Kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo chomwe chimapangitsa kandulo yomwe mumakonda kuti ikhale yosalala komanso yonyezimira? Kapena kodi lipstick yomwe mumakonda imakhala yotani tsiku lonse? Yankho lagona pa chinthu chimodzi chodziwika bwino: sera. Sera ndi chinthu chosunthika chopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe monga zomera ndi nyama, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana.
Sera nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba kutentha ndipo imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri. Zitha kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, koma onse amagawana zinthu zofanana kuti apange chinthu cholimba komanso chosalala, komanso chonyezimira. Izi zimapangitsa sera kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zodzoladzola, chakudya, ndi makandulo.
M'nkhaniyi, tiwona mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sera ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, kuyambira zodzoladzola, zakudya, zojambula. Muphunzira za mawonekedwe apadera a phula, kusinthasintha kwa sera ya soya, komanso kukongola kwa sera ya carnauba. Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tidumphire kudziko losangalatsa la sera ndikupeza zomwe zimapangitsa kuti likhale lofunikira kwambiri.
Mu positi iyi tikambirana:
Sera: Chinthu Chomata Chomwe chimanyamula nkhonya
Sera imatanthawuza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi lipophilic, zolimba zosungunuka pafupi ndi kutentha kozungulira. Amaphatikizapo ma alkanes apamwamba ndi lipids, omwe amakhala ndi malo osungunuka pamwamba pa 40 ° C, osungunuka kuti apereke zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi. Sera ndi mtundu wa zolimba zomwe zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zomata zomwe zimakhala zovuta kugwira ntchito.
Mitundu ya Sera
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sera, iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe akeake komanso mawonekedwe ake. Ena mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya sera ndi:
- Sera Yoyera: Sera yamtunduwu imapangidwa kuchokera kumitengo yoyera ndipo ilibe zowonjezera kapena mankhwala.
- Sera yakuda: Sera yamtunduwu imapangidwa kuchokera kumasamba a chamba ndipo imadziwika ndi mphamvu zake zambiri.
- Sera ya Dab: Sera yamtunduwu imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa extraction, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwedeza mbewu kuti ipangitse mafutawo kung'ambika. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zolimba kuposa sera koma zofewa kuposa sera wophwanyika.
Kupanga Sera
Njira yopangira sera imatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa sera yomwe imapangidwa. Komabe, njira yodziwikiratu imaphatikizapo kuchotsa zosakaniza kuchokera ku mbewu ndikutsuka zotsalirazo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chinthu chokhazikika kwambiri chomwe chili choyenera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe akufuna kuchita mwachangu komanso mwamphamvu kwambiri.
Kulimbikitsa ndi Potency
Mabungwe okakamiza anena kuti zitsanzo za sera zili ndi mphamvu yapakati pa 70-90% THC, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale imodzi mwamitundu yamphamvu kwambiri ya chamba. Kuchuluka kwa THC mu sera kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa sera yomwe imapangidwa, ndi mitundu ina yomwe imakhala ndi 99% THC.
Nkhani Yosangalatsa ya Momwe Sera Inakhalira
Sera akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu kwa zaka mazana ambiri, koma kodi anachokera kuti? Nayi mbiri yachidule ya momwe sera zachilengedwe zidakhalira:
- Zomera: Sera zachilengedwe zimatha kutengedwa ku zomera monga soya, mitengo ya kanjedza, ndi jojoba. Sera zimenezi zimatengedwa ku njere, masamba, kapena zipatso za zomerazo ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zodzoladzola, makandulo, ndi zakudya.
- Zinyama: Malo enanso omwe amapangira sera zachilengedwe ndi nyama. Mwachitsanzo, phula la njuchi limapangidwa ndi njuchi pomanga ming’oma yawo. Lanolin, chinthu chonga sera, chimachokera ku chikopa cha nkhosa ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito posamalira khungu.
Kuchokera ku Petroleum kupita ku Synthetics: The Origins of Synthetic Waxes
Ngakhale kuti phula lachilengedwe lakhalapo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, phula lopangidwa ndi zinthu zatsopano. Umu ndi momwe zidakhalira:
- Mafuta: Sera zopangira zimachokera ku petroleum, mafuta otsalira. Ntchitoyi imaphatikizapo kuyenga mafuta osapsa kuti apange phula lamitundu yosiyanasiyana yokhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.
- Synthetics: Kuphatikiza pa phula lopangidwa ndi petroleum, ma wax opangira amathanso kupangidwa mongopanga. Sera zimenezi zimapangidwa pophatikiza mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti apange chinthu chonga sera.
Sera: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Sera Masiku Ano
Masiku ano, phula amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zodzoladzola, makandulo, ndi zakudya. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sera ndikuchotsa tsitsi. Kupaka sera kumaphatikizapo kupaka sera yotentha pakhungu ndiyeno kuichotsa pamodzi ndi tsitsi, kusiya khungu losalala ndi lopanda tsitsi. Kupaka phula kutha kupangidwa ndi phula lachilengedwe komanso lopangidwa, ndipo mtundu uliwonse uli ndi zida zake zakuthupi ndi mawonekedwe.
Wax Chemistry: The Complex Molecule yomwe Imagwira Ntchito Yosavuta
Sera ndi mtundu wa lipids womwe umakhala ndi unyolo wautali wamafuta acid wolumikizidwa ndi mowa wautali. Mowa ukhoza kukhala ndi maatomu a kaboni 12 mpaka 32, ndipo mafuta acid amatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya aliphatic (yowongoka) kapena ma cyclic (oboola ngati mphete). Kuchuluka kwa machulukitsidwe a asidi wamafuta kumasiyanasiyananso, ndi sera zina zomwe zimakhala ndi zomangira zimodzi zokha pakati pa ma atomu a kaboni (odzaza), pomwe ena amakhala ndi zomangira ziwiri (zopanda unsaturated).
Sera mu Chilengedwe
Sera imapezeka muzinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo pamwamba pa zomera ndi zinyama. Amagwira ntchito yayikulu ngati chivundikiro chopyapyala, choteteza chomwe chimathandiza kukana madzi ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Zitsanzo zina za sera zomwe zimapezeka m'chilengedwe ndi izi:
- Sera, zopangidwa ndi njuchi kuti zimange zisa zawo
- Sera ya Carnauba, yopangidwa ndi masamba a mtengo wa kanjedza wa carnauba
- Lanolin, yopangidwa ndi zotupa za sebaceous za nkhosa ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzodzola ndi mankhwala osamalira khungu
- Cutin, polima waxy wopezeka mu cuticle wa masamba ndi zimayambira
Ma Chemical Properties a Sera
Sera nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba kutentha kwa firiji ndipo imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri, omwe amawathandiza kuti azikhala ngati zosungiramo mphamvu ndi zinthu zina zofunika. Kusungunuka kwenikweni kwa sera kumadalira kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, ndi maunyolo aatali ndi zomangira zodzaza kwambiri zomwe zimatsogolera ku malo osungunuka kwambiri. Sera imakhalanso hydrophobic, kutanthauza kuti samasungunuka m'madzi.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Sera pa mafakitale
Sera ili ndi ntchito zambiri zamafakitale, kuphatikiza:
- Kupanga makandulo, komwe phula monga sera kapena parafini zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lalikulu
- Kupanga zakudya, komwe sera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokutira kapena zosungira zakudya zamitundu ina
- Zodzoladzola ndi zinthu zodzisamalira, komwe sera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kunenepa kapena kupereka chotchinga choteteza khungu.
- Ma polishes ndi zokutira, pomwe phula amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aziteteza kapena kuwunikira pamalo monga pansi, magalimoto, ndi mipando.
- Mapepala ndi kusindikiza, kumene sera amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera mayamwidwe a inki ndikuwongolera kusindikiza
Wax mu Malasha ndi Petroleum
Sera imapezekanso m'malo a malasha ndi mafuta a petroleum, komwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "wax wakuda" chifukwa cha mtundu wawo. Serazi zimakhala zovuta kusakaniza mamolekyu ndipo sizimveka bwino ngati sera zachilengedwe. Komabe, akadali ofunikira kwambiri chifukwa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zoyambira pazinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mafuta, mapulasitiki, ndi zida zina zamafakitale.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Sera: Kuposa Kuphimba Kungoteteza
Sera imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana kumaliza komanso zokutira, kuchokera ku phula zamagalimoto kupita ku zikopa zachikopa. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuteteza pamwamba pamadzi ndi zinthu zina. Sera ikhozanso kukhala ndi mankhwala omwe amapereka zowonjezera zowonjezera, monga chitetezo cha UV kapena anti-fouling. Zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito sera pomaliza ndi zokutira zimaphatikizapo:
- Yapakatikati popanga kumaliza mwamakonda
- Tsekani zomaliza zamatabwa ndi zikopa
- Mapeto oletsa madzi kuzinthu zakunja
- Zomaliza zolimba za pansi ndi mipando
- Zomaliza zapadera zaukadaulo ndi zamisiri
Sera mu Kupanga
Sera ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati chotulutsa nkhungu, komanso kupanga zomatira, inki, ndi utoto. Zina mwazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi sera popanga ndi izi:
- Kumanga zisankho zoponyera mbali zachitsulo
- Kupanga zomatira zomatira pazantchito zinazake
- Kupanga maziko a utoto ndi inki
- Kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kuuma kwa zinthu
Sera mu Chakudya ndi Zinthu Zina
Sera simangogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale- imapezekanso m'zakudya ndi zinthu zina zatsiku ndi tsiku. Mitundu ina ya sera imatengedwa ngati chakudya chokoma, ndipo imatha kukhala yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya ndi zinthu zina ndi monga:
- Kuphimba zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba kuti ziwonjezere moyo wawo wa alumali
- Kupanga wosanjikiza wakunja wa mitundu ina ya tchizi
- Kupanga chipolopolo cholimba pamaswiti ndi chokoleti
- Kupereka zokutira zoteteza pamapiritsi ndi makapisozi
Natural vs. Synthetic Sera
Sera imatha kupangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, monga malasha, mpunga, ngakhale mafuta ofiira a mgwalangwa. Ma phula opangira ma phula amapezekanso, ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu osakanikirana amankhwala. Mtundu wa sera womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito umadalira momwe uyenera kugwirira ntchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa kuwongolera komwe kumafunikira pazinthu zake. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa sera yachilengedwe ndi yopangira ndi:
- Sera yachilengedwe imaganiziridwa kuti ndi yabwino kusamala zachilengedwe
- Sera ya synthetic imatha kukhala yogwirizana muzochita zake
- Sera yachilengedwe ikhoza kukhala yopanda unyolo waukulu wa zigawo zomwe zimapezeka mu sera yopangira
Kutsiliza
Choncho, ndi momwe sera ilili - chinthu chopangidwa kuchokera ku zomera kapena nyama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza ndi kupukuta malo. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku makandulo kupita ku zodzoladzola kupita ku chakudya.
Simungapite molakwika ndi phula pang'ono nthawi ndi nthawi!
Ndine Joost Nusselder, woyambitsa Tools Doctor, content marketer, and dad. Ndimakonda kuyesa zida zatsopano, ndipo pamodzi ndi gulu langa ndakhala ndikupanga zolemba zakuya zamabulogu kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi zida & malangizo opangira.
