Silicone: The Complete Guide to History, Chemistry & Safety

Silicones ndi ma polima omwe amaphatikizapo inert iliyonse, kupanga gulu lopangidwa ndi mayunitsi obwereza a siloxane, omwe ndi gulu logwira ntchito la maatomu awiri a silikoni ndi atomu imodzi ya okosijeni yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi kaboni ndi/kapena haidrojeni. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosagwira kutentha komanso ngati mphira, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosindikizira, zomatira, mafuta odzola, mankhwala, ziwiya zophikira, ndi kutchinjiriza kwa kutentha ndi magetsi.

M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za silicone ndi kupanga kwake.

Zonse Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa Zokhudza Silicone

Silicone ndi zinthu za polima zopangidwa ndi mamolekyu otchedwa siloxanes. Ndi chinthu chapadera chomwe chimapangidwa ndi silicon, chinthu chachilengedwe chomwe chimapezeka mumchenga ndi miyala, ndi mpweya. Zinthu ziwirizi zikaphatikizidwa, zimapanga kaphatikizidwe kamene kamakhala ndi maunyolo aatali a ma monomers obwerezabwereza, omwe amalumikizana kuti apange chinthu chomaliza.

Kodi Silicone Imapangidwa Bwanji?

Silicone imapangidwa posakaniza silicon yoyera ndi mankhwala ena kuti apange gulu la silikoni. Pampaniyo imadutsa munjira zingapo zasayansi kuti apange chomaliza chomwe chimapangidwa ndi unyolo wautali wa ma monomers obwerezabwereza. Maunyolowa amalumikizidwa pamodzi kuti apange polima yomwe imadziwika kuti silikoni.

Kodi Silicone Imagwiritsidwa Ntchito Motani?

Silicone ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zina mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi silicone ndi izi:

• Kupanga zosindikizira ndi zomatira zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulumikiza zida zosiyanasiyana palimodzi.
• Kupanga mafuta omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchepetsa kukangana pakati pa magawo osuntha.
• Kupanga kusungunula kwamafuta ndi magetsi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuteteza zida zodziwikiratu ku kutentha ndi magetsi.
• Kupanga ziwiya zophikira ndi zinthu zina zakukhitchini zomwe sizowopsa komanso zosagwirizana ndi kutentha.
• Kupanga zida zamankhwala ndi ma implants omwe ali otetezeka komanso othandiza kwa odwala.

Kodi Kusiyanitsa Pakati pa Silicone ndi Silicone ndi Chiyani?

Silicone ndi chinthu chimodzi, pamene silicones ndi gulu la zipangizo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi silikoni. Silicones nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba komanso yolimba kuposa silikoni, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zomwe zimafuna mulingo wapamwamba komanso magwiridwe antchito.

Kusintha kwa Silicone: Kuchokera ku Crystalline Silicon kupita ku Zopanga Zamakono

Mu 1854, Henry Sainte-Claire Deville adapeza crystalline silicon, yomwe inali yodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya zipangizo ndi mankhwala. Silikoni ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha Si ndi nambala ya atomiki 14. Ndi crystalline yolimba, yonyezimira yokhala ndi luster ya blue-grey metallic luster, ndipo ndi tetravalent metalloid ndi semiconductor. Silikoni ndi chinthu chachisanu ndi chitatu chodziwika bwino m'chilengedwe chonse, koma sichipezeka mwachilengedwe.

Kubadwa kwa Silicones: Kafukufuku wa Hyde ndi Dzina la Kipping

Mu 1930, JF Hyde adayendetsa kafukufuku woyamba kupanga ma silicones amalonda. Pambuyo pake, mu 1940, katswiri wa zamankhwala wa ku England, Frederich Stanley Kipping, pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa Hyde, anapatsa zinthuzo dzina lakuti “silicones” chifukwa zinali “zomata”. Kipping anali mpainiya pa gawo la organic chemistry ndipo amadziwika kwambiri ndi ntchito yake pa chemistry ya silicones. Ma Silicone ndi gulu la ma polima opangidwa ndi mayunitsi obwereza a siloxane, omwe ndi unyolo wa ma atomu a silicon ndi okosijeni okhala ndi magulu a organic omwe amamangiriridwa ku maatomu a silicon.

Chemistry ya Silicones: Kapangidwe ndi Unyolo wa Polima

Ma Silicones kwenikweni ndi ma polima okhala ndi gawo lobwereza la siloxane. Chigawo cha siloxane chimakhala ndi atomu ya silicon yomwe imamangiriridwa ku maatomu awiri a okosijeni, omwe amamangiriridwa kumagulu achilengedwe. Magulu achilengedwe amatha kukhala methyl, ethyl, phenyl, kapena magulu ena. Magawo a siloxane amatha kulumikizidwa palimodzi kuti apange maunyolo amzere kapena unyolo wanthambi. Maunyolo amathanso kulumikizidwa kuti apange maukonde atatu-dimensional. Zotsatira zake ndi silicone polima yokhala ndi zinthu zambiri.

Kupanga Kwamakono kwa Silicones: Corning, Dow, ndi Hydrolysis

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Kupanga kwamakono kwa silicones kumaphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana, koma njira yodziwika kwambiri imachokera ku hydrolysis ya silicon compounds. Mankhwala a silicon monga silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) kapena dimethyldichlorosilane (CH3) 2SiCl2 amachitidwa ndi madzi kuti apange siloxanes. Siloxanes ndiye amapangidwa polima kuti apange ma polima a silikoni. Njirayi imatha kuchitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza ma acid monga HCl kapena maziko monga NaOH.

Maonekedwe a Silicones: Amphamvu, Osamva Madzi, komanso Oteteza Magetsi

Silicones ali ndi katundu wambiri, malingana ndi magulu a organic omwe amamangiriridwa ku maatomu a silicon ndi kutalika kwa maunyolo a polima. Zina mwazinthu za silicones ndi izi:

• Wamphamvu komanso wolimba
• Chosalowa madzi
• Kuteteza pamagetsi
• Kugonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu ndi kutsika
• Opanda mankhwala
• Zogwirizana

Silicones amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:

• Zosindikizira ndi zomatira
• Mafuta ndi zokutira
• Zida zamankhwala ndi zoyikapo
• Kutsekereza magetsi ndi matabwa ozungulira
• Zida zamagalimoto ndi zamlengalenga
• Zogulitsa zaumwini ndi zodzoladzola

Kusiyana Pakati pa Ma Silicone ndi Ma polima Ena

Ma silicones amasiyana ndi ma polima ena m'njira zingapo:

• Chigawo chobwereza mu ma silicones ndi siloxane, pomwe ma polima ena ali ndi magawo obwereza osiyanasiyana.
• Chomangira cha silicon-oksijeni mu siloxane ndi champhamvu kuposa chomangira cha carbon-carbon mu ma polima ena, chomwe chimapatsa ma silicones mawonekedwe awo apadera.
• Ma silicones amalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso kutsika kwambiri kuposa ma polima ena.
• Ma Silicone ndi osamva madzi kuposa ma polima ena.

Tsogolo la Silicones: Kafukufuku Wapamwamba ndi Zatsopano Zatsopano

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa silicones kukupitiriza kukula, ndipo zatsopano zikupangidwa nthawi zonse. Zina mwazofufuza zapamwamba zama silicones ndi izi:

• Kupanga zatsopano zopangira ma polymerization a siloxanes
• Kugwiritsa ntchito silyl acetates ndi mankhwala ena kuti asinthe mawonekedwe a silicone
• Kugwiritsa ntchito acid ndi m'munsi catalyzed zochita kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya silikoni ma polima
• Kugwiritsa ntchito ma polima a silicone pakupanga galasi ndi zinthu zina

Mawu akuti "silicones" amakhalabe mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi silicone, ndipo katundu wa zipangizozi akupitirizabe kufufuza ndi kumveka.

Kuchokera ku Mchenga kupita ku Silicone: Njira Yosangalatsa Yopangira Silicone

Silicone ndi polima yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumitundu ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Njira yokwaniritsira mitundu yofunidwa ya silicone imaphatikizapo masitepe angapo omwe amafunikira zida zoyenera ndi zomangira. Nazi zigawo ndi masitepe omwe akukhudzidwa pakupanga:

• Silikoni: Chomangira chachikulu cha silikoni ndi silicon, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Imapatulidwa pogaya mchenga wa quartz ndikuupaka kutentha, kufika kutentha mpaka madigiri 2000 Celsius.

• Methyl Chloride: Silicon imasakanikirana ndi methyl chloride, yomwe imadziwika kuti chloromethane. Izi zimapanga chlorosilane, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri popanga silikoni.

• Kutenthetsa: chlorosilane imatenthedwa kuti ipange dimethyldichlorosilane, yomwe ndi kalambulabwalo wa silikoni. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kusakaniza, komwe kumayambitsa zomwe zimachitika ndikuchotsa hydrochloric acid.

• Polima Processing: The dimethyldichlorosilane kenako kusakaniza ndi madzi kupanga polima. Polima iyi imatha kukonzedwanso kuti ikwaniritse mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya silikoni, monga ma elastomers, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu za mphira.

Kufunika Kowongolera Ubwino Popanga Silicone

Kupanga silicone kumafuna kuwongolera kwapamwamba kwambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti chomaliza chimakwaniritsa zofunikira. Opanga ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti zigawo zoyenera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga komanso kuti ndondomekoyi ikuchitika pansi pamikhalidwe yoyenera. Nazi zina mwazinthu zomwe opanga ayenera kuziganizira:

• Kutentha: Kupanga kumafuna kutentha kwakukulu, komwe kungakhudze ubwino wa mankhwala omaliza. Opanga ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti kutentha kumayendetsedwa mosamala kuti zisawonongeke za silicone.

• Kupatula Voliyumu: Kupanga kumaphatikizapo kudzipatula kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimachitika kuti zitsimikizire kuti kuchuluka kwa silicone kumapangidwa. Izi zimafuna kuwunika mosamala ndikuwongolera zomwe zikuchitika.

• Crosslinking: Mitundu ina ya silikoni imafunikira kuwoloka kuti mukwaniritse zomwe mukufuna. Izi zimaphatikizapo kulumikiza maunyolo a polima palimodzi kuti apange zinthu zolimba.

Mitundu Yodziwika ya Silicone Pamsika

Silicone imapezeka muzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku ziwiya zakukhitchini kupita ku zida zamankhwala. Nawa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya silikoni pamsika:

• Silicone ya Low Density Silicone: Silicone yamtunduwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zosindikizira ndi zomatira.

• Ma Elastomers: Awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu za mphira, monga ma gaskets ndi O-rings.

• Silicone Yotentha Kwambiri: Silicone yamtunduwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zomwe zimafuna kukana kutentha kwambiri, monga makampani opanga ndege.

Chemistry ya Silicone: Kuwona Zachuma ndi Kupanga Kwazinthu Zosiyanasiyana Izi

Silicone ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi silicon, oxygen, carbon, ndi maatomu a haidrojeni. Ndi mtundu wa polima, kutanthauza kuti amapangidwa ndi unyolo wautali wa mamolekyu omwe amapangidwa kudzera mu njira yotchedwa polymerization. Silicone nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kudzera mu njira yotchedwa hydrolysis, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuchitapo kanthu pamagulu a silicon ndi madzi kuti apange siloxanes.

Chemistry ya Siloxanes ndi Silicone Polymers

Siloxanes ndi zomangira za ma polima a silicone. Amapangidwa ndi momwe silicon imachitira ndi madzi, yomwe imapanga unyolo wa silicon ndi maatomu okosijeni. Unyolo wotsatira wa siloxane ukhoza kusinthidwanso powonjezera magulu achilengedwe, monga magulu a methyl kapena phenyl, kuti apange ma polima osiyanasiyana a silicone.

Imodzi mwa ma polima ambiri a silicone ndi polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), yomwe imapangidwa powonjezera magulu a methyl ku unyolo wa siloxane. PDMS ndi yolimba, yonyezimira yonyezimira yonyezimira yokhala ndi zitsulo zonyezimira zabuluu, ndipo ndi membala wa gulu 14 patebulo la periodic. Ndi mtundu wa silikoni womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mabwalo amagetsi ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimafunikira zida zolimba, zosagwira madzi.

Katundu wa Silicone ndi Ntchito Zake Wamba

Silicone ili ndi zinthu zingapo zapadera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zodziwika bwino pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana. Zina mwazinthu zazikulu za silicone ndi izi:

• Kukhazikika kwamafuta apamwamba
• Kukaniza madzi
• Kawopsedwe wotsika
• Zabwino zotchinjiriza magetsi
• Mkulu wa gasi permeability

Izi zimapangitsa silicone kukhala chinthu chodziwika bwino pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza:

• Zipangizo zamankhwala
• Mbali zamagalimoto
• Zida zamagetsi
• Zosindikizira ndi zomatira
• Zogulitsa zamunthu

Tsogolo la Silicone Production and Development

Kupanga ndi chitukuko cha silicon kumakhalabe gawo lochita kafukufuku kwa akatswiri azamankhwala ndi asayansi azinthu. Njira zatsopano zopangira ma polima a silikoni akufunsidwa ndikuyesedwa, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito ketone ndi silyl acetates polima. Pamene ma polima atsopano a silicone akupangidwa, amatha kupeza ntchito zatsopano m'mafakitale ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Ntchito Zosiyanasiyana za Silicone

Silicone ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazogulitsa ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi mafakitale. Kukhoza kwake kupirira kutentha kwakukulu ndi kutsika, kukana mankhwala ndi mafuta, ndikukhalabe okhazikika pansi pa zovuta kwambiri kumapangitsa kukhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:

• Zopaka ndi zomatira
• Ma insulators ndi fillers (umu ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zoyenera)
• Mafuta a injini zamagalimoto ndi magiya
• Mafuta apadera ndi zinthu zomaliza
• Kuwala ndi kumaliza zipangizo

Electronics ndi Aerospace Industries

Ma silicones amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amagetsi ndi ndege chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera, kuphatikiza:

• Kutsekemera kogwira mtima komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri ndi mankhwala
• Kutha kudzaza mipata ndikupereka ma cushioning a zigawo zosakhwima
• Kuchita kokhazikika komanso kokhalitsa m'malo ovuta kwambiri

Ntchito Zachipatala ndi Zodzikongoletsera

Gelisi ya silicone ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazachipatala komanso zodzikongoletsera chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwake kwakukulu komanso kuthekera kotengera momwe minofu yamunthu imayendera. Ntchito zina zapadera ndi izi:

• Ma implants a m'mawere, machende, ndi ma implants a m'chiuno
• Mabanki ndi zobvala
• Malonda a contact
• Chithandizo cha zipsera ndi mankhwala osamalira mabala

Specialty Applications

Silicone imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zapadera, kuphatikiza:

• Kupanga mphira ndi utomoni
• Microfluidics ndi zigawo zina zolondola kwambiri
• Zogulitsa zamafuta ndi gasi
• Zomatira zogwira mtima komanso zokhalitsa

Tsogolo la Ntchito za Silicone

Pamene teknoloji ndi njira zopangira zikupitirizabe kupita patsogolo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito za silicone idzangopitirira kukula. Kuchokera pakupanga zida zatsopano ndi zopangira mpaka kupanga magawo ndi mapangidwe enaake, silikoni ikhalabe chofunikira pakupanga zinthu ndi mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Chifukwa Chimene Silicone Ndi Chosankha Chotetezeka komanso Chosamalira Chilengedwe

Silicone ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino pazinthu zambiri chifukwa chachitetezo chake. Nazi zifukwa zina:

• Palibe Phthalates: Phthalates ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka m'mapulasitiki ndipo amatha kuvulaza thanzi la munthu. Silicone ilibe phthalates, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yotetezeka kuposa pulasitiki.
• Palibe BPA: Bisphenol A (BPA) ndi mankhwala ena omwe amapezeka m'mapulasitiki omwe amatha kukhala ndi thanzi labwino. Silicone ndi yaulere ku BPA, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale njira yathanzi yosungira chakudya ndi kuphika.
• Health Canada Yavomerezedwa: Health Canada yawona kuti silikoni yamtundu wa chakudya ndi yotetezeka kuphika ndi kusunga chakudya. Simakhudzidwa ndi chakudya kapena zakumwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala chisankho chotetezeka kukhitchini.

Zoganizira Zachilengedwe

Silicone si yotetezeka kwa anthu okha, komanso ndi chisankho chokonda zachilengedwe. Ichi ndichifukwa chake:

• Chokhazikika: Silicone ndi chinthu cholimba chomwe chingathe kukhala kwa zaka zambiri, kuchepetsa kufunikira kosintha pafupipafupi komanso kuwononga.
• Zobwezerezedwanso: Silicone imatha kubwezeretsedwanso, kuchepetsa kukhudza kwake chilengedwe.
• Low Poizoni: Silicone ndi chinthu chochepa kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti sichitulutsa mankhwala owopsa m'chilengedwe panthawi yopanga kapena kutaya.

Silicone vs Pulasitiki: Njira Yabwino Ndi Iti?

Silicone ndi pulasitiki ndi mitundu iwiri ya zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Pulasitiki ndi zinthu zachikhalidwe zomwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri, pomwe silikoni ndi chinthu chatsopano chomwe chatchuka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa. Zida zonsezi zili ndi katundu wawo wapadera komanso ntchito, koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo.

Kusiyana kwa Katundu

Chimodzi mwa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa silicone ndi pulasitiki ndi momwe amapangidwira. Silicone imapangidwa kuchokera ku silicon, chinthu chokhazikika chokhazikika, pomwe pulasitiki imapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti silikoni ili ndi zinthu zina zomwe pulasitiki ilibe, monga kukhala yolimba komanso yosamva kutentha. Silicone imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri kuposa pulasitiki, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pophika ndi kuphika.

Kufanana ndi Kusiyana kwa Mawonekedwe ndi Kusinthasintha

Ngakhale silikoni ndi yolimba kuposa pulasitiki, siyosinthasintha. Sizingapangidwe mosiyanasiyana monga pulasitiki. Komabe, silikoni imatha kupangidwa mosiyanasiyana, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kusankha ziwiya ndi zida zakukhitchini. Pulasitiki imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ziwiya ndi zida zakukhitchini, koma sizolimba ngati silikoni.

Chitetezo ndi Zida Zamagetsi

Silicone imadziwikanso chifukwa cha chitetezo komanso mphamvu zamagetsi. Ndi zinthu zopanda poizoni zomwe sizitulutsa mankhwala owopsa zikatenthedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotetezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pophika ndi kuphika. Ndiwotetezanso magetsi abwino, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zamagetsi. Pulasitiki, kumbali ina, imatha kutulutsa mankhwala owopsa ikatenthedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuphika ndi kuphika.

Kukonza ndi Kusamalira

Pankhani yoyeretsa ndi kukonza, silicone ndi pulasitiki zimakhala ndi zofanana komanso zosiyana. Zida zonsezi zimatha kutsukidwa mu chotsukira mbale, koma silikoni ndi yolimba ndipo imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri. Pulasitiki imatha kupindika ndikusungunuka kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yolimba kuposa silikoni.

Kutsiliza

Choncho, silikoni ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi silicon ndi mpweya, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri. 

Inu mukuona chifukwa chimene icho chiri chotchuka kwambiri tsopano, sichoncho inu? Choncho, musamaope kufunsa mafunso ngati simukutsimikiza za chinachake. Nthawi zonse mukhoza kupempha mnzanu kuti akuthandizeni. 

Ndipo musaiwale kuwona kalozera wathu kuti mumve zambiri za silicone.

Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.