kutentha kutengera zomwe wogwiritsa ntchitoyo walowetsa.

On-Off Control: Njira Yosavuta Kwambiri Yowongolerera Kutentha

Kuwongolera kwa On-Off kumachitika kale pogwiritsa ntchito ma relay olumikizana, zowerengera nthawi, ndi masiwichi omwe amapangidwa motsatizana ndi makwerero. Komabe, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kuyang'anira pakuzimitsa tsopano kutha kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma microcontrollers, makina owongolera okhazikika, ndi zida zina zamagetsi.

Zitsanzo za On-Off Control

Zitsanzo zina za zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zowongolera paziwopsezo ndi izi:

• Ma thermostat apakhomo omwe amayatsa chotenthetsera kutentha kwa chipinda kutsika pansi pomwe mukufuna ndikuzimitsa ikadutsa pamwamba pake.
• Mafiriji omwe amayatsa kompresa kutentha mkati mwa furiji kukakwera kuposa kutentha komwe mukufuna ndikuzimitsa ikatsika pansi.
• Makina ochapira omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zowongolera kuti ayambitse ntchito zosiyanasiyana zotsatizana.
• Ma actuators a pneumatic omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chiwongolero chozimitsa kuti asunge kupanikizika kwina.

Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwa On-Off Control

Ubwino wa on-off control ndi:

• Ndi yosavuta komanso yotsika mtengo kukhazikitsa.
• Ndi yosavuta kumva ndi kuchita.
• Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumitundu yosiyanasiyana yamakina ndi ntchito.

Kuipa kwa kuwongolera kopanda ntchito ndi monga:

• Zimapanga kusintha kwadzidzidzi mu dongosolo, zomwe zingayambitse zotsatira zoipa pa mankhwala kapena ndondomeko yomwe ikuyendetsedwa.
• Sizingatheke kusunga malo omwe akufunidwa molondola, makamaka m'makina omwe ali ndi matenthedwe akuluakulu.
• Zitha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ma switch amagetsi ndi ma relay, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azisinthidwa pafupipafupi.

Linear Control: Luso Losunga Zotuluka Zofunika

Chiphunzitso chowongolera mizere chimatengera mfundo zingapo zomwe zimayendera momwe machitidwe owongolera amachitira. Mfundozi zikuphatikizapo:

• Mfundo yonyalanyaza zotsatira zosafunikira: Mfundoyi ikuganiza kuti zotsatira zilizonse zosafunika za dongosololi zikhoza kunyalanyazidwa.
• Mfundo yowonjezera: Mfundo iyi imagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti kutulutsa kwa dongosolo la mzere ndi chiwerengero cha zotsatira zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi cholowetsa chilichonse chikuchita chokha.
• Mfundo ya superposition: Mfundo iyi imalingalira kuti kutulutsa kwa dongosolo la mzere ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi cholowetsa chilichonse chikuchita chokha.

Mlandu Wopanda Mzere

Ngati dongosolo silimatsatira mfundo zowonjezera ndi homogeneity, zimatengedwa kuti ndizopanda malire. Pachifukwa ichi, equation yofotokozera nthawi zambiri imakhala masikweya a mawu. Machitidwe opanda mzere samachita mofanana ndi machitidwe a mzere ndipo amafuna njira zosiyana zowongolera.

The Fuzzy Logic: A Dynamic Control System

Fuzzy logic ndi mtundu wamakina owongolera omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma seti osamveka kuti asinthe siginecha yolowera kukhala siginecha yotulutsa. Ndilo masamu a masamu omwe amasanthula miyeso yolowetsamo ya analoji molingana ndi zosintha zomveka zomwe zimatenga ma mayendedwe opitilira pakati pa 0 ndi 1. Malingaliro osamveka ndi dongosolo lowongolera lomwe limatha kuthana ndi kusintha kwa siginecha yolowera ndikusintha chizindikiro chotuluka moyenerera.

Zitsanzo za Fuzzy Logic in Action

Kuganiza movutikira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo ambiri kuchita ntchito zingapo zowongolera. Nazi zitsanzo:

• Kuthira madzi: Mfundo zosamveka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutuluka kwa madzi kudzera m'malo opangira mankhwala. Dongosololi limasintha kuthamanga kwamadzi kutengera momwe madzi aliri komanso mtundu womwe mukufuna.
• Makina a HVAC: Malingaliro osamveka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinyezi mnyumba. Dongosololi limasintha kutentha ndi chinyezi kutengera momwe nyumbayo ilili komanso momwe akufunira.
• Kuwongolera magalimoto: Mfundo zosamveka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kayendedwe ka magalimoto pamsewu. Dongosololi limasintha nthawi yamagetsi amagetsi potengera momwe magalimoto alili pano.

Kutsiliza

Chifukwa chake, machitidwe owongolera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera njira m'mafakitale ambiri, ndipo amaphatikiza kupanga, kukhazikitsa, ndi kusunga dongosolo lomwe limakhala ndi zotsatira zofananira ngakhale kusintha kwakusintha. 

Simungapite molakwika ndi dongosolo lowongolera, kotero musawope kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi mu polojekiti yanu yotsatira! Chifukwa chake, pitirirani ndikuwongolera dziko lanu!

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.