Flame Retardants: Zomwe Iwo Ali ndi Momwe Amagwirira Ntchito Kuti Akutetezeni

Kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo kuti ndi mankhwala odabwitsa omwe amawonjezedwa pamipando ndi zinthu zina kuti zisapse ndi moto?

Flame retardant ndi chinthu chomwe chimawonjezeredwa kuzinthu zina kuti chichepetse kuyaka kwake. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga mipando, zamagetsi, zomangira, ndi nsalu. 

M'nkhaniyi, ndifotokoza zomwe zimawotcha moto, momwe zimagwirira ntchito, komanso chifukwa chake zimawonjezeredwa kuzinthu.

Flame Retardants: Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa

Flame retardants ndi mankhwala omwe amawonjezeredwa kuzinthu kuti achepetse kapena kuletsa kufalikira kwa moto. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka muzinthu monga mipando, zamagetsi, ndi zomangira. Zoletsa moto zimagwira ntchito powononga njira yoyaka, zomwe zingathandize kuteteza anthu ndi katundu ku kuwonongeka kwa moto.

Chifukwa Chiyani Ma Flame Retardants Ndi Ofunika?

Kukhalapo kwa zoletsa moto muzinthu ndi zinthu ndizofunikira kuti pakhale chitetezo, makamaka m'nyumba ndi zomangamanga. Zoletsa moto zingathandize kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa moto, kupereka nthawi yochuluka kuti anthu asamuke komanso kuti ozimitsa moto achitepo kanthu. Amafunikanso kuti akwaniritse miyezo ndi malamulo ena achitetezo.

Kodi Flame Retardants Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Motani?

Zotsalira zamoto zitha kuwonjezeredwa kuzinthu panthawi yopanga kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ngati zomaliza kapena zokutira. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoletsa moto zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutengera zosowa zenizeni za zinthu kapena mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ena oletsa malawi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga polima, pomwe ena amawonjezedwa kuzitsulo kuti zisapse ndi moto.

Ndi Zida Ziti Zomwe Muli ndi Zoletsa Moto?

Ma retardants amoto amapezeka muzinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu, kuphatikiza:

• mipando
• zamagetsi
• Zipangizo zomangira (monga zotsekereza, waya, ndi denga)
• Zovala (monga makatani ndi makapeti)
• Kupaka madzi ndi chakudya
• Zoseweretsa ana

Kodi Mitundu Yosiyaniranapo Ya Flame Retardants Ndi Chiyani?

Pali mitundu ingapo ya zoletsa moto, iliyonse ili ndi ntchito zake komanso zotsatira zake. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poletsa moto ndi:

• Ma halogenated flame retardants (monga brominated ndi klorini mankhwala)
• Phosphorous-based flame retardants
• Mafuta oletsa moto opangidwa ndi nayitrogeni
• Zotsalira zamoto zochokera ku mchere (monga aluminium hydroxide ndi magnesium hydroxide)

Kodi Flame Retardants Imagwira Ntchito Motani?

Flame retardants ntchito pokhudza thupi kuyaka. Angachite izi m’njira zingapo, monga:

• Kutulutsa madzi kapena mankhwala ena kuziziritsa zinthu ndikuletsa kutentha kwake
• Kupanga chotchinga pakati pa zinthu ndi lawi kuti moto usafalikire
• Kutulutsa mpweya womwe ungathe kuchepetsa mpweya womwe uli mumlengalenga ndikuchepetsa kuyaka

Kodi Mungapeze Bwanji Zogulitsa ndi Flame Retardants?

Ngati mukuyang'ana zinthu zomwe zili ndi zoletsa moto, pali njira zingapo zozipezera. Mwachitsanzo, mungathe:

• Werengani zolemba zamalonda ndikuyang'ana zambiri zokhudzana ndi flame retardants
• Gulani m’masitolo amene amagulitsa zinthu zoletsa moto, monga amene amagulitsa mipando kapena zamagetsi
• Yang'anani zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zoletsa moto

Kodi Zotsalira za Flame Retardants Ndi Zofunika Nthawi Zonse?

Ngakhale zoletsa moto ndizofunikira pachitetezo nthawi zambiri, sizofunikira nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, zipangizo zina sizingafunikire zoletsa moto ngati sizingapse kwambiri kapena ngati sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamene moto uli pangozi. Kuonjezera apo, ena oletsa moto amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoipa zomwe zimaposa ubwino wawo, choncho ndikofunika kuganizira mozama kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa moto pazochitika zilizonse.

Magulu Oletsa Moto Wamoto: Kufufuza Mitundu ndi Mafomu Osiyanasiyana

Mafuta oletsa moto ndi mankhwala kapena zinthu zomwe zimawonjezeredwa kuzinthu zina kuti zisapse. Zowonjezerazi zimabwera m'mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana kuti ziteteze ku zoopsa zamoto. M'chigawo chino, tiwona magulu osiyanasiyana a zoletsa moto komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito polimbana ndi kuyatsa moto.

Class A Flame Retardants

• Zozimitsa moto za Gulu A zili ndi kufalikira kwa malawi pakati pa ziro ndi 25.
• Zidazi zimagwira ntchito polimbana ndi moto woopsa.
• Zina mwazodziwika bwino za Class A retardants ndi:

- Aluminiyamu hydroxide
- Magnesium hydroxide (kuthamanga)
- Boron minerals
- Phosphate esters

• Zoletsa malawi amenewa zimagwira ntchito potulutsa nthunzi wamadzi ukayatsidwa ndi moto, umene umaziziritsa zinthuzo ndi kuletsa motowo.

Ma Halogenated Flame Retardants

• Ma halogenated flame retardants ndi gulu lapadera la zoletsa moto zomwe zimaphatikizapo mankhwala a organohalogen monga organochlorines ndi organobromines.
• Zolepheretsa lawizi zimagwira ntchito potulutsa zida za halogen zikayaka moto, zomwe zimachita ndi lawi lamoto ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yoletsa moto ya zinthuzo.
• Zina mwazodziwika bwino za halogenated flame retardants ndi:

- Zochokera ku Chlorendic acid
- Tetrabromophthalic anhydride
- Tetrabromobisphenol A
- Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
- Polymeric brominated epoxy resins (awa ndi abwino kwambiri amitengo)

Kumvetsetsa Sayansi Pambuyo pa Flame Retardant: Udindo wa Njira Zochepetsera

Flame retardants ndi mankhwala omwe amawonjezeredwa kuzinthu kuti achepetse kuyaka kwawo. The retardation mechanism of flame retardants ndi njira yovuta yomwe imaphatikizapo magawo angapo. Lingaliro lalikulu la njira zochepetsera mphamvu ndikuti kuwonongeka kwa chowongolera moto kumayamwa kutentha pamene zinthu zimatenthedwa, motero kuchepetsa kutentha kwa zinthuzo. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa zinthu zomwe zimayaka ndikuyaka moto.

Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana Yamachitidwe Ochedwa

Pali mitundu ingapo ya njira zochepetsera zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zoletsa moto. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Kusokoneza ndi kuyaka: Zina zoletsa moto zimatha kusokoneza kuyaka mwa kusokoneza kutuluka kwa mpweya kapena mafuta kumoto.

• Kupanga nsanjika yoteteza: Zoletsa zina zamoto zimatha kupanga chinsalu choteteza pamwamba pa zinthu, zomwe zingalepheretse kufalikira kwa malawi.

• Kuphikidwa kwa mpweya woyaka: Zinthu zina zoletsa moto zimatha kusungunula mpweya woyaka umene umapangidwa pamene uyaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti motowo uzivuta kufalikira.

Udindo wa Njira Zochedwetsa M'zinthu Zapadera

Kukhalapo kwa njira zochepetsera kumafunikira pazinthu zina kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo chawo. Mwachitsanzo, mawaya ndi zingwe ziyenera kukhala ndi zida zoletsa moto kuti zisawonongeke. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magalimoto ndi ndege ziyeneranso kukhala zoletsa moto kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo chokwera.

Kufunika Kosankha Mtundu Woyenera wa Flame Retardant

Mtundu wa flame retardant womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinthucho umadalira zinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza zomwe zili muzinthuzo, zomwe zingayambitse komanso zotsatira zamoto, komanso magwiridwe antchito ofunikira a chinthu chomaliza. Zina zomwe muyenera kuziganizira posankha choletsa moto ndi:

• Zomwe zili m'kati mwake: Zothandizira zina zamoto ndizoyenera kuzinthu zina kuposa zina.

• Zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zotsatira za moto: Mtundu wa zoletsa moto zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kuthana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa komanso zotsatira za moto.

• Kugwira ntchito kofunikira kwa chinthu chomaliza: Choletsa moto chogwiritsidwa ntchito chiyenera kulola kuti chinthucho chizigwira bwino ntchito pomwe chimapereka njira zotetezera zokwanira.

Kufunika kwa Njira Zabwino Zopangira

Kuti muwonetsetse kuti zoletsa moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, ndikofunikira kutsatira njira zopangira zabwino. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera zosakaniza zoletsa moto: Zosakaniza zoyenera ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi kuchuluka komwe kukufunika kuchedwa kwamoto.

• Kusamalira moyenera zinthu zoletsa moto: Zoletsa moto ziyenera kusamaliridwa mosamala kuti zipewe ngozi zomwe zingachitike.

• Kuchulukitsa katundu woletsa malawi a chinthucho: Njira zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera katundu woletsa moto wa chinthu, monga kuwonjezera zokutira zapadera kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zopangira.

Luso Losiyanasiyana la Njira Zochedwa

Njira zochepetsera ndi zinthu zosunthika kwambiri zomwe zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina kuti apange phukusi lachitetezo chokwanira. Kutha kuwongolera kufalikira kwa moto ndi gawo lofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti zonse zikuyenda bwino komanso chitetezo cha chinthu. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera, njira zochepetsera zimatha kupulumutsa miyoyo ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa katundu.

Zida Zomwe Zimapanga Kusiyana kwa Kuchedwa kwa Moto

Zida zoletsa moto zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali padziko lapansi. Kukhoza kuyesa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zofunika zomwe zimagonjetsedwa ndi moto zakhala zofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale omanga, mafakitale, azachipatala, masewera, ndi zozimitsa moto. M'mbuyomu, zinthu zachilengedwe monga ubweya ndi silika zinali zowonda ndi moto, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, zida zatsopano monga nayiloni ndi ulusi wina wopangidwa zidayamba.

Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Masiku Ano

Masiku ano, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimakhala zovuta kupititsa chiwerengero chapamwamba cha malamulo otetezera moto. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pansalu zoletsa moto ndi zokutira ndi monga:

• Geotextile amathandizidwa ndi mankhwala
• Zopaka zotchingira moto
• Nsalu zosagwira moto ndi mauna
• Zovala zanzeru
• Zopangidwa ndi ulusi wosayaka moto

Kuthekera Kwamsika

Kuthekera kwa msika kwa zinthu zowotcha moto ndi zazikulu, zomwe zimatha kupulumutsa miyoyo ndi kuteteza katundu pakayaka moto. Zida zochepetsera moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Kuzimitsa moto ndi zida zozimitsa moto wamtchire ndi antchito
• Kupanga ndege ndi zida
• Zovala ndi zida zozimitsa moto ku Wildland
• Zida zamafakitale ndi zomangamanga
• Zida zamankhwala ndi masewera
• Apolisi ndi ogwira ntchito yopulumutsa zovala ndi zipangizo

Malamulo ndi Miyezo

Bungwe la International Association of Fire Chiefs ndi mabungwe ena olamulira akhazikitsa miyezo ya zinthu zoletsa moto m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Malamulowa amaonetsetsa kuti zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozimitsa moto ndi mafakitale ena zimakwaniritsa miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri ya chitetezo.

Ntchito Yofunika Kwambiri Pazida Zochotsa Moto

Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zinthu zoletsa moto ndikuletsa kapena kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa moto. Zida zoletsa moto zimatha kugwira ntchitoyi m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Kutulutsa mankhwala omwe amazimitsa moto
• Kupanga chotchinga choteteza chomwe chimalepheretsa kuti moto usafalikire
• Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wopezeka pamoto
• Kutenga kutentha ndi kuteteza zinthu kuti zisapse

Zida Zoletsa Moto Wamoto Zikugwira Ntchito

Zida zozimitsa moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana pozimitsa moto ndi mafakitale ena. Zitsanzo zina ndi izi:

• Ozimitsa moto omwe amavala zovala ndi zida zoletsa moto, kuphatikiza masuti, zipewa, ndi nsapato
• Ozimitsa moto aku Wildland omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala olephereka adatsika mundege ndikunyamulidwa ndi ogwira ntchito pamanja
• Ozimitsa moto amagwiritsa ntchito ndowa zotchingidwa ndi retardant kuti azimitsa moto
• Ozimitsa moto pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowonera kutentha kuti apeze malo otentha komanso komwe angayatseko
• Ozimitsa moto amagwiritsa ntchito nsalu zotetezedwa kuti ateteze nyumba ndi zipangizo kuti zisawonongeke

Zipangizo zozimitsa moto zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poteteza miyoyo ndi katundu kumoto. Pamene teknoloji ikupita patsogolo, kuthekera kwa zipangizo zatsopano zowotcha moto zikupitirira kukula.

Zovala Zoyaka Moto: Ozimitsa Moto Kwambiri

Pali maubwino angapo ogwiritsira ntchito zokutira zoletsa moto, kuphatikiza:

• Chitetezo chowonjezereka: Zopaka zotchingira moto zingathandize kuti moto usayambike kapena kufalikira, zomwe zingathandize kuti anthu ndi katundu asatetezeke.
• Kuchepetsa kuwonongeka: Ngati moto wabuka, zokutira zoletsa moto zingathandize kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa moto.
• Kutsatira: Mafakitale ambiri amalamulidwa ndi lamulo kuti agwiritse ntchito zokutira zoziziritsa moto pazinthu zina, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito zokutirazi kungathandize kutsata malamulo.

Kodi Zopaka Zochotsa Moto Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kuti?

Zovala zotchingira moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Nyumba: Zotchingira zosagwira moto nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakoma, kudenga, ndi malo ena anyumba kuti moto usafalikire.
• Mayendedwe: Zopaka zotchingira moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’ndege, m’sitima, ndi m’njira zina zoyendera kuti moto usayambike kapena kufalikira.
• M'madzi: Monga tanenera kale, zotchingira zotchingira moto zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi kuti zisapangike utoto womwe ungawonjezere ngozi yamoto.

Zoletsa Moto: Zoposa Kuteteza Moto Wokha

Zoletsa moto zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poteteza zida za anthu wamba komanso zamagetsi ku zoopsa zamoto. Nthawi zambiri amawonjezedwa kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zida, zomangira, ndi zida zamagetsi, kuti zithandizire kuchepetsa ziwopsezo zobwera ndi zoopsa zazikulu zomwe zitha kuyaka. Zina mwazogwiritsa ntchito ndi maubwino a zoletsa moto pomanga ndi zamagetsi ndi monga:

• Kupereka gawo lofunikira lachitetezo chamoto pothandizira kupewa kapena kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa moto.
• Kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha moto cha nyumba ndi zipangizo zamagetsi pochepetsa kutentha komwe kumachokera kumoto komanso kuthekera kwa moto kufalikira.
• Kuchulukitsa kukana moto kwa zida zamagetsi ndi zida, zomwe zingathandize kupulumutsa miyoyo ndikupewa kuvulala.
• Kuphatikizidwa ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi, zoletsa moto zimatha kuthandizira kusintha zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zisamawotchere.
• Zovala zotchingira moto zimatha kukulitsa kukana moto m'chipinda, kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa moto ndi utsi.

Zopindulitsa Zachilengedwe ndi Zaumoyo

Ngakhale zoletsa moto zakhala zikugwirizana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zaumoyo, zimaperekanso zabwino zambiri zomwe sizinganyalanyazidwe. Zina mwazabwino zachilengedwe ndi thanzi la zoletsa moto ndizo:

• Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa moto ndi zochitika zomwe zimagwirizana nazo, zomwe zingathandize kupulumutsa miyoyo ndikupewa kuvulala.
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) imathandizira pulogalamu yofufuza zasayansi, kuphatikiza mawebusayiti, ma podcasts, makanema, ndi nkhani zamakalata, kuwunika kawopsedwe kazinthu zoletsa moto komanso momwe zimakhudzira thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.
• Zoletsa moto zingathandize kuchepetsa kutulutsa utsi wapoizoni ndi mpweya pamoto, zomwe zingathandize kuteteza thanzi la omwe akukumana ndi moto.
• Bungwe la American Chemistry Council (ACC) ndi mabungwe ena amakampani alemba mndandanda wazinthu zoletsa moto zomwe zanenedwa kuti zilibe vuto lililonse pa thanzi la anthu kapena chilengedwe.
• ACC imathandiziranso kalendala yamisonkhano yotseguka, mawebusayiti, ndi zochitika zapaintaneti, zokhala ndi zoyankhulana za akatswiri, zotulutsa, zithunzi, ndi mbiri yakale, kuthandizira sayansi yaoletsa moto ndi zopindulitsa zawo.

Pomaliza, zoletsa moto ndizofunika kwambiri pakuchepetsa zoopsa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zoopsa zomwe zitha kuyaka. Ngakhale pali zovuta zina zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo, ubwino wa zowonongeka zamoto sungathe kunyalanyazidwa. Poletsa kapena kupondereza njira yoyaka moto, zotetezera moto zimapereka gawo lofunika kwambiri la chitetezo cha moto chomwe chingathandize kupulumutsa miyoyo ndi kuteteza kuvulala.

Kutsiliza

Choncho, zoletsa moto ndi mankhwala omwe amawonjezeredwa kuzinthu kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa moto ndikuteteza anthu ndi katundu. Ndiwofunika kwambiri pachitetezo, makamaka m'nyumba, ndipo amakwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo. Muyenera kuwayang'ana pogula mipando, zamagetsi, ndi zomangira. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimaposa phindu, kotero muyenera kuganizira mosamala ngati mukuzifuna kapena ayi.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.