Pigment: A Comprehensive Guide to History, Types, and More

Pigment maajenti emavara ayo asinganyungudika mumvura asi anonyungudika mune imwe organic solvent. Anowanzova akatsetseka pasi zvidimbu zvinowedzerwa kune a bhainda kuti aite penda kana inki. Kune mavara echisikigo uye mavara ekugadzira.   

Muchikamu chino, ndichakuudza zvose pamusoro pavo. Saka, ngatitangei! Wagadzirira here? Ini ndakagadzirirawo! Ngatinyure mukati!

Kusunungura Simba rePigments muPaints uye Coatings

Pigment ndiwo mavara anopa pendi uye machira mavara awo akasiyana. Zvinowanzova zvimedu zvisinganyunguriki zvakanyoroveswa uye zvinowedzerwa kupende kana kugadzirwa kwekuputira kuti ipe ruvara, huwandu, kana chinodiwa chemuviri nemakemikari pfuma kune yakanyorova kana yakaoma firimu. Pigment inogona kuva yechisikigo kana kuti yakagadzirwa, uye inouya mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana, kubva kune ivhu tsvuku uye girinhi kusvika kune yakasvibira yakatsvuka, blues, uye yero.

Basa rePigment muKurasa

Pigment inoshanda nekuratidzira kana kutumira chiedza kugadzira maonero eruvara. Kana chiedza charova pigment, imwe yacho inotorwa asi imwe yacho ichiratidzwa kana kutumirwa. Ruvara rwatinoona mugumisiro wemasaisai echiedza anotaridzwa kana kufambiswa nepigment. Ichi ndicho chikonzero pigment inowanzotsanangurwa seine mavara emhando.

Kukosha Kwekusarudza Idzo Dzakanaka Pigments

Kusarudza mapigment akakodzera kwakakosha kuti uwane iyo inodiwa ruvara uye maitiro ekuita mupendi uye machira. Zvimwe zvinhu zvekufunga nezvazvo pakusarudza pigments zvinosanganisira:

• Rudzi rwepende kana kukoira kuri kushandiswa

• Muvara unodiwa uye kupera

• Izvo zvemuviri uye zvemakemikari zvimiro zvinodiwa

• Zvinhu zviri kuvharwa

• Mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakatipoteredza achaiswa pachena

The Evolution of Pigments in Paint: A Colorful History

• Vanhu vave vachishandisa pigment kwemakore anopfuura 40,000, sezvinoratidzwa nemifananidzo yekare yemapako.

• Iwo ekutanga pigment akatorwa kubva kune chaiwo masosi senge maminerari, ivhu, uye mhuka-based colorants.
• Mavara aya akakuyiwa kuita hupfu hwakatsetseka achishandisa midziyo yechinyakare uye akasanganiswa nebhainda kugadzira pendi.
• Mavara ekutanga anozivikanwa aive tsvuku uye yero ocher, yakapiswa sienna uye umber, uye chena choko.

Ekare Egypt uye Indian Pigments

• VaIjipiti vekare vaifarira mavara ebhuruu, akadai selapis lazuli necopper silicate.

• MaIndia maartist akashandisa organic dhayi dzakatorwa muzvirimwa netumbuyu kugadzira mavara anoyevedza.
• Pigment dzine mutobvu, dzakadai se lead white uye lead-tin yellow, dzaishandiswawo munguva dzekare.

Kuvandudzwa kweSynthetic Pigments

• Muzana remakore rechi18 nerechi19, nyanzvi dzekemesitiri dzakawana nzira itsva dzokugadzira nadzo pigment, dzakadai sephthalo blue uye anhydrous iron oxide.

• Mavara aya akanga ari nyore kugadzira uye aiuya mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana emavara kupfuura mamwe awo chaiwo.
• Iko kushandiswa kwemavara ekugadzira kwakabvumira kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro matsva ehunyanzvi, senge mavara anopenya anoshandiswa naVermeer.

Nyika Inonakidza yeBiological Pigments muPaint

Biological pigment zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nezvisikwa zvipenyu zvine ruvara runobva mukutorwa kwemavara. Aya mavara anowanikwa muzvisikwa uye anogona kugadzirwa nemiti, mhuka, uye kunyange vanhu. Anonzi biological pigments nekuti anogadzirwa nezvisikwa zvipenyu.

Kugadzirwa kweBiological Pigments

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Biological pigment inogadzirwa nezvinhu zvipenyu uye inowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira zvirimwa, mhuka, uye kunyange huni. Izvo zvinogadzirwa nemuviri uye chinhu chakakosha munzira iyo zvisikwa zvinoshanda. Kugadzirwa kwebiological pigments kune hukama neprotein inodiwa nemuviri kuti uwane ruvara.

Kuongorora Chemistry yePigments muPaint

Pigment zvinhu zvine mavara zvinopa pendi ruvara rwayo. Mushonga wekemikari we pigment unosarudza ruvara rwavo, kusimba, uye kushandiswa. Pigment inogona kunge iri organic kana inorganic, uye mhando yega yega ine yakasarudzika zvimiro inokanganisa mashandisiro avo mupende. Heano mamwe akajairika pigment uye makemikari awo ekuumbwa:

• Inorganic pigments: Aya mavara anowanzo kupenya uye akasimba kupfuura organic pigments. Zvinosanganisira:

- Titanium chena: Iyi pigment inogadzirwa kubva kune titanium dioxide uye inowanzoshandiswa mupendi, zvizorwa, nezvimwe zvigadzirwa.
- Cadmium yero: Iyi pigment inogadzirwa kubva kucadmium sulfide uye inozivikanwa nekupenya kwayo, inodziya ruvara.
- Ultramarine yebhuruu: Iyi pigment yakagadzirwa kubva sodium aluminium sulfosilicate uye yakatanga kugadzirwa nekukuya iyo semi-yakakosha dombo lapis lazuli.
- Yakatsva sienna: Iyi pigment inogadzirwa kubva kune mbishi sienna iyo yakapiswa kuti igadzire yakasviba, yakatsvuka-ruvara rwebrown.
- Vermilion: Iyi pigment inogadzirwa kubva kune mercuric sulfide uye yave ichishandiswa kubvira kare nekuda kweruvara rutsvuku rwakajeka.

• Organic pigments: Aya mavara anogadzirwa kubva kucarbon-based molecules uye kazhinji haana kusimba kupfuura inorganic pigments. Zvinosanganisira:

- Phthalo green: Iyi pigment inogadzirwa kubva kumhangura phthalocyanine uye inozivikanwa nekupenya kwayo, yebhuruu-ruvara rwegirinhi.
-Hansa yero: Iyi pigment inogadzirwa kubva ku azo compounds uye inowanzoshandiswa muzvizoro uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.
- Phthalo yebhuruu: Iyi pigment yakagadzirwa kubva kumhangura phthalocyanine uye inozivikanwa nekupenya kwayo, ruvara rwebhuruu.
- Rose madder: Iyi pigment inogadzirwa kubva kumidzi yemadder chirimwa uye yakashandiswa nevanyori kwemazana emakore.
- Chichena cheChinese: Iyi pigment inogadzirwa kubva ku zinc oxide uye inowanzoshandiswa mumapendi emvura.

Mashandisirwo ePigment muPendi

Mushonga wemakemikari we pigment unosarudza kuti anoshandiswa sei mupende. Heano dzimwe nzira iyo pigment inoshandiswa mupende:

• Bvisa mamwe masaisai echiedza: Pigment inotora mamwe mafungu echiedza uye inoratidza mamwe, izvo zvinogadzira ruvara rwatinoona.
• Gadzira chimiro cheruvara: Mamwe pigment, senge ultramarine bhuruu, anogadzira ruvara rwechimiro nekuratidzira mwenje neimwe nzira.
• Kusiyana munguva yekuomeswa: Mamwe mavara, setitanium chena, anooma nokukurumidza, asi mamwe, seyakatsva sienna, anotora nguva yakareba kuti aome.
• Gadzira mhinduro: Mamwe mavara, sephthalo blue, anonyungudika mumvura uye anogona kushandiswa mumapendi emvura.
• Gadzira mavara akasiyana-siyana: Pigment inogona kusanganiswa pamwe chete kuti igadzire ruvara rwemavara, zvichienderana nezvinhu zvinoshandiswa uye makomisheni aripo.
• Wedzera ruvara kune zvimwe zvigadzirwa: Pigment inoshandiswa mumhando yezvigadzirwa, zvinosanganisira zvekuzora, machira, uye mapurasitiki.

Kusunga Pigment: Kiyi yekugadzira Pendi Inogara Yakareba

Binders zvinhu zvinobata pigments pamwechete mupende. Ivo vane basa rekuita kuti pigment ishandiswe uye yekugadzira inodiwa manyorerwo uye kupera kwepende. Mabhainda anonyanya kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvinorema, zvakatsetseka zvinogona kuderedza inzwi repende uye kupa huwandu hwakawanda hwemavara.

Mhando dzeBinders

Kune marudzi akati wandei emabhaidhi ayo maartist anoshandisa mumifananidzo yavo. Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kufarirwa ndezvi:

• Oiri: Iri bhainda rinononoka-kuomesa iro rakakodzera kugadzira akapfuma, matani akadzika mumifananidzo. Isarudzo yakakurumbira pakati pevarapi nhasi nekuti inobvumira kwenguva yakareba yekushanda uye inogona kuurayiwa mune akati wandei maitiro.

• Zai: Iri ibhinda rinoomesa-kuomesa rakakodzera kugadzira yakatsetseka, kunyangwe toni mumifananidzo. Yakanga iri sarudzo yakakurumbira pakati pevanyori munguva dzakapfuura uye ichiri kushandiswa nhasi nevamwe vanyori.

• Tempera: Iri ibhinda rinoomesa-kuomesa rakakodzera kugadzira mifananidzo midiki, ine ruzivo. Isarudzo yakakurumbira pakati pevanyori vanoda kugadzira mapendi ane ruzivo rwepamusoro.

Kukuya Pigment neBinders

Kugadzira pendi, pigment inogayiwa nemabhainda kuti iite kutsvedzerera, kuenzana. Iyo nzira yekukuya inogona kukanganisa ruvara uye kugadzirwa kwepende, saka zvakakosha kukuya pigments nenzira kwayo. Mamwe matipi ekukuya pigment nemabinder anosanganisira:

• Kushandisa mavara echisikigo: Mavara echisikigo ari nyore kukuya uye kugadzira chimiro chakafanana pane chekugadzira pigments.

• Kushandisa chena pigment: Kuwedzera pigment chena pasi pigment kunogona kubatsira kugadzira pendi inonyanya kushandiswa.

• Kubatanidza mabhaidha: Kubatanidza marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisungo zvinogona kubatsira kugadzira pendi inokodzera imwe nzira yeunyanzvi.

Kuganhurirwa kweBinders

Nepo mabhainda ari chinhu chakakosha chepende, anopa zvimwe zvisingakwanisi. Zvimwe zvezvipimo izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Tungamira: Mamwe mabhainda ane mutobvu, anogona kukuvadza vanyori vanoshanda nawo. Zvakakosha kushandisa mabhainda asina mutobvu.

• Nguva yekuomesa: Nguva yekuomesa yepende inogona kukanganiswa nebhainda rinoshandiswa. Mamwe mabhandi anooma nekukurumidza kupfuura mamwe, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti zviome kushanda nepende.

• Madziva: Mamwe mavara anobatwa nebhainda rinoshandiswa, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti vakurumidze kana kudzosa nguva yekuoma kwepende.

Kukurudzira Binder Yakarurama yePigment

Kusarudza bhainda rakakodzera re pigment zvakakosha kuti ugadzire pendi inokodzera hunyanzvi hunodiwa hwehunyanzvi. Mamwe matipi ekupa zano rechokwadi binder yepigment anosanganisira:

• Kunzwisisa zvimiro zvepigment: Kuziva zvimiro zvepigment kunogona kubatsira kuona kuti ndeipi binder inoshanda zvakanyanya nayo.

• Kuedza mabhaidha akasiyana: Kuedza mabhainhi akasiyana ane pigment kunogona kubatsira kuona kuti ndeipi inozogadzira inodiwa uye kupera.

• Kutsvaga ruzivo kubva kunzvimbo dzakananga: Kutsvaga ruzivo kubva kunzvimbo dzakananga, dzakadai semugadziri we pigment kana studio inyanzvi yekugadzira pigment, inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti bhaidha yekushandisa.

Ngatitaurei Nezve Kujeka uye Opacity muPaint Pigments

Kana tichitaura pamusoro pemavara akajeka ari mupende, tiri kureva ayo anobvumira chiedza kupfuura mazviri. Hezvino zvimwe zvinhu zvekuziva nezve transparent pigments:

• Transparent pigment anowanzoshandiswa kugadzira glazes, ari matete akaturikidzana epende anobvumira ruvara rwepasi kuti ruratidze.
• Nekuti mapendi akajeka anotendera kuti chiedza chipfuure, anogona kugadzira chinopenya mumifananidzo.
• Transparent pigments inowanzove isina kusimba kupfuura opaque pigments, zvichireva kuti inogona kuoma zvakanyanya kuona ivo voga.
• Mamwe mavara akajeka akajeka anosanganisira phthalo yebhuruu, alizarin crimson, uye quinacridone magenta.

Opacity: Kana Chiedza Chavharwa

Kune rumwe rutivi, mavara akajeka anovhara chiedza kubva pazviri. Hezvino zvimwe zvinhu zvekuziva nezve opaque pigments:

• Opaque pigments inowanzoshandiswa kuvhara kukanganisa kana kugadzira nzvimbo dzakasimba dzemavara.
• Nekuti opaque pigments inovharira chiedza, inogona kugadzira yakasimba, matte maitiro mumifananidzo.
• Opaque pigments inowanzova yakanyanya kudarika mavara akajeka, zvichireva kuti anogona kuve nyore kuona ari ega.
• Mamwe akajairika opaque pigments anosanganisira titanium chena, cadmium tsvuku, uye ultramarine yebhuruu.

Translucent: Zvidiki zvishoma zvese zviri zviviri

Panewo chikamu chechitatu che pigment yekufunga nezvayo: translucent pigments. Translucent pigments pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pekujeka uye opaque, zvichibvumira chimwe chiedza kupfuura asi kwete chese. Mamwe akajairika translucent pigments anosanganisira mbishi sienna, yakatsva sienna, uye mbishi umber.

mhedziso

Saka, ndizvo zvakaita pigments uye kuti inokanganisa sei ruvara rwepende. Icho chinhu chinowedzerwa kune chinhu kuti chishandure ruvara rwayo, magadzirirwo, kana zvimwe zvinhu. Pigment inoshandiswa mupendi, machira, uye zvimwe zvinhu. Vanoshandiswa kupenda zvinhu zvose kubva kumadziro kusvika kune zvipfeko kusvika kumotokari. Saka, yeuka kuzvishandisa uye kunakidzwa nehupenyu hune mavara!

Ini ndini Joost Nusselder, muvambi weZvishandiso Chiremba, mushambadzi wemukati, uye baba. Ini ndinoda kuyedza michina mitsva, uye pamwe nechikwata changu ndanga ndichigadzira zvakadzama blog zvinyorwa kubva 2016 kubatsira vaverengi vakavimbika nematurusi & matipi ekugadzira.