Zida zolimba ndizovuta kuthana nazo. Ndizovuta kuzidula, kukwapula, ndi kusokoneza. Amakhalanso ovuta kugwira nawo ntchito. Koma kodi iwo ndi chiyani?
Kuuma ndi muyeso wa momwe zinthu zolimba zimalimbana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masinthidwe okhazikika pomwe mphamvu yophatikizika ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zida zina, monga zitsulo, zimakhala zolimba kuposa zina. Kuuma kwa macroscopic nthawi zambiri kumadziwika ndi zomangira zolimba za intermolecular, koma machitidwe a zida zolimba zomwe zimakakamiza ndizovuta; Choncho, pali miyeso yosiyana ya kuuma: kukande kuuma, kuuma kwa indentation, ndi kulimbitsanso kulimba.
M'nkhaniyi, ndifotokoza zomwe zida zolimba ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pomanga ndi mafakitale ena.
Mu positi iyi tikambirana:
Kodi Mawu Oti “Hard Material” Amatanthauza Chiyani Kwenikweni?
Tikamalankhula za zinthu zolimba, timatchula za mtundu winawake wa zinthu zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzidula, kuzipala, kapena kuzipotoza. Tanthauzo la zinthu zolimba si gulu limodzi la deta kapena chidziwitso chomwe chingapezeke mu chikalata chimodzi kapena mndandanda wa zolemba. M'malo mwake, pamafunika njira ndi chitsogozo chachizolowezi kuti zigwirizane ndi zofunikira za polojekiti yomwe wapatsidwa kapena kukumba.
Kodi Kuuma Kumayesedwa Bwanji?
Kuuma kwa chinthu kumatengera kapangidwe kake ka kristalo, komwe kamakhala kokhazikika komanso kambiri "kolimba". Izi ndi zoona kwa diamondi, galasi, ndi zipangizo zina zolimba. Kuuma kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kukana kwa chinthu chomwe chimayenera kung'ambika, kukwapula, kapena kudulidwa. Zina mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza kuuma ndi monga:
- Sikelo ya Mohs, yomwe imayesa kuuma kwa zinthu pamlingo wa 1 mpaka 10
- Sikelo ya Rockwell, yomwe imayesa kuya kwa indentation yopangidwa ndi nsonga ya diamondi
- Sikelo ya Vickers, yomwe imayesa kukula kwa indentation yopangidwa ndi cholozera cha diamondi
Mmene Zinthu Zolimba Zimakonzedwera
Zida zolimba nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, malingana ndi zinthu zenizeni komanso zofunikira za polojekitiyo. Njira zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zolimba ndi izi:
- Kudula ndi macheka a diamondi
- Kupera ndi chopukusira diamondi
- Kusakaza
- Chemical etching
Malire Osankhidwa ndi Mapangano a Gawo
Pogwira ntchito ndi zida zolimba, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti pangakhale malire osankhidwa kapena mapangano a ziganizo omwe amafotokoza momwe nkhaniyo iyenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito kapena kukonzekera. Mwachitsanzo, pangakhale malire pa kuchuluka kwa ngalande zomwe zingaloledwe pamalo ena okumba, kapena pangakhale mapangano a ziganizo zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa zinthu zolimba pa ntchito yoperekedwa.
Zovuta vs. Zofewa: Nchiyani Chimasiyanitsa?
Zida zolimba zimadziwika ndi chikhalidwe chawo cholimba komanso kukana kwambiri kupindika, pomwe zida zofewa ndizosavuta kupunduka ndikusinthanso. Zitsanzo zina zodziwika bwino za zida zolimba ndi zitsulo, konkriti, ndi matope, pomwe labala ndi siliva ndi zitsanzo za zida zofewa.
Maginito Properties
Kusiyanitsa kwina kwakukulu pakati pa zida zolimba ndi zofewa kumakhala muzinthu zawo zamaginito. Zida zolimba, monga maginito osatha, zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo zimatha kupangidwa ndi maginito kuti zipange mphamvu ya maginito. Zida zofewa, kumbali ina, zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa ndipo zimatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta.
Magnetization Loop
Lupu la magnetization ndi graph yomwe imawonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa maginito ndi maginito a zinthu. Zida zolimba zimakhala ndi hysteresis loop yopapatiza, zomwe zimasonyeza kukakamiza kwakukulu ndi magnetization amphamvu, pamene zipangizo zofewa zimakhala ndi phokoso lalikulu la hysteresis, zomwe zimasonyeza kukakamiza kochepa komanso kufooka kwa magnetization.
Kapangidwe ka Atomiki
Mapangidwe a atomiki azinthu amathandizanso kudziwa kuuma kwake. Zida zolimba zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a atomiki okhazikika, okhala ndi ma atomu opangidwa mokhazikika. Zida zofewa, kumbali ina, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a atomiki osokonezeka kwambiri, okhala ndi ma atomu opangidwa mwachisawawa.
ntchito
Zomwe zimakhala zolimba komanso zofewa zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zida zolimba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi kupanga, kumene mphamvu ndi kulimba ndizofunikira. Zida zofewa, kumbali inayo, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pazochitika zomwe zimafunikira kuyenda ndi kusinthasintha, monga zovala ndi nsapato.
Sonorous Properties
Zida zolimba zimakondanso kukhala sonorous, kutanthauza kuti zimatulutsa phokoso likamenyedwa. Izi zili choncho chifukwa maatomu a zinthu zolimba amakhala odzaza kwambiri ndipo amatha kunjenjemera mosavuta. Zida zofewa, kumbali ina, sizili za sonorous ndipo sizimapanga phokoso lomveka pamene zimamenyedwa.
Kuwona Dziko Lalikulu la Zida Zolimba
Zida zolimba ndi zinthu zolimba zomwe sizingapunduke mosavuta kapena kupangidwanso. Amakhala ndi maatomu omwe amapangidwa molumikizana bwino mumtundu wanthawi zonse wa crystalline, womwe umawapatsa mawonekedwe awo apadera. Kuuma kwa chinthu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuthekera kwake kokana kukanda, kudulidwa, kapena kukwapula.
Kusiyana Pakati pa Zida Zolimba ndi Zofewa
Kusiyana kwa zinthu zolimba ndi zofewa ndi zazikulu. Zina mwazosiyana zazikulu ndi izi:
- Zipangizo zolimba zimakhala zolimba ndipo sizikhoza kupunduka kapena kupangidwanso, pamene zinthu zofewa zimakhala zofewa ndipo zimatha kupangidwa kapena kupangidwa mosavuta.
- Zida zolimba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolimba komanso zokhalitsa kuposa zofewa.
- Zida zolimba nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito zomwe mphamvu ndi kukhazikika ndizofunikira, pamene zipangizo zofewa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene chitonthozo ndi kusinthasintha ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Zida Zolimba Mwamakonda
Mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri ya zida zolimba ndikuti zimatha kusinthidwa kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, posintha mawonekedwe a crystalline azinthu, ndizotheka kusintha kuuma kwake, mphamvu, ndi zina. Izi zimathandiza mainjiniya ndi asayansi kupanga zida zomwe zimayenderana ndi ntchito zina.
Kupeza Zida Zolimba
Kupeza zinthu zolimba kungakhale kovuta, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala pansi pa nthaka kapena zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza ndi kuchotsa zidazi. Mwachitsanzo, njira za migodi zimatithandiza kupeza zinthu zolimba monga diamondi ndi chitsulo zomwe poyamba zinali zovuta kuzipeza.
Funso la Kuuma
Funso la kuuma ndilofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Pomvetsetsa momwe zida zolimba zimakhalira, titha kupanga zida zolimba, zolimba, kupanga zida zatsopano zodulira ndi ma abrasives, ndikupanga zida zosinthidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Kaya ndinu wasayansi, mainjiniya, kapena mukungofuna kudziwa za dziko lozungulira inu, kuphunzira za zinthu zolimba ndikutsimikiza kukupatsani mayankho ambiri ndi zidziwitso.
Zida zomwe zimatha kusintha kukhala zinthu zolimba zolimba
Zinthu zina zachilengedwe zimatha kusintha kukhala zinthu zolimba zolimba pokonza. Mwachitsanzo:
- Chitsulo chikhoza kusinthidwa kukhala chitsulo chosasunthika, chomwe chimakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu ndi mphamvu.
- Boron imatha kusinthidwa kukhala boron carbide, yomwe ndi imodzi mwazinthu zolimba kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika kwa munthu.
- Siliva imatha kusinthidwa kukhala siliva wonyezimira, womwe ndi wovuta kuposa siliva weniweni.
Mafomula Okhazikika
Zida zina zitha kusinthidwa mwamakonda kudzera m'mapangidwe kuti athe kukana kutha, kung'ambika, kukanda, ndi kudula. Mwachitsanzo:
- Mtondo ukhoza kusakanikirana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuti upange chinthu cha konkire chokhala ndi katundu wapadera.
- Mpira ukhoza kukonzedwa kuti upange mankhwala ndi kuuma kwakukulu ndi mphamvu.
Mphamvu Zosungidwa
Zida zina zimakhala ndi mphamvu zosungira mphamvu, zomwe zimawathandiza kuti asinthe kukhala chinthu cholimba. Mwachitsanzo:
- Ayisi amatha kupunduka ndikupangidwanso kuti apange chinthu cholimba chifukwa cha mphamvu yosungidwa mkati mwake.
- Quartz imatha kukwatulidwa kuti ipange chinthu cha sonorous chifukwa cha mphamvu yomwe ili mkati mwa maatomu ake.
Kukonza Kwamakono
Njira zamakono zogwirira ntchito zimalola kusintha kwa zinthu zofewa kukhala zinthu zolimba. Mwachitsanzo:
- Kudula ndi kuumba mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zitsulo kumatha kupanga zinthu mosiyanasiyana kuuma ndi mphamvu.
- Kupyolera mu njira yotchedwa tempering, galasi likhoza kusinthidwa kukhala chinthu cholimba.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwakukulu ndi chidwi chovomerezeka pazipangizo zolimba zapangitsa kuti banki ya zolemba ndi ogulitsa omwe amavomereza kugawana zomwe akudziwa ndi makonda awo. Kutha kukana kutha, kung'ambika, kukanda, ndi kudula kumatchedwa kuuma, ndipo ndi chinthu chomwe chimafunidwa kwambiri m'mafakitale ambiri osiyanasiyana.
Kutsiliza
Chifukwa chake muli nazo - zida zolimba ndizomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzidula, kukwapula, kapena kupotoza. Ali ndi chidziwitso chimodzi cha deta, m'malo mofuna njira zokhazikitsidwa. Zimagwirizana ndi zofunikira zomwe zimaperekedwa pulojekiti ndipo kuuma kwa migodi kungayesedwe pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya Mohs, sikelo ya Rockwell, ndi Vickers. Zipangizo zolimba ndizofunikira pomanga ndi kupanga, ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito molimba komanso kulimba. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chitonthozo ndi kusinthasintha, kotero muyenera kufufuza dziko lalikulu la zipangizo zolimba.
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.
