Silicone: Iyo Yakazara Nhungamiro Yenhoroondo, Chemistry & Chengetedza

Silicones mapolymers anosanganisira chero inert, synthetic musanganiswa wakagadzirwa neanodzokorora mayunitsi e siloxane, rinova boka rinoshanda ramaatomu maviri esilicon uye atomu imwe yeokisijeni inowanzosanganiswa nekabhoni uye/kana hydrogen. Iwo anowanzo dzivirira kupisa uye rubber-senge, uye anoshandiswa muzvisimbiso, zvinonamatira, mafuta ekuzora, mishonga, midziyo yekubikira, uye kupisa nemagetsi.

Muchikamu chino, tichavhara zvimiro zvesilicone uye maitiro ayo ekugadzira.

Zvese Zvaunoda Kuziva NezveSilicone

Silicone chinhu chepolymer chakagadzirwa nemamorekuru anonzi siloxanes. Icho chinhu chakasarudzika chinoumbwa nesilicon, chinhu chechisikigo chinowanikwa mujecha nematombo, uye oksijeni. Kana zvinhu zviviri izvi zvabatanidzwa, zvinoumba komboni ine cheni refu dzekudzokorora monomers, dzinobatanidzwa pamwechete kugadzira chigadzirwa chekupedzisira.

Silicone inogadzirwa sei?

Silicone inogadzirwa nekusanganisa yakachena silicon nemamwe makomisheni kuti igadzire silicone compound. Mushonga wacho unobva wapfuudzwa munhevedzano yemaitiro esainzi kugadzira chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chinoumbwa nemacheni akareba ekudzokorora mamonomeri. Aya maketani anosungirirwa pamwechete kugadzira polymer inowanzozivikanwa sesilicone.

Ndeapi Mashandisiro Ekutanga eSilicone?

Silicone chinhu chakakurumbira chinoshandiswa mune zvakawanda zvakasiyana zvigadzirwa. Zvimwe zvezvinonyanya kushandiswa zvesilicone zvinosanganisira:

• Kugadzira sealants uye zvinonamira zvinogona kushandiswa kubatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana pamwechete.
• Kugadzira mafuta anogona kushandiswa kuderedza kukwesha pakati pezvikamu zvinofamba.
• Kugadzira kupisa uye magetsi ekudzivirira ayo anogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza hunyanzvi hwekushandisa kubva pakupisa nemagetsi.
• Kugadzira midziyo yekubikira uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemukicheni izvo zvisina chepfu uye zvinodzivirira kupisa.
• Kugadzira michina yekurapa uye maimplants akachengeteka uye anoshanda kune varwere.

Ndeupi Musiyano Pakati peSilicone neSilicones?

Silicone chinhu chimwe chete, nepo silicones iboka rezvinhu zvinoumbwa nesilicone. Silicones kazhinji yakaoma uye yakasimba kudarika silicone, uye inowanzoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvinoda huwandu hwepamusoro uye kushanda.

Iko Kushanduka kweSilicone: Kubva kuCrystalline Silicon kusvika Kugadzirwa Kwemazuva Ano

Muna 1854, Henry Sainte-Claire Deville akawana crystalline silicon, iyo yaive yakakosha kuwanikwa munyika yezvigadzirwa nemakomponi. Silikoni chinhu chemakemikari chine chiratidzo cheSi uye nhamba yeatomu 14. Iyo yakaoma, brittle crystalline yakasimba ine blue-grey metallic lustre, uye inonzi tetravalent metalloid uye semiconductor. Silikoni ndiyo yechisere inonyanya kuzivikanwa mupasi nehukuru, asi haiwanzo kuwanikwa mune yayo yakachena chimiro.

Kuberekwa kweSilicones: Hyde's Research uye Kipping's Nameing

Muna 1930, JF Hyde akamhanyisa tsvagiridzo yekutanga kugadzira silicones yekutengesa. Gare gare, muna 1940, nyanzvi yemakemikari yechiRungu, Frederich Stanley Kipping, achishandisa tsvakiridzo yaHyde, akapa zvinhu izvi zita rekuti “silicones” nekuti aive “zvinonamira messes”. Kipping aive piyona mumunda we organic chemistry uye anozivikanwa zvakanyanya nebasa rake pamakemikari esilicone. Silicones iboka remapolymer ekugadzira akaumbwa neanodzokorora mayunitsi e siloxane, inova ngetani yealternating silicon uye maatomu eokisijeni nemapoka eorganic akabatanidzwa kumaatomu esilicon.

Iyo Chemistry yeSilicones: Chimiro uye Polymer Chain

Silicones akanyanya mapolymer ane inodzokorora unit ye ​​siloxane. Iyo siloxane unit ine atomu yesilicon yakasungirirwa kune maviri maatomu eokisijeni, ayo anozobatanidzwawo kune organic mapoka. Iwo organic mapoka anogona kuve methyl, ethyl, phenyl, kana mamwe mapoka. Iwo masiloxane mauniti anogona kubatanidzwa pamwe chete kuti aumbe mutsara cheni kana matavi cheni. Maketani anogona zvakare kuchinjika-akabatanidzwa kuti aite matatu-dimensional network. Izvo zvinokonzeresa ndeye silicone polymer ine akasiyana siyana ezvivakwa.

Iko Kugadzirwa Kwemazuva Ano kweSilicones: Corning, Dow, uye Hydrolysis

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Kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kwesilicones kunosanganisira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, asi nzira yakajairika inobva pane hydrolysis yesilicon compounds. Silicon makomisheni akadai sesilicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) kana dimethyldichlorosilane (CH3) 2SiCl2 inobatwa nemvura kugadzira siloxanes. Iwo siloxanes anobva aitwa polymer kuita silicone polymers. Maitiro acho anogona kuitwa uchishandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzeresa, kusanganisira acids seHCl kana mabhesi akadai seNaOH.

Izvo Zvimiro zveSilicones: Yakasimba, Inodzivirira Mvura, uye Magetsi Inodzivirira

Silicones ine huwandu hwakawanda hwezvivakwa, zvichienderana nemapoka eorganic akasungirirwa maatomu esilicon uye kureba kwemaketani epolymer. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvesilicone zvinosanganisira:

• Yakasimba uye yakasimba
• Inodzivirira mvura
• Magetsi kudziisa
• Kudzivirira kune yakakwirira uye yakaderera tembiricha
• Kemikari inert
• Biocompatible

Silicones inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira:

• Sealants uye adhesives
• Mafuta uye coatings
• Zvishandiso zvekurapa uye maimplants
• Kuvhara kwemagetsi uye mapuranga edunhu
• Automotive uye aerospace zvikamu
• Zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta wega uye zvekuzora

Kusiyana pakati peSilicones nemamwe maPolima

Silicones akasiyana nemamwe mapolymer munzira dzinoverengeka:

• Iyo inodzokorora yuniti musilicones ndeye siloxane, nepo mamwe mapolymer ane akasiyana anodzokorora zvikamu.
• Iyo silicon-okisijeni bond mu siloxane yakasimba kupfuura iyo kabhoni-kabhoni bond mune mamwe mapolymer, ayo anopa silicones hunhu hwawo hwakasiyana.
• Silicones inonyanya kupikisa kune yakakwirira uye yakaderera tembiricha kupfuura mamwe mapolymer.
• Silicones inodzivirira mvura kupfuura mamwe mapolymer.

Ramangwana reSilicones: Kutsvakurudza Kwepamusoro uye Zvigadzirwa Zvitsva

Kushandiswa kwesilicones kunoramba kuchikura, uye zvigadzirwa zvitsva zviri kugadzirwa nguva dzose. Dzimwe dzenzvimbo dzekutsvagisa kwepamusoro musilicones dzinosanganisira:

• Iko kuvandudzwa kwezvitsva zvinokonzeresa zve polymerization ye siloxanes
• Kushandiswa kwe silyl acetates uye mamwe macommunitions kuti achinje maitiro esilicone
• Iko kushandiswa kweasidhi uye base catalyzed reactions kugadzira mhando nyowani dzesilicone polymers
• Kushandiswa kwesilicone polima mukugadzirwa kwegirazi uye zvimwe zvinhu

Izwi rokuti "silicones" rinoramba riri izwi rinowanzoshandiswa kurondedzera zvakasiyana-siyana zve-silicone-based materials, uye zvinhu zvezvinhu izvi zvinoramba zvichiongororwa nekunzwisiswa.

Kubva kuSande kuenda kuSilicone: Iyo Inonakidza Maitiro Ekugadzira Silicone

Silicone ipolymer inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumhando dzakasiyana siyana uye zvigadzirwa. Nzira yekuwana mafomu aidiwa esilicone anosanganisira nhanho dzenhanho dzinoda zvinhu zvakakodzera uye zvivharo zvekuvaka. Heano zvikamu uye matanho anobatanidzwa mukugadzira maitiro:

• Silicon: Chivako chekutanga chesilicone isilicon, inova imwe yezvinhu zvakajairika zvepasi. Inoparadzaniswa nekukuya jecha requartz uye kuisa kupisa kwairi, kusvika kune tembiricha inosvika 2000 degrees Celsius.

• Methyl Chloride: Silicon inosanganiswa nemethyl chloride, iyo inowanzozivikanwa se chloromethane. Kuita uku kunoburitsa chlorosilane, inova yakakosha yepakati mukugadzirwa kwesilicone.

• Kupisa: Iyo chlorosilane inobva yapiswa kuti iite dimethyldichlorosilane, inova inotangira silicone. Iyi nzira inosanganisira kushandisa kupisa kune musanganiswa, iyo inomutsa mhinduro uye inobvisa hydrochloric acid.

• Polymer Processing: Iyo dimethyldichlorosilane inozosanganiswa nemvura kugadzira polima. Iyi polymer inogona kugadziridzwa zvakare kuti iwane akasiyana mafomu esilicone, senge elastomers, ayo anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zverabha.

Kukosha kweKudzora Kwemhando Mukugadzirwa kweSilicone

Kugadzirwa kwesilicone kunoda hupamhi hwehutongi hwemhando kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chinosangana nezvinodiwa. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu zvakakodzera zvinoshandiswa mukugadzira uye kuti maitiro acho anoitwa pasi pemamiriro akakodzera. Hezvino zvimwe zvezvinhu izvo vagadziri vanofanirwa kufunga nezvazvo:

• Tembiricha: Maitiro ekugadzira anoda kupisa kwakanyanya, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kunaka kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Vagadziri vanofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti tembiricha yakanyatso kudzorwa kudzivirira chero kukuvara kune iyo silicone.

• Kuparadzanisa Vhoriyamu: Maitiro ekugadzira anosanganisira kupatsanura huwandu hwekuita kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti huwandu hwakakodzera hwesilicone hunogadzirwa. Izvi zvinoda kunyatsotariswa uye kutonga kwekuita.

• Crosslinking: Mamwe mafomu esilicone anoda crosslinking kuti uwane izvo zvaunoda zvivakwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubatanidza macheni epolymer pamwechete kugadzira chinhu chakasimba.

Iwo Akajairwa Mafomu eSilicone muMusika

Silicone inowanzowanikwa mumhando yezvigadzirwa, kubva kumidziyo yekicheni kusvika kune zvigadzirwa zvekurapa. Heano mamwe eanowanzo mafomu esilicone pamusika:

• Low-Density Silicone: Iyi mhando yesilicone inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzira zvisimbiso uye zvinonamira.

• Elastomers: Aya anowanzo shandiswa mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zverabha, semagaskets neO-rings.

• High-Temperature Silicone: Iyi mhando yesilicone inoshandiswa mumashandisirwo anoda kupikisa kwepamusoro-tembiricha, senge muindasitiri yemuchadenga.

Iyo Chemistry yeSilicone: Kuongorora Izvo Zvivakwa uye Kuumbwa kweiyi Yakasiyana Material

Silicone chinhu chekugadzira chinoumbwa nesilicon, okisijeni, kabhoni, uye maatomu ehydrogen. Imhando yepolymer, zvinoreva kuti inoumbwa nemacheni marefu emamorekuru anoumbwa kuburikidza nemaitiro anonzi polymerization. Silicone inowanzo umbwa kuburikidza nenzira inonzi hydrolysis, iyo inosanganisira reacting silicon compounds nemvura kuti ibudise siloxanes.

Iyo Chemistry yeSiloxanes uye Silicone Polymers

Siloxanes ndiwo matombo ekuvaka esilicone polymers. Iwo anoumbwa kuburikidza nekuita kwesilicon compounds nemvura, iyo inogadzira cheni yealternating silicon uye maatomu eokisijeni. Iyo inoguma siloxane cheni inogona kugadziridzwa zvakare nekuwedzera organic mapoka, senge methyl kana phenyl mapoka, kugadzira akasiyana-siyana silicone polymers.

Imwe yeakajairika silicone polymers ndeye polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), iyo inoumbwa nekuwedzera methyl mapoka kune siloxane ketani. PDMS yakaoma, ine brittle crystalline yakasimba ine blue-grey metallic luster, uye inhengo yeboka 14 mu periodic table. Imhando yesilicone inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinoda simba rakasimba, rinodzivirira mvura.

Izvo Zvivakwa zveSilicone uye Zvakajairika Kushandisa

Silicone ine akati wandei akasiyana zvivakwa zvinoita kuti ive yakakurumbira zvinhu kune akasiyana siyana ekushandisa. Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvesilicone zvinosanganisira:

• Kugadzikana kwepamusoro kwekushisa
• Kushorwa kwemvura
• Low toxicity
• Zvakanaka zvekudzivirira magetsi
• High gasi permeability

Izvi zvinhu zvinoita kuti silicone ive yakakurumbira zvinhu zvezvakasiyana zvigadzirwa, zvinosanganisira:

• Zvekushandisa pakurapa
• Zvemagetsi zvikamu
• Zvemagetsi zvigadzirwa
• Sealants uye adhesives
• Zvigadzirwa zvekuchengeta wega

Ramangwana reSilicone Kugadzirwa uye Kubudirira

Kugadzirwa kweSilicone nekusimudzira inoramba iri nzvimbo inoshanda yekutsvagisa yemakemikari uye masayendisiti ezvekushandisa. Nzira nyowani dzekugadzira silicone polymers dziri kutaurwa uye kuyedzwa, kusanganisira kushandiswa kweketone uye silyl acetates mu polymerization process. Sezvo itsva silicone polymers inogadzirwa, ivo vanogona kuwana maapplication matsva muakasiyana maindasitiri uye zvigadzirwa.

Izvo Zvakasiyana-siyana Zvishandiso zveSilicone

Silicone chinhu chakakosha mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mukuvaka uye maindasitiri zvikamu. Kugona kwayo kumirisana nekupisa kwepamusoro uye kwakaderera, kuramba makemikari nemafuta, uye kuramba yakagadzikana pasi pemamiriro akanyanya kuita kuti ive chinhu chakanakisa kune akasiyana maapplication, anosanganisira:

• Coatings uye adhesives
• Insulators uye fillers (heino maitiro ekushandisa iwo akakodzera)
• Mafuta einjini yemotokari uye magiya
• Specialty mafuta uye kupedzisa zvigadzirwa
• Kupenya uye kupedzisa zvinhu

Electronics uye Aerospace Industries

Silicones zvakare anowanzoshandiswa mumaindasitiri emagetsi uye aerospace nekuda kweakasarudzika zvivakwa, zvinosanganisira:

• Kuvhara kunoshanda uye kupikisa kutonhora kwakanyanya uye makemikari
• Kugona kuzadza mapundu uye kupa cushioning kune dzakatetepa zvikamu
• Yakagadzikana uye inogara kwenguva refu kuita munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa

Medical uye Cosmetics Applications

Silicone gel chinhu chakakosha muzvigadzirwa zvekurapa uye zvekuzora nekuda kwepamusoro biocompatibility uye kugona kutevedzera zvimiro zvenyama yemunhu. Zvimwe zvekushandisa zvakanyanya zvinosanganisira:

• Kudyarwa kwezamu, kuisirwa machende, uye kuiswa kwepectoral
• Mabhajiro uye zvipfeko
• Nhare dzekusvirana
• Mishonga yemavanga uye zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza maronda

Specialty Applications

Silicone inoshandiswawo mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira:

• Rubber uye resin kugadzirwa
• Microfluidics uye zvimwe zvakakwirira-chaiyo zvikamu
• Oiri uye gasi indasitiri zvigadzirwa
• Anoshanda uye anogara kwenguva refu adhesives

Ramangwana reSilicone Applications

Sezvo tekinoroji uye matekiniki ekugadzirisa achienderera mberi, huwandu hwesilicone application hunongoramba huchikura. Kubva pakugadzira zvigadzirwa zvitsva uye makomisheni kusvika pakugadzira chaiwo zvikamu uye zvimiro, silicone icharamba iri chinhu chakakosha mumhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa nemaindasitiri.

Nei Silicone iri Sarudzo Yakachengeteka uye Yakachengeteka

Silicone isarudzo yakakurumbira kune zvakawanda zvigadzirwa nekuda kwekuchengetedza kwayo maficha. Hezvino zvimwe zvikonzero nei:

• Hapana Phthalates: Phthalates makemikari anowanzo kuwanikwa mumapurasitiki uye anogona kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu. Silicone haina phthalates, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yakachengeteka kune epurasitiki.
• Kwete BPA: Bisphenol A (BPA) imwe kemikari inowanikwa mumapurasitiki inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa yehutano. Silicone yakasununguka kubva kuBPA, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo ine hutano yekuchengetedza chikafu uye kubika.
• Hutano Canada Yakatenderwa: Hutano Canada yakaona chikafu-giredhi silicone yakachengeteka pakubika nekuchengetedza chikafu. Haina kuita nezvekudya kana zvinwiwa, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakachengeteka yekushandiswa kwekicheni.

Kufunga Kwakatipoteredza

Silicone haisi yakachengeteka chete kuvanhu, asi zvakare isarudzo yezvakatipoteredza. Heino chikonzero:

• Durable: Silicone chinhu chakasimba chinogona kugara kwemakore, zvichideredza kudiwa kwekugara kuchitsiva uye kuraswa.
• Recyclable: Silicone inogona kushandiswazve, ichideredza maitiro ayo pane zvakatipoteredza.
• Yakaderera Toxicity: Silicone chinhu chakaderera-chepfu, zvichireva kuti haiburitse makemikari anokuvadza munzvimbo panguva yekugadzira kana kuraswa.

Silicone vs Plastic: Ndeipi Iri Nani Alternative?

Silicone nepurasitiki marudzi maviri emidziyo anowanzoshandiswa mumaindasitiri akasiyana. Plastiki chinhu chechinyakare chave chichishandiswa kwemakumi emakore, nepo silicone iri musanganiswa mutsva wakawana mukurumbira mumakore achangopfuura. Zvese zviri zviviri zvinhu zvine zvazvo zvakasiyana zvivakwa uye mashandisiro, asi pane zvimwe zvakakosha mutsauko pakati pazvo.

Musiyano muZvivakwa

Imwe yemisiyano mikuru pakati pesilicone nepurasitiki ndiyo nzira yavanogadzirwa. Silicone inogadzirwa kubva kusilicon, chinhu chinongoitika chakagadzikana, nepo plastiki inogadzirwa kubva mukugadzira makomisheni. Izvi zvinoreva kuti silicone ine zvimwe zvinhu izvo plastiki haina, sekuve yakasimba uye inodzivirira kupisa. Silicone inogona kumira tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura epurasitiki, ichiita kuti ive yakanakira kushandiswa mukubika uye kubika michina.

Kufanana uye Kusiyana muShape uye Moldability

Nepo silicone yakasimba kupfuura plastiki, haina kuchinjika. Haikwanise kuumbwa kuita zvimiro zvakasiyana segaba repurasitiki. Nekudaro, silicone inogona kuumbwa kuita akasiyana maumbirwo, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yakakurumbira yemidziyo nemidziyo yekicheni. Plastiki inowanzoshandiswa kumidziyo nemidziyo yekicheni, asi haina kusimba sesilicone.

Kuchengetedzwa uye Magetsi Properties

Silicone inozivikanwawo nekuchengetedza kwayo uye magetsi emagetsi. Chinhu chisina chepfu chisingabudisi makemikari anokuvadza kana chapiswa, zvichiita kuti ive yakachengeteka kushandiswa mukubika nekubika. Iyo zvakare yakanaka insulator yemagetsi, ichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa mumidziyo yemagetsi. Plastiki, kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kusunungura makemikari anokuvadza kana ichipisa, zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo shoma yakachengeteka yekubika nekubika.

Kuchenesa uye Kuchengeta

Kana zvasvika pakuchenesa nekugadzirisa, silicone nepurasitiki zvine zvimwe zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana. Zvese zviri zviviri zvinhu zvinogona kucheneswa mudhishi, asi silicone inogara yakasimba uye inogona kumira tembiricha yakakwira. Plastiki inogona kuchinjika uye kunyungudika mukupisa kwakanyanya, ichiita kuti isasimba pane silicone.

mhedziso

Saka, silicone chinhu chakagadzirwa nesilicon uye okisijeni, uye inoshandiswa kune zvakawanda zvinhu. 

Unogona kuona kuti sei yakakurumbira zvino, handizvo here? Saka, usatya kubvunza mibvunzo kana usina chokwadi nezvechimwe chinhu. Unogona kugara uchikumbira shamwari kuti ikubatsire. 

Uye usakanganwa kutarisa gwara redu kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve silicone.

Ini ndini Joost Nusselder, muvambi weZvishandiso Chiremba, mushambadzi wemukati, uye baba. Ini ndinoda kuyedza michina mitsva, uye pamwe nechikwata changu ndanga ndichigadzira zvakadzama blog zvinyorwa kubva 2016 kubatsira vaverengi vakavimbika nematurusi & matipi ekugadzira.