Kuti mupeze njira, onani Photography. Chithunzi kapena chithunzi ndi chithunzi chopangidwa ndi kuwala komwe kumagwera pamtunda wosamva kuwala, nthawi zambiri filimu yojambula zithunzi kapena zipangizo zamagetsi monga CCD kapena CMOS chip.
Zithunzi zambiri zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kamera, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito lens kuti iwonetse kutalika kwa kuwala komwe kumawonekera kuti ipangenso zomwe diso la munthu lingawone. Njira ndi machitidwe opanga zithunzi amatchedwa kujambula.
Mawu oti "chithunzi" adapangidwa mu 1839 ndi Sir John Herschel ndipo adachokera ku Greek φῶς (phos), kutanthauza "kuwala", ndi γραφή (graphê), kutanthauza "kujambula, kulemba", pamodzi kutanthauza "kujambula ndi kuwala".
Mu positi iyi tikambirana:
Kutsegula Tanthauzo la Chithunzi
Chithunzi si chithunzi chophweka chojambulidwa ndi kamera kapena foni yamakono. Ndi mtundu wa zojambulajambula zomwe zimajambula kamphindi mu nthawi, kupanga chojambula cha kuwala chomwe chimajambulidwa pazithunzi. Mawu akuti “chithunzi” amachokera ku mawu achigiriki akuti “phōs” kutanthauza kuwala ndi “graphē” kutanthauza kujambula.
Mizu ya Kujambula
Mizu ya kujambula imatha kuyambika kuzaka za m'ma 1800 pomwe zithunzi zoyambirira zidapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito filimu yojambula. Masiku ano, pakubwera kwaukadaulo wa digito, zithunzi zitha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito masensa azithunzi apakompyuta monga tchipisi ta CCD kapena CMOS.
Mitu Yamakono ndi Malingaliro Ojambula
Kujambula kwasintha kuchokera ku kujambula kophweka kwa chithunzi kupita ku zojambulajambula zovuta zomwe zimafufuza mitu ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Zina mwamitu yamakono ndi malingaliro a kujambula ndi awa:
- Kujambula: Kujambula zenizeni za munthu kudzera m'chifanizo chake
- Malo: Kujambula kukongola kwa chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe
- Chikhalire moyo: kujambula kukongola kwa zinthu zopanda moyo
- Chidule: kuyang'ana kugwiritsa ntchito utoto, mawonekedwe, ndi mawonekedwe kuti apange chithunzi chapadera
Ntchito Yaukadaulo Pakujambula
Zipangizo zamakono zathandiza kwambiri pakusintha kujambula. Poyambitsa mapulogalamu apakompyuta ndi makamera a digito, ojambula tsopano amatha kusintha ndi kuwongolera zithunzi zawo kuti apange zojambulajambula zapadera komanso zodabwitsa.
Kuwona Dziko Losangalatsa la Mitundu ndi Masitayilo a Zithunzi
Pankhani yojambula, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zithunzi zomwe mungatenge. Nayi mitundu yoyambirira ya zithunzi zomwe mungaganizire:
- Kujambula Kwachilengedwe: Kujambula kwamtunduwu kumaphatikizapo kujambula kukongola kwachilengedwe, kuphatikiza malo, mapiri, ndi nyama zakuthengo.
- Kujambula Zithunzi: Kujambula kotereku kumaphatikizapo kujambula zenizeni za munthu kapena gulu la anthu. Itha kuchitika mu studio kapena panja, ndipo itha kukhala yokhazikika kapena wamba.
- Kujambula Kwabwino Kwambiri: Kujambula kwamtunduwu kumangopanga china chake chapadera komanso champhamvu. Zimatengera luso la wojambula zithunzi ndi masomphenya ake, ndipo zingaphatikizepo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masitayelo ndi mitundu.
Masitayilo Osiyanasiyana ndi Mitundu Yakujambula
Kujambula ndi kusakaniza masitayelo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nawa masitayelo odziwika komanso otchuka komanso mitundu yojambulira:
- Kujambula Pamalo: Kujambula kotereku kumangotengera kukongola kwachilengedwe, kuphatikiza mapiri, nkhalango, ndi nyanja zamchere. Pamafunika kukhazikitsidwa kwachindunji ndi diso lakuthwa kuti mudziwe zambiri.
- Kujambula Kwamsewu: Kujambula kwamtunduwu kumaphatikizapo kujambula moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri. Zimafunika kuchita zambiri komanso kumvetsetsa bwino mawonekedwe a kamera yanu.
- Kujambula Kwakuda ndi Koyera: Kujambula kwamtunduwu kumangogwiritsa ntchito kuwala ndi mithunzi kupanga chithunzi champhamvu komanso chapadera. Limapereka mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi mizere yomwe ingasinthe mawonekedwe osavuta kukhala chinthu chodabwitsa.
Kusintha kwa Kujambula: Kuchokera ku Niépce kupita ku Luc
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 19, Mfalansa wina dzina lake Joseph Nicéphore Niépce anafunitsitsa kupeza njira yopangira zithunzi zosatha. Anayesa njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zojambula za lithographic ndi zojambula zopaka mafuta, koma palibe chomwe chinapambana. Pomalizira pake, mu February 1826, anapanga chithunzi choyamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira imene anaitcha kuti heliography. Anaika mbale ya pewter yomwe inali yokutidwa ndi njira yotha kumva kuwala mu kamera ndi kuiika pa kuwala kwa maola angapo. Madera omwe adawonekera pakuwala adakhala mdima, ndikusiya mbali zakumtunda za mbaleyo osakhudzidwa. Kenako Niépce adatsuka mbaleyo ndi chosungunulira, ndikusiya chithunzi chapadera, cholondola chowonera kutsogolo kwa kamera.
Daguerreotype: Mtundu Woyamba Wotchuka Wojambula
Njira ya Niépce inakonzedwa ndi mnzake, Louis Daguerre, zomwe zinachititsa kuti daguerreotype, mawonekedwe oyambirira a kujambula zithunzi. Njira ya Daguerre inali kuonetsa mbale yamkuwa yopangidwa ndi siliva, yomwe inkapanga chithunzi chatsatanetsatane chomwe chinapangidwa ndi nthunzi ya mercury. Daguerreotype inayamba kutchuka m’zaka za m’ma 1840 ndi m’ma 1850, ndipo akatswiri ambiri aluso anatulukira panthawiyi.
Njira ya Wet Plate Collodion: Kupita patsogolo Kwambiri
Chapakati pa zaka za zana la 19, njira yatsopano yotchedwa wet plate collodion process idapangidwa. Njira imeneyi inkaphatikizapo kupaka mbale yagalasi ndi madzi osakanikirana ndi kuwala, kuwaika pamalo owala, ndiyeno kupanga chithunzicho. Njira ya collodion yonyowa idathandizira kwambiri kuthekera kopanga zithunzi pamlingo wokulirapo ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba nkhondo yapachiweniweni yaku America.
Kusintha kwa digito
Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, kujambula kwa digito kunayamba kukhala njira yatsopano yopangira zithunzi. Izi zinaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kamera ya digito kujambula chithunzi, chomwe chimatha kuwonedwa ndi kusinthidwa pakompyuta. Kutha kuwona ndikusintha zithunzi nthawi yomweyo kwasintha kwambiri momwe timajambula ndikugawana zithunzi.
Kutsiliza
Kotero, ndicho chimene chithunzi chiri. Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi kamera, kapena foni masiku ano, chomwe chimajambula kamphindi mu nthawi ndikupanga luso.
Mutha kuphunzira zambiri za kujambula tsopano popeza mukudziwa zoyambira, ndipo nthawi zonse mutha kuyang'ana ena mwa ojambula otchuka omwe atilimbikitsa ndi ntchito yawo. Chifukwa chake musachite manyazi ndikuyesa!
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.
