Nkhumba: Kalozera Wokwanira wa Mbiri, Mitundu, ndi Zina

Nkhumba ndi zinthu zopangira utoto zomwe sizisungunuka m'madzi koma zimasungunuka muzosungunulira zina. Iwo kawirikawiri finely pansi particles anawonjezera a binder kupanga utoto kapena inki. Pali mitundu yamitundu yachilengedwe komanso inki yopangira.   

M'nkhaniyi, ndikuuzani zonse za iwo. Choncho, tiyeni tiyambe! Mwakonzeka? Inenso ndakonzeka! Tiyeni tilowe!

Kutulutsa Mphamvu ya Pigment mu Utoto ndi Zopaka

Nkhumba ndi mitundu yomwe imapatsa utoto ndi zokutira mitundu yawo yapadera. Nthawi zambiri amakhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapangidwa bwino ndikuwonjezeredwa ku utoto kapena kupaka utoto kuti apereke mtundu, zochuluka, kapena zinthu zomwe zimafunidwa pathupi ndi mankhwala ku filimu yonyowa kapena youma. Ma pigment amatha kukhala achilengedwe kapena opangidwa, ndipo amabwera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku bulauni ndi masamba obiriwira mpaka ofiira, abuluu, ndi achikasu.

Udindo wa Pigments mu Coloring

Nkhumba zimagwira ntchito ponyezimira kapena kutumiza kuwala kuti ziwonekere mtundu. Kuwala kukakhala ndi pigment, kwina kumatengedwa pomwe ena amawonekera kapena kufalikira. Mtundu umene timawuwona umachokera ku kutalika kwa kuwala komwe kumawonekera kapena kufalitsidwa ndi pigment. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ma pigment nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa kuti ali ndi mitundu.

Kufunika Kosankha Mitundu Yoyenera

Kusankha mitundu yoyenera ndikofunikira kuti mukwaniritse mtundu womwe mukufuna komanso magwiridwe antchito mu utoto ndi zokutira. Zina zofunika kuziganizira posankha mtundu wa pigment ndi:

• Mtundu wa utoto kapena zokutira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito

• Mtundu wofunidwa ndi mapeto

• The thupi ndi mankhwala katundu chofunika

• Zida zokutidwa

• Zachilengedwe zomwe zokutira zidzawonetsedwa

Kusintha kwa Pigment mu Paint: Mbiri Yokongola

• Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito utoto kwa zaka zoposa 40,000, monga umboni wa zojambula zakale za m’mapanga.

• Mitundu yoyambirira idachokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe monga mchere, dongo, ndi mitundu yochokera ku nyama.
• Mitundu imeneyi ankaipera kukhala ufa wabwino kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zakale ndipo ankasakaniza ndi chomangira kuti apange utoto.
• Mitundu yakale kwambiri yodziwika inali ocher yofiira ndi yachikasu, sienna yowotchedwa ndi umber, ndi choko choyera.

Mitundu Yakale Yaku Egypt ndi India

• Anthu a ku Iguputo akale ankakonda mitundu ina ya buluu, monga lapis lazuli ndi silicate yamkuwa.

• Ojambula a ku India ankagwiritsa ntchito utoto wopangidwa kuchokera ku zomera ndi tizilombo kuti apange mitundu yowoneka bwino.
• Kalelo ankagwiritsanso ntchito mitundu yopangidwa ndi mtovu, monga yoyera ya lead ndi yachikasu.

Kukula kwa Pigment Synthetic

• M’zaka za m’ma 18 ndi 19, akatswiri a zamankhwala anapeza njira zatsopano zopangira utoto wopangira utoto, monga phthalo blue ndi anhydrous iron oxide.

• Mitundu imeneyi inali yosavuta kupanga ndipo inali yamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuposa yachibadwa.
• Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa pigment zopangira kunapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yatsopano yaluso, monga mitundu yowala yomwe Vermeer amagwiritsa ntchito.

Dziko Losangalatsa la Biological Pigments mu Paint

Biological pigment ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi zamoyo zomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu chifukwa cha kuyamwa kwa mitundu. Mitundu imeneyi imapezeka m’chilengedwe ndipo imatha kupangidwa ndi zomera, nyama, ngakhalenso anthu. Amatchedwa biological pigments chifukwa amapangidwa ndi zamoyo.

Kupanga kwa Biological Pigments

How to strip wire fast

Share

Watch on

Mitundu yamitundumitundu imapangidwa ndi zamoyo ndipo imapezeka m'zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zomera, nyama, ngakhale mitengo. Amapangidwa ndi thupi ndipo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa momwe chilengedwe chimagwirira ntchito. Kupanga ma pigment achilengedwe kumagwirizana ndi mapuloteni omwe thupi limafunikira kuti likwaniritse mtundu.

Kufufuza Chemistry ya Pigments mu Paint

Nkhumba ndi zinthu zamitundumitundu zomwe zimapatsa utoto mtundu wake. Kapangidwe kake ka mtundu wa pigment kumatsimikizira mtundu wake, kulimba kwake, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake. Nkhumba imatha kukhala organic kapena inorganic, ndipo mtundu uliwonse uli ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito utoto. Nawa mitundu yodziwika bwino komanso kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala:

• Inorganic pigment: Mitundu iyi nthawi zambiri imakhala yowala komanso yolimba kuposa inki yachilengedwe. Zikuphatikizapo:

- Titaniyamu woyera: Pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku titanium dioxide ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa utoto, zodzoladzola, ndi zinthu zina.
- Cadmium yellow: Pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku cadmium sulfide ndipo imadziwika ndi mtundu wake wowala komanso wofunda.
- Ultramarine Blue: Pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku sodium aluminium sulfosilicate ndipo idapangidwa pogaya mwala wamtengo wapatali wa lapis lazuli.
- Burnt sienna: Pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku sienna yaiwisi yomwe yatenthedwa kuti ipange mtundu wakuda, wofiirira.
- Vermilion: Pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku mercuric sulfide ndipo yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kalekale chifukwa cha mtundu wake wofiira kwambiri.

• Organic pigment: Mitundu imeneyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku mamolekyu opangidwa ndi kaboni ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi inorganic pigment. Zikuphatikizapo:

- Phthalo green: Pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku copper phthalocyanine ndipo imadziwika ndi mtundu wake wowala, wobiriwira wabuluu.
- Hansa yellow: pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku azo compounds ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzodzola ndi zinthu zina.
- Phthalo blue: Pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku copper phthalocyanine ndipo imadziwika ndi mtundu wake wowala, wabuluu.
- Rose madder: Mtundu uwu wa pigment umapangidwa kuchokera ku mizu ya chomera cha madder ndipo wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri.
- Choyera cha China: Pigment iyi imapangidwa kuchokera ku zinc oxide ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu utoto wamadzi.

Mmene Pigment Amagwiritsidwira Ntchito Papenti

Kapangidwe kake ka inki ndi kamene kamagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto. Nazi njira zina zomwe ma pigment amagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka:

• Imayamwa mafunde enaake a kuwala: Nkhumba imatenga kuwala kwinakwake n’kumaunikira kwina, zomwe zimapanga mtundu umene timaona.
• Pangani mtundu wowoneka bwino: Mitundu ina, monga buluu wokulirapo, imapanga utoto wowoneka bwino powunikira m'njira inayake.
• Amasiyana mu nthawi yowumitsa: Mitundu ina, monga titaniyamu woyera, imauma mofulumira, pamene ina, monga sienna yoyaka, imatenga nthawi yaitali kuti iume.
• Pangani yankho: Mitundu ina, monga phthalo blue, imasungunuka m'madzi ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu utoto wamadzi.
• Pangani mitundu yosiyanasiyana: Inkiyi imatha kusakanikirana kuti ipange mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kutengera zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zinthu zomwe zilipo.
• Onjezani utoto pazinthu zina: Inki imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zodzoladzola, nsalu, ndi mapulasitiki.

Kumanga Pigment: Chinsinsi Chopanga Zojambula Zokhalitsa

Zomangira ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa inki pamodzi mu utoto. Iwo ali ndi udindo wopanga ma pigment kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito komanso kupanga mawonekedwe ofunikira ndi kumaliza kwa utoto. Zomangira zimapangidwa makamaka ndi zinthu zolemera, zosalala zomwe zimatha kutsitsa kamvekedwe ka utoto ndikupereka mitundu yambiri.

Mitundu ya Zomangira

Pali mitundu ingapo ya zomangira zomwe ojambula amagwiritsa ntchito pazojambula zawo. Zina mwazodziwika kwambiri ndi izi:

• Mafuta: Ichi ndi chomangira chowuma pang'onopang'ono chomwe chili choyenera kupanga ma toni olemera, ozama muzojambula. Ndichisankho chodziwika pakati pa ojambula masiku ano chifukwa chimalola nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito ndipo imatha kuchitidwa munjira zingapo.

• Dzira: Ichi ndi chomangira chowuma mwachangu chomwe chili choyenera kupanga zosalala, ngakhale matani muzojambula. Chinali chodziwika bwino pakati pa ojambula m'nthawi zakale ndipo chimagwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano ndi akatswiri ena.

• Tempera: Ichi ndi chomangira chowuma mwachangu chomwe chili choyenera kupanga zojambula zazing'ono, zatsatanetsatane. Ndichisankho chodziwika bwino pakati pa ojambula omwe akufuna kupanga zojambula ndi tsatanetsatane wambiri.

Kupera Nkhumba ndi Binders

Kuti apange utoto, inkiyi imasiyidwa ndi zomangira kuti ikhale yosalala, yofanana. Njira yopera imatha kukhudza mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a utoto, choncho ndikofunikira kugaya ma pigment molondola. Malangizo ena opera inki ndi zomangira ndi awa:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito inki yachilengedwe: Mitundu ya pigment yachilengedwe ndiyosavuta kugaya ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofanana kwambiri kuposa inki yopangira.

• Kugwiritsa ntchito pigment yoyera: Kuyika mtundu woyera pansi pa inki kungathandize kupanga utoto wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

• Kuphatikizira zomangira: Kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomangira kungathandize kupanga utoto womwe uli woyenera mwaukadaulo waluso.

Zochepa Zomangamanga

Ngakhale zomangira ndizofunikira kwambiri pa utoto, zimapereka malire. Zina mwa zoletsedwazi ndi izi:

• Mtsogoleli: Zomangira zina zimakhala ndi mtovu, zomwe zingakhale zovulaza kwa akatswiri ojambula omwe amagwira nawo ntchito. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito zomangira zomwe zilibe lead.

• Nthawi yowumitsa: Nthawi yowumitsa utoto imatha kukhudzidwa ndi chomangira chogwiritsidwa ntchito. Zomangira zina zimauma mofulumira kuposa zina, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zikhale zovuta kugwira ntchito ndi utoto.

• Nyanja: Mitundu ina imakhudzidwa ndi binder yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zifulumizitse kapena kuchepetsa nthawi yowuma ya utoto.

Kupereka Binder Yolondola ya Pigment

Kusankha chomangira cholondola cha pigment ndikofunikira kuti mupange utoto womwe uli woyenera paukadaulo womwe mukufuna. Malangizo ena opangira chomangira cholondola cha pigment ndi awa:

• Kumvetsetsa zamtundu wa pigment: Kudziwa momwe mtunduwo ulili kungathandize kudziwa kuti ndi binder iti yomwe ingagwire bwino ntchito nayo.

• Kuyesa zomangira zosiyanasiyana: Kuyesa zomangira zosiyanasiyana ndi pigment kungathandize kudziwa kuti ndi iti yomwe ingapange mawonekedwe ofunikira ndikumaliza.

• Kufunafuna chidziŵitso kuchokera ku malo achindunji: Kufunafuna chidziŵitso kuchokera ku magwero achindunji, monga ngati opanga ma pigment kapena situdiyo imene imagwira ntchito yopangira utoto, kungapereke chidziŵitso chamtengo wapatali cha chomangira chogwiritsira ntchito.

Tiyeni Tilankhule Za Kuwonekera ndi Kuwonekera mu Pigment Paint

Tikamalankhula za utoto wowoneka bwino, tikunena za zomwe zimalola kuwala kudutsamo. Nazi zina zomwe muyenera kudziwa zokhudza ma inki oonekera:

• Mitundu yowonekera nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zonyezimira, zomwe zimakhala zopyapyala za utoto zomwe zimalola kuti mtundu wapansi uwonekere.
• Chifukwa chakuti utoto wonyezimira umalola kuwala kudutsa, amatha kupanga chithunzithunzi chowala kwambiri.
• Mitundu yowoneka bwino imakhala yochepa kwambiri kuposa inki ya opaque, kutanthauza kuti imatha kukhala yovuta kudziwona yokha.
• Mitundu ina yowoneka bwino imaphatikizapo phthalo blue, alizarin crimson, ndi quinacridone magenta.

Kuwala: Kuwala Kukatsekedwa

Kumbali ina, mitundu yowoneka bwino imalepheretsa kuwala kudutsamo. Nazi zina zomwe muyenera kudziwa za opaque pigment:

• Nthawi zambiri ma pigment opaque amagwiritsidwa ntchito kubisa zolakwika kapena kupanga malo olimba amtundu.
• Chifukwa mitundu yowoneka bwino imatchinga kuwala, imatha kupanga mawonekedwe olimba kwambiri pazithunzi.
• Mitundu ya opaque imakhala yolimba kwambiri kuposa inki yowonekera, kutanthauza kuti imatha kudziwona yokha.
• Zina zodziwika bwino za opaque pigments zimaphatikizapo titaniyamu woyera, cadmium wofiira, ndi ultramarine blue.

Translucent: Pang'ono Pang'ono Zonse ziwiri

Palinso gulu lachitatu la mitundu yoti muganizirepo: inki yowoneka bwino. Mitundu yowoneka bwino imakhala pakati pa zowoneka bwino ndi zowoneka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwala kwina kudutsa koma osati konse. Mitundu ina yodziwika bwino yowoneka bwino ndi monga sienna yaiwisi, sienna wowotchedwa, ndi umber waiwisi.

Kutsiliza

Kotero, ndi zomwe ma pigment ali ndi momwe amakhudzira mtundu wa utoto. Ndizinthu zomwe zimawonjezeredwa kuzinthu kuti zisinthe mtundu wake, mawonekedwe ake, kapena zina. Nkhumba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto, zokutira, ndi zinthu zina. Amazolowera kukongoletsa chilichonse kuyambira makoma mpaka zovala mpaka magalimoto. Chifukwa chake, kumbukirani kuzigwiritsa ntchito ndikusangalala ndi moyo wokongola!

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.