Aluminium: Hunhu hwayo, Chemistry, uye Nezvakasikwa Zviitiko

Aluminium kana aluminium chinhu chakachena chesimbi chine nhamba yeatomu 13. Inozivikanwa nokuda kwesimba rayo uye zvinhu zvisingaremi, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chinonyanya kutsvakwa munguva dzemazuva ano.

Ndeapi Mashandisiro Akakosha eAluminium?

Aluminium ine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa, kusanganisira:

• Kuvaka: Aluminium inowanzoshandiswa muindasitiri yekuvaka nekuda kwesimba rayo uye kugara kwenguva refu.
• Simba remagetsi: Aluminium inoshandiswa mumatambo emagetsi uye waya nekuda kwekukwira kwayo.
• Midziyo nemidziyo yekubikira: Aluminium inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzira midziyo yemukicheni, midziyo, nemagaba nekuda kwekuramba kwayo kuita ngura.
• Kugadzirwa kwebhatiri uye kukareruka: Aluminium chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemabhatiri uye malighter nekuda kwekureruka kwayo.

Yakawanda Sei Aluminium Yakagadzirwa?

Aluminium chinhu chinogadzirwa zvakanyanya, chine mamirioni ematani anogadzirwa gore rega rega nemakambani pasi rese.

Ndeapi Mafomu Aluminium Anopinda?

Aluminium inouya nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mapepa, mahwendefa, mbariro, uye machubhu. Inogonawo kuwanikwa mumhando dzakakosha senge extrusions uye forgings.

Nderipi Basa Rinoita Aluminium Munzvimbo?

Aluminium ine simba rakaderera pane zvakatipoteredza zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe simbi, sezvo inogona kudzokororwa uye kushandiswazve. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive chinhu chakajairika muzvikamu zvitsva zvechigadzirwa zvinovavarira kudzikisa tsvina uye kukurudzira kusimudzira.

Kuwana Muviri neAluminium

• Aluminium isimbi ine bluish-silver yakagadzikana zvakanyanya nekuda kwechimiro chayo cheatomu.
• Ine nhamba yeatomu yegumi nenhatu uye chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zviripo paNyika.
• Atomic configuration yealuminium ndeye 2, 8, 3, zvichireva kuti ine maerekitironi maviri pachiyero chesimba rekutanga, masere pachipiri, uye matatu ari kunze kwesimba repamusoro.
• The okunze maerekitironi aruminiyamu vari vakagoverana pakati maatomu, izvo zvinobatsira ayo esimbi bonding uye kunoita kuti zvikuru conductive.
• Aluminium ine cubic crystal chimiro uye radius inosvika 143 pm.
• Inonyungudika inosvika 660.32°C uye painofashaira inosvika 2519°C, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kushingirira kutonhora kwakanyanya.
• Density yealuminium yakadzikira, kubva pa2.63 kusvika 2.80 g/cm³, zvichienderana neiyo alloy.
• Aluminium inoda kuumbika segoridhe uye ndiyo yechipiri simbi inogadzika, mushure mesirivha.
• Iyo zvakare yakanyanya ductile, zvichireva kuti inogona kudhonzwa mumawaya matete pasina kutyora.
• Tichienzanisa nedzimwe simbi, aruminiyamu ine huremu hushoma, huremu hunosvika 26.98 kusvika 28.08 g/mol, zvichienderana neisotopu.

Nhengo dzepanyama

• Aluminium chinhu chakajairika chinowanikwa muPasi pasi, apo inowanzovapo nenzira ye bauxite.
• Inogadzirwa nekubatanidza bauxite ne sodium hydroxide uyezve electrolyzing inoguma musanganiswa.
• Pure aluminiyamu isimbi ine bluish-chena zvishoma yakakwenenzverwa uye ine kakupenya.
• Aluminium inoshingirira zvakanyanya mukuora, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kune dzakasiyana siyana maapplication apo inozoratidzwa kune zvinhu.
• Iine high thermal conductivity, zvinoreva kuti inogona kutamisa kupisa nekukurumidza uye zvakanaka.
• Aluminium zvakare haina-chepfu, isiri-magnetic, uye isiri-inopenya, ichiita kuti ive chinhu chinogoneka.
• Zvichienderana nealloy, aluminium inogona kubva pakupfava uye inogoneka kusvika kune yakaoma uye yakasimba.
• Aluminium yakanyatsokodzera kukanda, kugadzira, uye kugadzira, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakakurumbira kune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa.
• Kwemakore, aruminiyamu yave chinhu chinowedzera kukosha nekuda kwehunhu hwayo uye nyore kwainogona kugadzirwa nekunatswa.
• Zvinoenderana netafura yeperiodic, aruminiyamu chinhu chepakati nepakati, uye yakagadzikana zvakanyanya nekuda kwekumisikidzwa kwayo erekitironi uye kubatanidza zvinhu.
• Ionization simba realuminium rinenge rakakwirira, zvichireva kuti zvinoda simba rakawanda kuti ribvise electron kubva muatomu yealuminium kana ion.
• Aluminium inokwanisa kugadzira akasiyana siyana isotopes, kubva pa21Al kusvika 43Al, ine simba rinobva pa0.05 MeV kusvika 9.6 MeV.
• Izvo zvemuviri zvealuminium zvinoita kuti zvive zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakodzerwa nehuwandu hwemashandisirwo, kubva pakuvaka uye kutakura kuenda kumagetsi uye kurongedza.

Aluminium: Iyo Chemistry Kuseri Kwesimbi

• Aluminium yakawanikwa muna 1825 naDanish chemist Hans Christian Oersted.
• Iyo isimbi yekumashure-inoshandura ine chiratidzo Al uye atomic nhamba 13.
• Aluminium yakasimba pakudziya kwekamuri uye ine valence yevatatu.
• Iine diki atomic radius uye yakanyanya electronegative, izvo zvinoita kuti ibatane zvakasimba nezvimwe zvinhu kugadzira makomboni.
• Zvimiro zvealuminium zvinosanganisira kuve conductor yakanaka yemagetsi nekudziya, kuve nedensity yakaderera, uye kusaita ngura.
• Yakakosha kuhupenyu hwazvino uye ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa mukuvaka, chekufambisa, uye kurongedza.

Kugadzira uye kunatsiridza Aluminium

• Aluminium inogadzirwa neHall-Héroult process, iyo inosanganisira electrolysis yealumina (Al2O3) mune yakanyungudutswa cryolite (Na3AlF6).
• Iyi nzira ine simba-yakawanda uye inodhura, asi aluminium inowanikwa zvakanyanya uye iri nyore kushandisa.
• Kukwanisa kugadzira aluminium muhuwandu uye nemutengo wakaderera wakaita kuti ive simbi yakajairika munharaunda yemazuva ano.
• Maitiro ekunatsa anosanganisira kuwedzera mamwe simbi senge magnesium kugadzira alloys ane chaiwo zvivakwa.

Aluminium muNature uye Aqueous Chemistry yayo

• Aluminium ndiyo simbi yakawanda kwazvo muPasi, asi haiwanikwe muchimiro chayo chakachena.
• Inowanzo kuwanikwa mumaminerari akadai sebauxite uye ivhu.
• Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) musanganiswa wakajairika unoumba kana aruminiyamu inopindirana nemhinduro dzine aqueous dzakadai se potassium hydroxide (KOH).
• Pamberi pemvura, aruminiyamu inoumba hutete hwakatsetseka hweokisidhi pamusoro payo, iyo inodzivirira kubva kune imwezve kuora.

Kushandiswa uye Mashandisirwo eAluminium

• Aluminium ine huwandu hwakakura hwekushandisa nekuda kwezvivakwa zvayo, zvinosanganisira kureruka, kusimba, uye nyore kushanda nayo.
• Inowanzoshandiswa mukuvaka nekuvaka, kutakura, kurongedza, uye zvemagetsi.
• Aluminium yakakodzera kugadzira zvimedu zvitete, senge foil, uye zvidimbu zvakakura, senge mafuremu ekuvaka.
• Iko kugona kusanganisa aluminium nedzimwe simbi inobvumira kugadzirwa kwealloys ane chaiwo zvimiro, senge simba uye corrosion resistance.
• Aluminium tsvimbo inowanzoshandiswa mumagetsi emagetsi nekuda kwekuita kwavo kwakanaka.

Mavambo eAluminium: Maitikiro Azvinoita

• Aluminium chinhu chechitatu chakanyanya kuwanda muPasi, ichiita 8% yehuremu hwayo.
• Icho chinhu chakaderera cheatomiki nhamba, ine chiratidzo Al uye atomic nhamba 13.
• Aluminium haiwanikwe muchimiro chayo chakachena mumasikirwo, asi musanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu uye makomisheni.
• Inowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaminerari, kusanganisira silicates uye oxides, uyewo nenzira ye bauxite, musanganiswa we hydrated aluminium oxides.
• Bauxite ndiyo yekutanga sosi yealuminium, uye inowanikwa muhuwandu mune dzimwe nyika, kusanganisira Australia, Guinea, neBrazil.
• Aluminium inoitikawo mumatombo egneous sealuminosilicates mufeldspars, feldspathoids, uye micas, uye muvhu rinotorwa kubva kwavari sevhu.
• Pamusoro pekuwedzera kwemamiriro ekunze, inoratidzika sebauxite uye iron-rich laterite.

Sainzi Kuseri kweAluminium Kuumbwa

• Aluminium inogadzirwa mukati memwoyo wenyeredzi kuburikidza nekuita kwefusion, uye inoburitswa muchadenga kana nyeredzi idzi dzinoputika sesupernovae.
• Inogonawo kugadzirwa muhudiki kuburikidza nekupisa kwezvimwe zvinhu, senge magnesium, pamberi peokisijeni.
• Aluminium chinhu chakatsiga, uye haitani kuputsika kana kuparadzwa nemakemikari anoita.
• Iyo yakasimba zvakanyanya uye yakareruka, ichiita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha kune akasiyana siyana ekushandisa.

Iwo Akasiyana Mafomu eAluminium Muzvisikwa

• Aluminium inogona kuvapo nenzira dzakasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ayo inowanikwa.
• Muchimiro chayo chesimbi, aruminiyamu chinhu chakasimba, chinodonhedza, uye chinoumbika chinowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvakasiyana siyana zvezvigadzirwa.
• Inogonawo kuvapo nenzira yemakemikari, akadai sealuminium oxide (Al2O3), iyo inowanzozivikanwa se corundum kana ruby.
• Native aluminium, umo chinhu chinowanikwa muchimiro chayo chakachena, haina kunyanya kuwanda uye inongowanikwa munzvimbo shoma pasirese, kusanganisira South America neGreenland.
• Aluminium inogonawo kusunganidzwa nezvimwe zvinhu, zvakaita sehydrogen neokisijeni, kuti igadzire macompounds akaita searuminiyamu hydroxide (Al(OH)3) nealuminium oxide (Al2O3).

Kubva kuMigodhi kuenda Kugadzira: Rwendo rweAluminium Production

• Bauxite ndiyo yekutanga zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwealuminium
• Inowanikwa muhuwandu munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa, kunyanya muSouth America, Africa, neAustralia
• Bauxite idombo re sedimentary iro rine musanganiswa wemaminerari, kusanganisira aluminium hydroxide, iron oxide, uye silica.
• Kuti vabudise bauxite, nyanzvi dzinoshandisa nzira inonzi blasting, iyo inosanganisira kushandisa zvinoputika kubvisa ivhu repamusoro nevhu kuti riwane nzvimbo dzakapfuma dziri pasi.
• Bauxite inocherwa inozochengetwa yoendeswa kunzvimbo yekuchenesa

Kuchenesa Bauxite Kuti Uwane Alumina

• Kucheneswa kunotanga nekucheneswa kwe bauxite kubvisa chero tsvina, yakaita sevhu nemarara esimbi nezvimwe zvinorema.
• Iyo bauxite yakacheneswa inobva yapwanyika kuita zvidimbu zvidiki uye yakaomeswa kuita hupfu hwakaoma
• Upfu uhu hunoiswa mutangi hombe, umo hunosanganiswa nemhando chaiyo ye caustic soda uye inopisa pasi pekumanikidzwa
• Mushonga wekemikari unozobuda unoburitsa chinhu chinonzi alumina, chiri chichena, chine hupfu
• Alumina inobva yachengetwa uye yoendeswa kune smelter kuti iwedzere kugadziriswa

Kunyungudutsa Alumina Kugadzira Aluminium

• Kunyungudutsa kunosanganisira kushandura alumina kuita simbi yealuminium
• Nzira yemazuva ano inoshandiswa munyika dzakawanda inosanganisira nzira yeHoro-Heroult, iyo ine matanho makuru maviri: kuderedzwa kwealuminium kualuminium oxide uye electrolysis yealuminium oxide kugadzira simbi yealuminium.
• Kudzikiswa kwealuminium kuita aluminium oxide kunosanganisira kupisa alumina neinoderedza, senge kabhoni, kubvisa iyo okisijeni uye kugadzira aluminium oxide.
• Iyo aluminium oxide inobva yanyungudutswa mune yakanyungudutswa electrolyte uye inoiswa pasi pemagetsi ikozvino kuti ibudise simbi yealuminium.
• Kunyungudutsa kunoda simba rakawanda uye kunowanzo kuwanikwa padyo nenzvimbo dzemagetsi akachipa, senge hydroelectric power plant.
• Mhedzisiro yekunyungudutsa ndeyemhando yepamusoro yealuminium zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzemaindasitiri, kusanganisira kuvaka, kutakura, uye kurongedza.

Aluminium: The Versatile Metal for Wide Range of Applications

Aluminium isimbi inoshandiswa zvakanyanya ine huwandu hwekushandisa mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana. Icho chinhu chakareruka, chakasimba, uye chinogara chiri nyore kushanda nacho, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakakurumbira kune akawanda maapplication. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora mashandisirwo akasiyana siyana ealuminium uye maficha anoita kuti ive chinhu chinogoneka.

Zvikumbiro muKuvaka neKuvaka

Aluminium isarudzo yakakurumbira yekuvaka nekuvaka nekuda kwehuremu hwayo uye inodzivirira marara. Zvimwe zvekushandisa kukuru kwealuminium mukuvaka nekuvaka zvinosanganisira:

• Roofing, cladding, uye facades
• Mahwindo, magonhi, uye kumberi kwezvitoro
• Architectural hardware uye balustrading
• Guttering uye drainage systems
• Treadplate uye maindasitiri pasi

Aluminium inowanzoshandiswa mukuvaka zvivakwa zvemitambo, senge nhandare nenhandare, nekuda kwehuremu hwayo uye hunogara kwenguva refu.

Zvishandiso muKugadzira uye Indasitiri

Aluminium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvikamu zvekugadzira uye zvemaindasitiri nekuda kwemakanika uye makemikari zvimiro. Zvimwe zvekushandisa kukuru kwealuminium mukugadzira uye indasitiri zvinosanganisira:

• Mitsara yekufambisa magetsi uye zvikamu
• Kugadzirwa kwemagaba ezvinwiwa nechikafu
• Midziyo nemidziyo yekubikira
• Zvikamu zveindasitiri yekufambisa, kusanganisira njanji uye mota
• Alloys yeakasiyana maindasitiri ekushandisa, anosanganisira catalysts uye corrosion-resistant zvinhu

How to strip wire fast

Share

Watch on

Aluminium inowanzo shandiswawo sefoiri yekurongedza uye kuvhara nekuda kwekugona kwayo kushandura kupisa uye kuramba kwayo kumvura nekuomesa.

Aluminium Alloys uye Mashandisirwo Avo

Aluminium alloys anogadzirwa nealloying agents akadai semhangura, zingi, uye silicon kuti avandudze simbi yemagetsi uye kemikari. Mamwe eakajairika aruminiyamu alloys uye mashandisiro awo anosanganisira:

• Wrought alloys- inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwesimba rayo guru uye chimiro chakanaka
• Cast alloys- inoshandiswa mukugadzira zvinhu zvakaomarara nekuda kwekugona kwavo kukandwa mumhando dzakaoma kunzwisisa
• Kynal- mhuri yealloys yakagadzirwa neBritish Imperial Chemical Industries iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira mitsara yekufambisa magetsi uye zvikamu.

Iyo Global Market yeAluminium

Aluminium ndiyo imwe yesimbi dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya pasi rose, ine huwandu hwekushandisa mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana. Musika wepasi rose wealuminium wakakosha, nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwealuminium kubva kuChina, ichiteverwa neRussia neCanada. Iko kudiwa kwealuminium kunotarisirwa kuramba kuchikura, kunyanya mumaindasitiri emotokari nekuvaka, sezvo kudiwa kwezvinhu zvisingaremi uye zvinogara zvichiwedzera.

Kushanda neAluminium: Matekiniki uye Mazano

Kana zvasvika pakushanda nealuminium, pane mashoma matekiniki uye matipi anogona kuita kuti maitiro ave nyore uye anoshanda zvakanyanya:

• Kucheka: Aluminium inogona kutemwa uchishandisa akasiyana maturusi, kusanganisira masaha, shears, uye kunyange nyore bhokisi rekucheka. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kushandisa chishandiso chakakodzera chebasa racho uye kungwarira kuti usakuvadza zvinhu zviri mukuita.

• Kupeta: Aluminium isimbi yakapfava, inoita kuti zvive nyore kukotama nekuumba mumhando dzakasiyana. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kushandisa nzira yakakodzera kudzivirira kukuvadza kana kusiya mavanga asina kunaka.

• Kujoinha: Aluminium inogona kubatanidzwa uchishandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira welding, brazing, uye soldering. Imwe neimwe nzira ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, zvichienderana neiyo chaiyo application.

• Kupedzisa: Aluminium inogona kupedzwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kupenya, anodizing, uye kupenda. Imwe neimwe nzira ine yayo yakasarudzika mabhenefiti uye inogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana siyana ekutarisa uye kupera.

Applications

Aluminium inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira:

• Kuvaka: Aluminium isarudzo yakakurumbira yezvivakwa zvekuvaka nekuda kwesimba rayo, kusimba, uye huremu hwezvinhu.

• Kubika: Aluminium inowanzoshandiswa mukubika nekuda kwekugona kwayo kuitisa kupisa nekukurumidza uye zvakaenzana.

• Circuit connections and blocks: Aluminium inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwematunhu ekubatanidza uye mabhuroko nekuda kwekugona kwayo kuitisa magetsi.

• Packaging: Aluminium inoshandiswa kugadzira akasiyana siyana ekurongedza zvinhu, zvinosanganisira magaba, foil, uye kunyange mazai makatoni.

Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza

Nepo aruminiyamu iri chinhu chakasiyana-siyana uye chinobatsira, zvakakosha kuti titarise maitiro ayo ezvakatipoteredza. Kugadzirwa kwealuminium kunoda simba rakawanda uye kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune zvakatipoteredza kana zvikasaitwa zvine musoro. Nekudaro, kune akasiyana matekiniki uye maitiro anogona kushandiswa kuderedza kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kwekugadzirwa nekushandiswa kwealuminium.

Iyo Environmental Impact yeAluminium Production

Aluminium ikemikari ine muchetura inogona kuve nemhedzisiro inokuvadza pane zvipenyu zvemumvura. Kana yasunungurwa mumvura, inogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kweplasma- uye haemolymph ions muhove uye invertebrates, zvichiita kuti osmoregulatory kukundikana. Izvi zvinogona kuguma nekurasikirwa kwemarudzi ezvinomera nemhuka, zvichikonzera kuderera kwekusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu. Pamusoro pezvo, kuburitswa kwehutsi hwesarufa panguva yekugadzirwa kwealuminium kunogona kukonzera kunaya kweasidhi, izvo zvinowedzera kukuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura.

Zvepasirese Ecosystems

Kugadzirwa kweAluminium kunewo kukanganisa kwakakosha kune ecosystems yepasi. Kutemwa kwemasango kunowanzodikanwa kuita nzvimbo yekugadzira aluminium zvidyarwa, zvichitungamira mukurasikirwa kwekugara kwemarudzi mazhinji ezvirimwa nemhuka. Kuburitswa kwezvinosvibisa mumhepo kunogonawo kukanganisa hutano hwenharaunda dziri pedyo nemhuka dzesango. Kusvibiswa kwevhu ndeimwe nyaya, sezvo makemikari anoshandiswa mukugadzira anogona kupinda muvhu nekukuvadza hupenyu hwezvirimwa.

mhedziso

Saka ipapo iwe unayo, iyo yakawanda inoshandiswa yealuminium uye nei iri chinhu chakakosha zvakadaro. Isimbi isingaremi uye ine simba rakawanda, ichiita kuti ive yakakwana pakuvaka, kutakurwa, uye kurongedza. Uyezve, haina chepfu uye isiri-magnetic, saka yakachengeteka kushandisa. Saka usatya kuishandisa! Unogona kugara uchiidzokorora kana wapedza nayo.

Ini ndini Joost Nusselder, muvambi weZvishandiso Chiremba, mushambadzi wemukati, uye baba. Ini ndinoda kuyedza michina mitsva, uye pamwe nechikwata changu ndanga ndichigadzira zvakadzama blog zvinyorwa kubva 2016 kubatsira vaverengi vakavimbika nematurusi & matipi ekugadzira.