Zamadzimadzi: Chitsogozo Chokwanira cha Katundu ndi Zitsanzo

Madzi ndi chikhalidwe cha zinthu chomwe chimadziwika ndi mamolekyu omwe ali pafupi kwambiri kuti apange zomangira zosakhalitsa (kumatira) ndikuyenda mozungulira (fluidity). Zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi voliyumu yotsimikizika ndipo zimakhala ngati chidebe. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'chilengedwe.

Tiyeni tiwone chilichonse mwa izi mwatsatanetsatane.

Zitsanzo za Zamadzimadzi: Zoposa Madzi Okha

Tikamalankhula za zakumwa, tikunena za momwe zinthu zilili. Mosiyana ndi zolimba, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe okhazikika ndi voliyumu, ndi mpweya, womwe umakulirakulira kudzaza chidebe chilichonse, zakumwa zimakhala ndi voliyumu yokhazikika koma zimatenga mawonekedwe a chidebe chawo. Zina mwazinthu zamadzimadzi ndi izi:

• Pafupifupi osasunthika: Zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi voliyumu yokhazikika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizovuta kuzifinyira. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti mamolekyu amadzimadzi amakhala oyandikana kwambiri ndipo alibe ufulu woyenda.
• Kachulukidwe: Zamadzimadzi zimadziwika ndi kachulukidwe kawo, komwe ndi kuchuluka kwa voliyumu ya unit. Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi kupanikizika, koma kwa mtundu wina wa zinthu, kachulukidwe kake kamakhala kosasintha.
• Kugwirizana ndi Kugwirizana: Zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi katundu wogwirizana, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mamolekyu amakopeka wina ndi mzake. Amakhalanso ndi katundu womatira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amakopeka ndi chinthu cholimba.
• Viscosity: Zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi kukana kwina, komwe kumadziwika kuti viscosity. Katunduyu amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha komanso kapangidwe kake kamadzimadzi.

Zitsanzo za Zamadzimadzi

Tikamaganizira zamadzimadzi, chinthu choyamba chimene chimabwera m’maganizo nthawi zambiri ndi madzi. Komabe, pali zitsanzo zina zambiri zamadzimadzi, kuphatikiza:

• Mafuta a masamba: Awa ndi mafuta ophikira wamba omwe sangagwirizane ndi madzi, kutanthauza kuti sasakanikirana ndi madzi.
• Mowa: Ichi ndi madzi wamba omwe amasakanikirana ndi madzi, kutanthauza kuti amasakanikirana ndi madzi.
• Mercury: Ichi ndi chinthu chachitsulo chomwe chimakhala ndi madzi ozizira kutentha. Imadziwika ndi kachulukidwe kake kwambiri ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu thermometers.
• Rubidium: Ichi ndi chinthu china chachitsulo chomwe chimakhala chamadzimadzi pamtunda wokwera kwambiri.
• Mankhwala: Pali mankhwala ambiri omwe amakhala amadzimadzi, kuphatikizapo ena omwe amakhala ochuluka pa moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, monga mafuta ndi zotsukira.

Zamadzimadzi ndi Katundu Wawo

The zimatha zamadzimadzi kungachititse zina chidwi zochitika. Mwachitsanzo:

• Zamadzimadzi zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe: Mosiyana ndi zolimba, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osakhazikika, zakumwa zimatha kutenga mawonekedwe a chidebe chawo. Katunduyu ndi chifukwa chakuti mamolekyu amadzimadzi amakhala omasuka kuyenda mozungulira.
• Zamadzimadzi zimadzaza nkhokwe: Ngakhale zamadzimadzi sizimakula kudzaza chidebe ngati mpweya, zimadzaza mu chidebe chomwe zilimo. Izi ndichifukwa choti zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi voliyumu yokhazikika.
• Zamadzimadzi zimabalalika pamalo: Madzi akaikidwa pamwamba, amamwazika mpaka kufika pamlingo wofanana. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha katundu wa kugwirizana ndi kumamatira.

N'chiyani Chimapangitsa Ma Liquids Akhale Apadera?

Zamadzimadzi ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi zolimba ndi mpweya. Nazi zina mwazofunikira zamadzimadzi:

• Voliyumu: Zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi voliyumu yotsimikizika, kutanthauza kuti zimatenga malo enaake.
• Mawonekedwe: Zamadzimadzi zimatenga mawonekedwe a chidebe chawo chifukwa cha mphamvu zopanda malire pakati pa tinthu tating'ono.
• Mphamvu zogwirizanitsa: Mamolekyu amadzimadzi amakopeka wina ndi mzake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwedezeka kwapamwamba komanso kutha kupanga madontho.
• Viscosity: Zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi muyeso wa kukana kwawo kuyenda, zomwe zimatha kusiyana kwambiri kutengera mtundu wamadzimadzi. Mwachitsanzo, madzi amakhala ndi kukhuthala kochepa, pamene uchi uli ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu.
• Kuvutana kwapamwamba: Zamadzimadzi zimakhala ndi chinthu chomwe chimatchedwa kuthamanga kwapamwamba, komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu zolumikizana pakati pa tinthu tating'ono pamwamba pa madziwo. Katunduyu ndi wofunikira m'njira zambiri, monga capillary action.
• Evaporation: Zamadzimadzi zimatha kusintha kukhala gawo la mpweya kudzera munjira yotchedwa evaporation, yomwe imafunikira mphamvu kuti ithyole zomangira pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono.

Kusiyana Pakati pa Liquids ndi Solids

Ngakhale zamadzimadzi ndi zolimba zonse zimaganiziridwa ngati magawo okhazikika, pali kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa ziwirizi:

• Maonekedwe: Zolimba zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osasunthika, pomwe zakumwa zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a chidebe chawo.
• Tinthu ting’onoting’ono: Tinthu tating’ono ting’onoting’ono timasanjidwa mokhazikika, pamene tinthu tamadzi timene timakhala tikuyenda mozungulira.
• Voliyumu: Zolimba zimakhala ndi voliyumu yokhazikika, pomwe zakumwa zimakhala ndi voliyumu yotsimikizika koma zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe.
• Kugwirizana: Mphamvu zolumikizana zimakhala zamphamvu muzolimba kuposa zamadzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kukangana kwakukulu.

Kufunika Kwa Kumvetsetsa Zamadzimadzi

Kumvetsetsa zamadzimadzi ndikofunikira m'malo ambiri, kuphatikiza:

• Chemistry: Kudziwa momwe zakumwa zimakhalira zimafunikira pofotokoza momwe zinthu zimapangidwira komanso kuyeza kusintha kwa thupi ndi mankhwala.
• Physics: Kuphunzira zamadzimadzi ndikofunikira pakumvetsetsa zamadzimadzi, zomwe ndizofunikira m'mbali zambiri za sayansi.
• Sayansi Yapadziko Lapansi: Zinthu zamadzimadzi ndizofunikira pakumvetsetsa momwe madzi amagwirira ntchito padziko lapansi, kuphatikiza gawo lake pakuyenda kwa madzi komanso momwe amakhudzira chilengedwe.

Kuyeza Zinthu Zamadzimadzi

Pali njira zambiri zoyezera mphamvu zamadzimadzi, kuphatikizapo:

• Viscosity: Kukana kuyenda kungayesedwe pogwiritsa ntchito viscometer.
• Kuthamanga kwapamtunda: Kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi kumatha kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito tensiometer.
• Kachulukidwe: Kuchuluka kwa voliyumu yamadzimadzi kumatha kuyezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito hydrometer.
• Malo otentha: Kutentha komwe madzi amasintha kukhala gasi amatha kuyeza pogwiritsa ntchito thermometer.

Tsogolo la Kafukufuku wa Zamadzimadzi

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Pali zambiri zoti tiphunzire pazamadzimadzi, ndipo kafukufuku m'derali akupitilirabe. Zina mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zikuwunikira ndi:

• Zamadzimadzi zochulukirachulukira: Zamadzimadzi zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ovuta kwambiri kuposa zamadzimadzi zosavuta, monga ma polima ndi makristasi amadzimadzi.
• Zamadzimadzi zothamanga kwambiri: Zamadzimadzi zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, monga zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa dziko lapansi.
• Zamadzimadzi zotentha: Zamadzimadzi zomwe zimatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri, monga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale.

Kusintha Maiko: Nkhani Yamagawo

Kusungunuka ndiko kusintha kuchokera ku gawo lolimba kupita ku gawo lamadzimadzi. Nazi zina zomwe muyenera kukumbukira:

• Cholimba chikatenthedwa, mamolekyu ake amayamba kunjenjemera mwachangu komanso mwachangu.
• Panthawi ina, mamolekyu amakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti achoke pa malo awo okhazikika ndikuyamba kuyendayenda.
• Apa ndi pamene cholimba chimayamba kusungunuka ndikukhala madzi.

Kuchokera Pamadzi mpaka Olimba: Kuzizira

Kuzizira ndi zosiyana ndi kusungunuka. Ndiko kusintha kuchokera kumadzimadzi kupita ku gawo lolimba. Nazi zina zomwe muyenera kukumbukira:

• Madzi akazizira, mamolekyu ake amayamba kuyenda pang'onopang'ono.
• Panthawi ina, mamolekyu amataya mphamvu zokwanira kuti aziyendayenda ndikuyamba kukhazikika m'malo okhazikika.
• Apa ndi pamene madzi amayamba kuzizira ndikukhala olimba.

Kuchokera ku Madzi kupita ku Gasi: Kutuluka kwa nthunzi

Evaporation ndi kusintha kuchokera kumadzi kupita ku gawo la gasi. Nazi zina zomwe muyenera kukumbukira:

• Madzi akatenthedwa, mamolekyu ake amayamba kuyenda mofulumira komanso mofulumira.
• Panthawi ina, mamolekyu amakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti achoke pamwamba pa madzi ndikukhala mpweya.
• Apa ndi pamene madziwo amayamba kusanduka nthunzi n’kukhala mpweya.

Kuchokera ku Gasi kupita ku Zamadzimadzi: Condensation

Condensation ndi chosiyana ndi kutuluka kwa nthunzi. Ndiko kusintha kuchokera ku gasi kupita ku gawo lamadzimadzi. Nazi zina zomwe muyenera kukumbukira:

• Gasi ukazizira, mamolekyu ake amayamba kuyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso pang'onopang'ono.
• Panthawi inayake, mamolekyu amataya mphamvu zokwanira kuti azikhala pamodzi ndikuyamba kupanga madzi.
• Apa ndi pamene mpweya umayamba kukhazikika ndikukhala madzi.

Kusintha kwa zinthu ndi njira yochititsa chidwi yomwe imachitika ponseponse. Kaya ndi kusungunuka kwa ayezi mu chakumwa chanu kapena nthunzi yotuluka kuchokera ku khofi yanu yam'mawa, kumvetsetsa magawo a zinthu kungatithandize kuyamikira dziko mwanjira yatsopano.

Chilengedwe Chomata cha Madzi: Kugwirizana ndi Kumamatira

Kugwirizana ndi kumamatira kumakhudzana ndi kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi. Kuthamanga kwa pamwamba ndi mphamvu yomwe imapangitsa kuti pamwamba pa madzi agwedezeke ndikupanga mawonekedwe omwe amachepetsa kumtunda. Kugwirizana kumapangitsa kuti madzi asamayende bwino, pomwe kumamatira kumapangitsa madzi kumamatira kumalo ena.

Zitsanzo za Kugwirizana ndi Kumamatira mu Ntchito

Nazi zitsanzo za mgwirizano ndi kumamatira m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku:

• Dontho lamadzi lomwe lili pamtunda wonyezimira limapanga mawonekedwe pafupifupi ozungulira chifukwa cha mphamvu zolumikizana pakati pa mamolekyu amadzi.
• Madzi mumtsuko amatha kunyowa chifukwa chomatira.
• Capillary action, yomwe imalola madzi kuyenda kudzera m'machubu opapatiza, ndi chifukwa cha kulumikizana komanso kumamatira.
• Meniscus, malo opindika amadzi mumtsuko, amayamba chifukwa cha kusanja pakati pa mphamvu zolumikizana ndi zomatira.

Zotsatira za Kugwirizana ndi Kumamatira

Mphamvu yamagulu ogwirizana ndi zomatira zimadalira mtundu wamadzimadzi komanso malo omwe amalumikizana nawo. Nazi zotsatira za mgwirizano ndi kumamatira:

• Madzi amapaka pamwamba pa phula chifukwa mphamvu zogwirizanitsa pakati pa mamolekyu amadzi zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zomatira pakati pa madzi ndi sera.
• Utoto umakonda kuphwanyidwa pagalasi chifukwa mphamvu zomatira pakati pa utoto ndi galasi ndizokulirapo kuposa mphamvu zolumikizana pakati pa mamolekyu a utoto.
• Mercury imapanga concave meniscus mkati mwa chubu ya galasi yopapatiza chifukwa mphamvu zomatira pakati pa mercury ndi galasi ndi zazikulu kuposa mphamvu zogwirizanitsa pakati pa mamolekyu a mercury.
• Ma thovu a sopo amakhala ndi chizolowezi chopanga mabwalo chifukwa chokhazikika pakati pa mphamvu zolumikizana ndi zomatira.

Kugwirizana ndi kumamatira ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi zamadzimadzi zomwe zimawalola kupanga mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndikulumikizana ndi zinthu zina. Kumvetsa zinthu zimenezi kungatithandize kusunga madzi komanso kuwagwiritsa ntchito bwino pa moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku.

Bizinesi Yomata ya Viscosity

Viscosity ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu physics ndi chemistry yakuthupi kufotokoza kukana kwa madzi kuti asayende. Ndilo muyeso wa kugunda kwa mkati mwa madzi ndipo umakhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi kukula ndi mawonekedwe a mamolekyu omwe amapanga madziwo.

Kodi Viscosity Imayesedwa Bwanji?

Viscosity imayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chotchedwa viscometer, chomwe chimayesa nthawi yomwe imatengera madzi kuti adutse mu chubu kapena njira yopapatiza. Kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi kumawonetsedwa mu magawo a poise kapena centipoise, ndi poise imodzi yofanana ndi sekondi imodzi ya dyne pa lalikulu sentimita.

Ndi Mavuto Ena Otani Okhudzana ndi Viscosity?

Ngakhale viscosity ndi chinthu chofunikira chamadzimadzi, imatha kuyambitsa mavuto nthawi zina. Mwachitsanzo, kukhuthala kwakukulu kumatha kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupopa zamadzimadzi kudzera m'mapaipi, pomwe kukhuthala kochepa kungayambitse kutayikira ndi zina.

Zothandizira Zokambilananso

Ngati mukufuna kuphunzira zambiri za mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi gawo lake pamakhalidwe a zakumwa, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapezeka pa intaneti komanso zosindikizidwa. Zina zothandiza zidziwitso ndi izi:

• Mabuku ophunzirira pa chemistry yakuthupi ndi fizikisi ya zinthu zofupikitsidwa
• Magazini asayansi monga Physical Review Letters ndi Journal of Chemical Physics
• Mabwalo a pa intaneti ndi ma board okambirana asayansi ndi ofufuza
• Mawebusayiti ndi mabulogu odzipereka pophunzira zamadzimadzi ndi katundu wake

Evaporation: Sayansi Kumbuyo kwa Madzi ku Kusintha kwa Nthunzi

Evaporation ndi njira yomwe madzi amasinthira kukhala mpweya. Zimachitika pamene mamolekyu amadzimadzi amapeza mphamvu zokwanira za kinetic kuthawa mphamvu zomwe zimawagwirizanitsa. Mphamvu imene imafunika pakuchita zimenezi imatchedwa kutentha, ndipo ingaperekedwe monga kuwala kwa dzuŵa, kuphika, kapena gwero lina lililonse la kutentha. Madzi akatenthedwa, mamolekyu ake amayenda mofulumira, ndipo mwayi wokhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti uthawe gawo lamadzimadzi ukuwonjezeka.

Udindo wa Kutentha ndi Kupanikizika

Kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwa madera ozungulira kumagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga mpweya. Kutentha kukakhala kopitilira muyeso, mamolekyu amadzimadzi amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya kinetic, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kuti athawe gawo lamadzimadzi. Kumbali ina, mphamvu ikatsika, mamolekyu amakhala ndi malo ambiri oti azitha kuyenda mozungulira, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kuti athawe gawo lamadzimadzi.

Evaporation vs. vaporization

Evaporation nthawi zambiri imasokonezedwa ndi vaporization, koma sizofanana. vaporization ndi njira yomwe madzi amasinthidwa kukhala mpweya, ndipo amatha kuchitika kutentha kulikonse. Komano, nthunzi imachitika pamwamba pa madzi ndipo pokhapokha madziwo akafika pansi pa kuwira kwake.

Evaporation M'malo Osiyana

Kutentha kumatha kuchitika m'malo aliwonse, koma kumachitika mwachangu m'malo otentha komanso owuma. Nazi zitsanzo zenizeni:

• Kutentha kumachitika msanga m'malo otentha komanso owuma kuposa kumadera ozizira komanso a chinyezi.
• Kutuluka kwa nthunzi kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri pamalo okwera chifukwa mpweya umakhala wotsika.
• Kutuluka kwa nthunzi kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri m'madera omwe mpweya wochuluka umafalikira mumlengalenga.
• Kutentha kumachitika mwachangu m'malo omwe muli ndi mthunzi chifukwa mulibe kuwala kwadzuwa kowotcha madziwo.

Condensation ndi Water Cycle

Pamene nthunzi wamadzi m’mlengalenga mwazizira, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi umabwereranso kukhala madzi kudzera m’njira yotchedwa condensation. Madzi awa amatha kugweranso padziko lapansi ngati mvula, ndikumaliza kuzungulira kwa madzi.

Sayansi Pambuyo pa Kusakhazikika kwa Zamadzimadzi

Volatility ndi chizolowezi cha chinthu kusanduka nthunzi kapena kusanduka nthunzi. Zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya nthunzi yamadzimadzi, yomwe ndi muyeso wa chizolowezi cha chinthu chothawira mu gawo la mpweya. Kusasunthika kwa madzi kumadalira zinthu zingapo, kuphatikizapo kukula ndi mawonekedwe a mamolekyu ake, mphamvu ya kugwirizana pakati pa maatomu oyandikana nawo kapena tinthu ting'onoting'ono, ndi mphamvu zomwe zimafunika kuti zithetse mgwirizanowo ndikulola kuti chinthucho chisinthe kuchokera ku madzi. ku gasi.

Kufunika kwa Kuthamanga kwa Vapor

Kuthamanga kwa nthunzi ndi muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa kusakhazikika kwa madzi. Ndiko kukanikiza komwe kumachitika ndi nthunzi wa chinthu chomwe chili mu chidebe chotsekedwa pa kutentha komwe kumaperekedwa. Kukwera kwa nthunzi kumapangitsa kuti madziwo azikhala osasinthasintha. Katunduyu ndi wofunikira pozindikira malo otentha amadzimadzi, komanso chizolowezi chake chakusauka.

Flammability ndi Volatility

Kutentha kwa chinthu kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha kwake. Zakumwa zosasunthika zomwe zimakhala ndi kung'anima pang'ono, komwe ndi kutentha komwe madzi amatulutsa mpweya wokwanira kupanga chisakanizo choyatsira ndi mpweya, amatengedwa kukhala oyaka kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kusamalira zamadzimadzi zomwe zimawonongeka mosamala komanso motsatira malamulo achitetezo.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafakitale a Volatile Liquids

Zamadzimadzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale, monga:

• Zosungunulira: zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula zinthu zina popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
• Mafuta: amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lamphamvu mu injini ndi makina ena.
• Oyeretsa: amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa ndi kupha tizilombo m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Pomaliza, kusinthasintha kwa zakumwa ndi njira yovuta yomwe imadalira zinthu zingapo, kuphatikizapo katundu wa mamolekyu, kutentha, ndi kukhalapo kwa zinthu zina. Kumvetsetsa sayansi yomwe imayambitsa kusakhazikika ndikofunikira m'mafakitale angapo, kuyambira kupanga mpaka kupanga mphamvu.

Kutsiliza

Kotero, ndicho chimene madzi ali. Madzi ndi chinthu chosiyana ndi zolimba, zomwe zimadziwika ndi voliyumu yokhazikika komanso mawonekedwe amadzimadzi, kuphatikiza pafupifupi chilichonse chomwe timawona kutizungulira tsiku lililonse. 

Simungamvetsetse zamadzimadzi popanda kumvetsetsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi kumamatira, ndipo simungamvetse bwino zomwe zili popanda kumvetsetsa mamolekyu ndi maatomu. Chifukwa chake, ndikhulupilira kuti bukhuli lakupatsani kumvetsetsa bwino zamadzimadzi.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.