Mipando: Kufufuza Mitundu ya Mitengo, Chitsulo, ndi Zina

Mipando ndi dzina lalikulu la zinthu zosunthika zomwe zimapangidwira kuthandizira zochitika zosiyanasiyana za anthu monga mipando (monga mipando, mipando ndi sofa) ndi kugona (mwachitsanzo, mabedi). Mipando imagwiritsiridwanso ntchito kusungira zinthu pautali woyenerera ku ntchito (monga malo opingasa pamwamba pa nthaka, monga matebulo ndi madesiki), kapena kusunga zinthu (mwachitsanzo, makabati ndi mashelefu).

Mipando ndi chinthu chilichonse kapena zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyumba, nyumba, kapena nyumba ina yoyenera kukhalamo kapena kugwira ntchito.

M’nkhaniyi, ndifotokoza kuti mipando ndi chiyani, mmene imagwiritsidwira ntchito, komanso mmene imasinthira m’kupita kwa nthawi.

The Fascinating Etymology of Furniture

• Mawu oti "mipando" amachokera ku liwu lachifalansa loti "mipando," kutanthauza zida.
• Komabe, m’zinenero zina zambiri za ku Ulaya, liwu lofanana nalo likuchokera ku mawu achilatini akuti “mobilis,” kutanthauza kusuntha.
• Mawu achingelezi akuti “furniture” akukhulupirira kuti anachokera ku liwu Lachilatini lakuti “fundus,” kutanthauza “pansi” kapena “maziko.”

Zida ndi Maonekedwe a Mipando

• Mipando yoyambirira inkapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga miyala, matabwa, ndi ulusi wachilengedwe.
• Mitundu yayikulu ya mipando yakale inalipo malo okhala, kusunga, ndi matebulo.
• Kusiyanasiyana kwa zida zomwe zilipo komanso kuchuluka kwa njira zomangira zapamwamba zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi chikhalidwe komanso nthawi.
• Kufunika kwa mipando m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kunakula pamene anthu adakhala okonzeka kumanga ndi kusunga zinthu.

Udindo Wapadera wa Mipando mu Mbiri ya Anthu

• Mipando yakhala ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri m’mbiri ya anthu, ikutipatsa njira yokhala, kugona, ndi kusunga zinthu.
• Kamangidwe ndi kamangidwe ka mipando zakhala zikukhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe ndi luso lamakono m'mbiri yonse.
• Zitsanzo zomwe zatsala za mipando yakale zimapereka chidziwitso pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndi miyambo ya anthu a nthawi ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.
• Mipando ikupitirizabe kukhala yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu, ndi mitundu yambiri ya masitayelo ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano.

Mbiri Yochititsa Chidwi ya Mipando

• Lingaliro la mipando idayamba nthawi zakale, pafupifupi 3100-2500 BCE.
• Zinthu zoyambirira zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito panyumba zidapangidwa ndi miyala, popeza matabwa sanali kupezeka mosavuta munthawi ya Neolithic.
• Mipando yoyambirira inali ndi zovala, makabati, ndi mabedi.
• Umboni womanga mipando yachikale wapezeka m'malo monga Skara Brae ku Scotland ndi Çatalhöyük ku Turkey.

Kusintha kwa Zida Zamipando

• Pamene anthu anayamba kuchita ulimi ndi kumanga midzi, matabwa anakhala chinthu chofala kwambiri chopangira mipando.
• Mitundu ikuluikulu ya matabwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mipando inali ndi zitsa zamitengo ndi matabwa akuluakulu achilengedwe.
• Zinthu zina zimene ankagwiritsa ntchito zinali miyala ndi zosemasema za nyama.
• Ntchito yomanga mipando inapita patsogolo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ndipo anthu anakhala okonzeka kumanga ndi kusunga zinthu.
• Zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mipando zidakulitsidwa kuti zikhale ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe komanso zopangidwa ndi anthu.

Mipando ku Egypt Yakale

• Umboni wa mipando wapezeka m'manda akale a ku Egypt, kuyambira pafupifupi 3000 BCE.
• Kuphatikizika kwa mipando m'manda kumatanthauza kufunikira kwa mipando m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso m'moyo wamtsogolo.
• Chigwa cha Nile chinali malo aakulu opangira mipando, ndipo zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo mabedi, mipando, ndi makabati zinapezeka m’mabwinja.
• Kuphatikizidwa kwa mpando mu fano la mulungu wamkazi Isis kumatanthauza kufunikira kwa mipando muzochita zachipembedzo.

Mipando Yopulumuka

• Mipando yakale kwambiri yomwe idakhalapo kuyambira nthawi ya Neolithic mochedwa.
• Chovala cha Skara Brae, cha m'ma 3100 BCE, ndi chimodzi mwamipando yakale kwambiri yomwe yatsala.
• Kuphatikizika kwa mipando m'malo ofukula zakale monga Çatalhöyük ndi Skara Brae kumapereka chidziwitso pamiyoyo yatsiku ndi tsiku ya anthu akale.
• Mipando yambiri yakale imapezeka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale padziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo British Museum ndi Louvre.

Kusankha Mipando Yoyenera Yapanyumba Panu

Mipando ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimathandiza kufotokozera pakati pa malo aliwonse okhala. Zapangidwa kuti zizipereka masitayelo apadera ndi ntchito zomwe zingapangitse nyumba yanu kukhala malo abwino okhalamo. Ndi mazana amitundu omwe amapezeka pamsika, zitha kukhala zovuta kudziwa kuti ndi mtundu uti womwe uli wabwino kwambiri pazosowa zanu zenizeni. Mu bukhuli, tidzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mipando ndi ntchito zake zenizeni.

Mitundu ya Mipando

Nayi mipando yodziwika bwino yomwe mungapeze pamsika:

• Mipando ya Pabalaza: Mipando yamtunduwu imapangidwira pabalaza ndipo imakhala ndi matebulo, mipando, ndi sofa. Mipando yotchuka kwambiri pabalaza imakhala ndi matebulo a khofi, mipando ya mawu, ndi matebulo a console.

• Mipando Yakuchipinda Chodyera: Mipando yamtunduwu imapangidwira chipinda chodyeramo ndipo imaphatikizapo matebulo, mipando, ndi mabenchi. Mipando yodziwika kwambiri m'chipinda chodyeramo imakhala ndi matebulo odyera, mipando yodyera, ndi mabenchi odyera.

• Mipando Yakuchipinda: Mipando yamtundu umenewu imapangidwa kuti ikhale yogona ndipo imaphatikizapo mabedi, matebulo apafupi ndi bedi, matebulo ovala, ndi malo osungiramo zinthu. Mipando yotchuka kwambiri yogona m'chipindamo imakhala ndi mabedi, matebulo am'mphepete mwa bedi, ndi matebulo ovala.

• Mipando ya Ana: Mipando yamtunduwu imapangidwira makanda ndipo imaphatikizapo zipinda zogona, zosinthira matebulo, ndi okonza zidole. Mipando yodziwika bwino ya ana imaphatikizapo ma cribs, matebulo osinthira, ndi okonza zidole.

• Mipando Yakuofesi Yanyumba: Mipando yamtunduwu imapangidwira ofesi yakunyumba ndipo imaphatikizapo madesiki, mipando, ndi okonza. Mipando yapanyumba yotchuka kwambiri imaphatikizapo madesiki, mipando, ndi okonza.

• Mipando Yomveka: Mipando yamtunduwu idapangidwa kuti iwonjezere mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito pamalo aliwonse mnyumba mwanu. Mipando yodziwika bwino kwambiri imaphatikizapo zifuwa, nyali, ndi mitengo yaholo.

Zida Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pamipando

Mipando ingapangidwe kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:

• Wood: Ichi ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamipando. Ndi yolimba ndipo imatha kupangidwa mosiyanasiyana komanso mosiyanasiyana.

• Chitsulo: Zinthuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando yamakono ndi mafakitale. Ndizokhazikika ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mapangidwe apadera.

• Zida Zina: Mipando imathanso kupangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zina monga galasi, pulasitiki, ndi zikopa.

Mipando Yosungirako

Mipando yosungiramo zinthu idapangidwa kuti ikupatseni malo owonjezera osungira m'nyumba mwanu. Mipando yotchuka kwambiri yosungiramo zinthu imaphatikizapo:

• Zifuwa: Amapangidwa kuti azisunga zovala ndi zinthu zina m’chipinda chogona.

• Okonza: Izi zimakonzedwa kuti azisunga zidole ndi zinthu zina m’chipinda cha mwana.

• Mitengo Yamaholo: Izi zimapangidwira kusunga malaya ndi zinthu zina mumsewu.

Kuwona Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana Yamitengo Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito Popanga Mipando

Pankhani yopanga mipando, pali magulu awiri akuluakulu a matabwa: matabwa olimba ndi zofewa. Mitengo yolimba imachokera ku mitengo yodula, yomwe masamba ake amataya masamba, pamene mitengo yofewa imachokera ku mitengo yobiriwira yomwe imasunga singano zawo chaka chonse. Mitengo yolimba nthawi zambiri imakonda kupanga mipando chifukwa ndi yolimba komanso yolimba kuposa mitengo yofewa.

Mitundu Yomwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Nthawi zambiri

Nayi mitundu ina yamatabwa yotchuka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando:

• Oak: Mtengo wokhazikika womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira matebulo, mipando, ndi makabati. Ili ndi njere yowongoka komanso mtundu wopepuka mpaka wapakati.
• Mapulo: Mitengo ina yolimba yomwe imakhala yosunthika komanso yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zovala, madesiki, ndi makabati akukhitchini. Ili ndi mtundu wopepuka komanso wowoneka bwino wambewu.
• Mahogany: Mtengo wolimba kwambiri womwe umachokera kumadera otentha a ku Asia. Lili ndi mtundu wolemera, wakuda komanso mtundu wapadera wa tirigu umene umapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kwa zidutswa za mipando yapamwamba.
• Paini: Mtengo wofewa womwe umapezeka kwambiri komanso umagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mipando. Lili ndi mtundu wowala komanso chitsanzo chowongoka chambewu.
• Rosewood: Mitengo yolimba yomwe mwachibadwa imakhala yolemera ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwera mtengo komanso imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamipando yakale.
• Cherry: Mitengo yolimba yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando yakuchipinda chodyera. Lili ndi mtundu wofiira-bulauni ndi chitsanzo chowongoka chambewu.
• Teak: Mitengo yolimba ya kumalo otentha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando yakunja chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwake ndi madzi ndi tizilombo. Lili ndi mtundu wolemera wa golide-bulauni ndi chitsanzo chowongoka chambewu.
• Mindi: Mitengo yolimba yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matebulo a khofi ndi ma TV. Ili ndi mtundu wonyezimira komanso mtundu wowongoka wambewu.

Mfundo Zofunika Kuziganizira Posankha Wood

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Posankha matabwa opangira mipando, pali zinthu zingapo zofunika kuziganizira:

• Kugoletsa kwa Janka: Izi zimayesa kulimba kwa matabwa ndipo ndizofunikira pozindikira kulimba kwa mipando.
• Mtundu wa Mbewu: Mtundu wa tirigu ukhoza kukhudza mawonekedwe onse amipando.
• Mtundu: Mtundu wa nkhuni ungakhudzenso mawonekedwe onse a mipando.
• Kupezeka: Mitundu ina yamatabwa imapezeka kwambiri kuposa ina, zomwe zingakhudze mtengo ndi kupezeka kwa zinthuzo.
• Zigawo za mtengo: Magawo osiyanasiyana a mtengowo amatha kukhala ndi mikhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, choncho ndikofunikira kusankha gawo loyenera kuti likwaniritse zomwe mukufuna.
• Nthawi yakukula: Mitundu ina yamatabwa imakula mofulumira kuposa ina, zomwe zingakhudze mtengo ndi kupezeka kwa zinthuzo.

Mipando yachitsulo nthawi zambiri imakhala yosavuta kusamalira ndipo imatha zaka zambiri ndi chisamaliro choyenera. Nawa maupangiri osamalira mipando yachitsulo:

• Tsukani mipando nthawi zonse ndi sopo wochepa ndi madzi osakaniza.

• Chotsani dzimbiri kapena dzimbiri ndi burashi wawaya kapena sandpaper.

• Ikani sera kapena mafuta kuti muteteze chitsulo ku dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri.

• Sungani mipando yakunja m'nyumba m'miyezi yozizira kuti muteteze ku nyengo.

Mipando yachitsulo ndi chisankho chosunthika komanso chokhazikika pazokonda zamkati ndi zakunja. Ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu ndi mapangidwe omwe mungasankhe, ndithudi pali mipando yachitsulo yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zosowa zanu ndi kalembedwe kanu.

Kuwona Mitundu Yambiri ya Zida Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Popanga Mipando

Veneer ndi nkhuni yopyapyala yomwe imamatiridwa pamipando yolimba kapena MDF. Veneer ndi njira yotsika mtengo kusiyana ndi matabwa olimba ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsonga zamatebulo, malo okhala ndi laminated, ndi zifuwa. Ubwino wa mipando yopangidwa ndi veneered ndikuti ukhoza kukwaniritsa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi matabwa olimba koma pamtengo wotsika. Veneer amathanso kukhala asiliva kapena minyanga ya njovu kuti apange mawonekedwe apadera.

Zipinda Zamagetsi

Galasi ndi chinthu chatsopano chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando. Mipando yagalasi nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'mapangidwe amakono ndipo ndiyoyenera makamaka malo ang'onoang'ono. Mipando yagalasi imapangidwa pang'onopang'ono kapena yopangidwa ndi galasi ndipo imamatira pa bolodi lolimba kapena MDF.

Zida Zina

Kupatula matabwa, zitsulo ndi magalasi, palinso zinthu zina zingapo zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mipando. Izi zikuphatikizapo particleboard, MDF, plywood, mapepala a veneer, bolodi la mipando, ndi matabwa. Chilichonse chili ndi ubwino ndi kuipa kwake. Mwachitsanzo, particleboard ndi njira yotsika mtengo kusiyana ndi matabwa olimba koma ndi otsika mu mphamvu. Kumbali ina, matabwa olimba ndi chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri chopangira mipando koma ndi okwera mtengo. Mmisiri ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri popanga mipando yabwino, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomangamanga sikufanana nthawi zonse.

Luso la Kubwezeretsa Mipando

Kubwezeretsa ya mipando ndi njira yobweretsera chidutswa ku ulemerero wake wakale. Zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa zinyalala, zonyansa, ndi zomaliza zosafunikira kuti zisonyeze kukongola kwa nkhuni pansi pake. Ndondomekoyi imakhala ndi masitepe angapo, ndipo ndikofunikira kuwatsata kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino. Nawa njira zobwezeretsera mipando:

• Tsukani chidutswacho: Yambani ndikutsuka chidutswacho ndi nsalu ndi madzi otentha, a sopo. Sitepe iyi imachotsa litsiro ndi nyansi pamwamba pa mipando.
• Chotsani kumaliza: Gwiritsani ntchito midadada kapena ma sanders amphamvu kuti muchotse zomaliza pamipando. Kuchita zimenezi kumafuna kuleza mtima ndi dzanja lokhazikika kuti matabwawo asawonongeke.
• Konzani kuwonongeka kulikonse: Ngati chidutswacho chawonongeka, monga ming'alu kapena tchipisi, gwiritsani ntchito guluu wamatabwa kuti mukonze. Lolani guluu kuti liume kwathunthu musanapite ku sitepe yotsatira.
• Sangani chidutswacho: Sangani mipandoyo ndi sandpaper ya grit kuti muchotse guluu wowonjezera ndikupanga mawonekedwe ofanana.
• Ikani kumaliza kwatsopano: Sankhani kumaliza komwe kumagwirizana bwino ndi chidutswacho ndikuchiyika mofanana. Izi zimafuna dzanja lokhazikika kuti mupewe kudontha kwapathengo ndi thovu.
• Lolani kuti kumaliza kuume: Lolani kuti mapeto aume kwathunthu musanagwiritse ntchito chidutswacho.

Ubwino Wobwezeretsa

Kubwezeretsanso mipando sikungopanga chidutswa kuti chiwoneke bwino; imawonjezeranso mtengo wake. Zidutswa zakale zomwe zabwezeretsedwa zimatha kutenga mtengo wapamwamba poyerekeza ndi zidutswa zomwe sizinabwezeretsedwe. Kubwezeretsanso kumakupatsani mwayi wosunga mtundu wa chinthucho ndi cholinga chake, ndikupangitsa kuti chikhale chinthu chofunikira kukhala nacho.

DIY vs. Professional Restoration

Kubwezeretsanso mipando kungakhale pulojekiti ya DIY kapena kufuna thandizo la akatswiri. Nazi mfundo zofunika kuziganizira posankha njira yomwe ili yabwino kwa inu:

• Kubwezeretsa kwa DIY kumatha kukupulumutsirani ndalama poyerekeza ndi kukonzanso akatswiri.
• Kubwezeretsa akatswiri kumafuna zida zapadera ndi zida zomwe simungathe kuzipeza.
• Kubwezeretsa akatswiri nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofulumira ndipo kumatha kubweretsa zotsatira zabwinoko poyerekeza ndi zoyeserera za DIY.
• Kubwezeretsanso mitundu yeniyeni ya nkhuni kapena zomaliza kungafunike chidziwitso chapadera ndi luso lomwe katswiri yekha angapereke.

Kusiyana Pakati pa Kubwezeretsa ndi Kukonzanso

Kubwezeretsa ndi kukonzanso nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana, koma ali ndi matanthauzo osiyanasiyana. Kukonzanso kumaphatikizapo kuchotseratu mapeto akale ndi kugwiritsa ntchito yatsopano, pamene kubwezeretsa kumaphatikizapo kusunga mapeto omwe alipo ndikupangitsanso kuoneka kwatsopano. Kubwezeretsa ndi njira yovuta kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukonzanso ndipo kumafuna kumvetsetsa kwachindunji kwa zipangizo ndi chidutswa chokha.

Mfundo Yomaliza

Kubwezeretsanso mipando ndi njira yosavuta yomwe ingapangitse kusiyana kwakukulu pakuwoneka ndi mtengo wa chidutswa. Kaya mumasankha DIY kapena kufunafuna thandizo la akatswiri, kumvetsetsa masitepe omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zida zofunika ndikofunikira kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino. Ndiye tiyeni tigwire chipilalacho kuti tigwire ntchito!

Kutsiliza

Kotero, ndicho chimene mipando ili. 

Ndi chinthu chomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse, ndipo chakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Yakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri m’mbiri ya anthu, kutipatsa malo okhala, kugona, ndi kusunga zinthu zathu. 

Choncho, nthawi ina mukadzafuna mipando yatsopano, mumadziwa zoyenera kuyang'ana.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.