Chii chinonzi solvent? Zvinyungudutsa zvinhu zvinonyungudutsa zvimwe zvinhu, zvichiita kuti zviwedzere mvura-mvura. Ivo vanoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana kubva kuchenesa zvigadzirwa zvependi kune mishonga.
Asi unoziva sei kana chiri chinonyungudutsa? Ngatitarisei kuti chii chinoita kuti solvent ive yakakosha.
Mune ino posvo isu tichafukidza:
Ziva Masolvents: Kiyi yekugadzira Magadzirirwo
Munyungudusi (solvent) chinhu chinonyungudutsa munyu, chinobva chabuda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munyungudusa ndicho chinhu chinonyungudutsa, ukuwo munyunguru chiri chinhu chinonyungudutswa. Solvents inowanzova zvinwiwa, asi inogona zvakare kuve yakasimba, magasi, kana supercritical fluid.
Simba reMvura seChinyungudusa
Mvura ndechimwe chezviyo zvinonyungudutsa zvakanyanya pasi rose nekuda kwekugona kwayo kunyungudutsa zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nepamusoro-soro polarity, iyo inobvumira kuti iparadze zvisungo pakati pemamorekuru uye inonyungudusa zvakaenzana mukati memhinduro. Mvura zvakare yakanyanya kugadzikana uye isina kwayakarerekera solvent, zvinoreva kuti inogona kusanganiswa neyakasiyana siyana solutes pasina kukanganisa yayo yakakosha zvinhu.
Kukosha kwezvinonyungudutsa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva
Solvents inoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pakuchenesa zvigadzirwa uye zvinhu zvekuchengeta pachedu kusvika kumishonga uye maindasitiri maitiro. Semuyenzaniso:
- Shuga inonyungudika mumvura kuita muto unotapira.
- Nail polish remover inoshandisa acetone sechinhu chinonyungudutsa kunyungudutsa polish.
- Paint thinner inoshandisa musanganiswa wezvinonyungudutsa kunyungudutsa pendi.
- Gasoline inoshandisa musanganiswa wezvinonyungudutsa kugadzira mafuta anogona kupiswa muinjini.
Nyika Inonakidza Yekugadziriswa
Kana tichitaura nezvemhinduro, tiri kutaura nezve musanganiswa wezvinhu zviviri kana kupfuura zvinogovaniswa zvakaenzana pachikamu chemolecular. Mushonga uripo muhuwandu hukuru hunonzi munyungudusi, nepo zvimwe zvinhu zvinodaidzwa kunzi solutes. Ukuwo, Solvation (Solution) zvinoreva nzira yekunyungudutsa munyu munyungudutsa.
Kukosha Kwekugadzirisa muBiological Systems
Solvation inoita basa rakakosha mubiological system, kunyanya muchimiro uye kushanda kwemapuroteni. Mapuroteni anoumbwa nengetani refu dzeamino acids dzinopeta kuita chimwe chimiro. Chimiro cheprotein chinotariswa nekudyidzana pakati peamino acid parutivi cheni uye akatenderedza mamorekuru ekunyungudutsa. Kuvapo kwemamorekuru emvura musolvent kunogadzira hydrophilic (inoda mvura) nharaunda inobatsira kudzikamisa chimiro cheprotein.
Mhedzisiro yeSolution paSolutes
Kugona kwesolute kunyunguduka mune chimwe chinhu chinonyungudutsa kunoenderana nezvakati wandei zvinosanganisira solute's polarity, saizi, uye chimiro. Zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa, zvakaita seshuga, zvine polar zvakanyanya uye zvinonyungudika zviri nyore mumvura. Mamwe, senge hydrophobic (anotya mvura) makomisheni semafuta, haanyungudika zvakanaka mumvura asi anogona kunyungudika mune nonpolar solvents.
Basa rezvinonyungudutsa muSolution
Zvinonyungudutsa zvinokwanisa kuverengerwa zvichienderana nepolarity yazvo, zviine zvinonyungudutsa polar semvura ine dielectric yakakwira isingachinjiki uye isiri polar zvinonyungudutsa semafuta ane low dielectric constant. Iyo polarity yezvinonyungudutsa inoita basa rakakosha mukugadziriswa nekuti inosarudza kugona kwemunyungudusa kugamuchira kana kupa maerekitironi. Zvinonyungudutsa zvemu polar zviri nani pakugadzirisa maion nemapolar solutes, nepo zvinonyungudutsa zvisina polar zviri nani pakugadzirisa zvinonyungudutsa zvisina polar.
Simba Rekugadzirisa Mudhizaini Dhizaini
Kugadziriswa kwakakosha kutariswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinodhaka nekuti kunokanganisa kunyungudika uye bioavailability yemishonga. Mishonga inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura inowanzobatwa nemuviri, nepo zvinodhaka zvisinganyunguriki zvingada madosi epamusoro kana dzimwe nzira dzekutumira. Iyo solvation zvimiro zvemushonga zvinogona zvakare kukanganisa kudyidzana kwayo nemapuroteni anonangwa uye mamwe mabiomolecules.
Classifying Solvents: Gwaro rekunzwisisa Mhando dzakasiyana
Kana zvasvika pakurongedza zvinonyungudutsa, polarity chinhu chakakosha. Polar solvents ine magumo akanaka uye akaipa, nepo nonpolar solvents haina. Zvinonyungudutsa zvinogona kuiswa muchikamu zvichibva pane polarity yazvo, nezvinonyungudutsa zvepolar zvichiiswa seprotic kana aprotic, uye nonpolar solvents ichiiswa muchikamu senge inorganic kana organic.
Mhando Dzakajairika dzezvinonyungudutsa
Kune marudzi akawanda akasiyana ezvinonyungudutsa, imwe neimwe iine zvimiro zvayo uye mashandisiro. Mamwe emhando dzinonyanyozivikanwa dze solvents dzinosanganisira:
- Mvura: Mvura inonyungudutsa yepolar inokwanisa kunyungudutsa huwandu hwakawanda hwemakomisheni. Iyo inoonekwa seprotic solvent uye ine yakakwira dielectric nguva dzose.
- Ethanol: Ethanol is polar solvent inowanzoshandiswa mu biological and chemical applications. Iyo inoonekwa seprotic solvent uye ine yakakwira dielectric nguva dzose.
- Acetone: Acetone is polar solvent iyo inowanzoshandiswa murabhoritari. Inoonekwa seaprotic solvent uye ine yakakwira dielectric inomira.
- Hexane: Hexane is nonpolar solvent iyo inowanzoshandiswa mune organic chemistry. Inoonekwa seyakagadziriswa inorganic solvent uye ine yakaderera dielectric inogara.
- Chloroform: Chloroform is polar solvent inowanzoshandiswa murabhoritari. Inoonekwa seaprotic solvent uye ine yakaderera dielectric inogara.
Nyaya dzinokosha: Complex Solvents
Zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa zvakanyanya kuoma uye hazvigone kuiswa nyore nyore zvichienderana ne polarity, dielectric constant, boiling point, kana flash point. Izvi zvinonyungudutsa zvinosanganisira:
- Shuga: Shuga i polar solvents inokwanisa kunyungudutsa huwandu hwakawanda hwekomboni. Vanotorwa seprotic solvents uye vane high dielectric constant.
- Ionic Liquids: Ionic zvinwiwa zvinochajiswa zvinonyungudutsa zviripo munzvimbo yemvura pane tembiricha yekamuri. Vane huwandu hukuru hwekubikira uye vanokwanisa kunyungudutsa huwandu hwakawanda hwemakomponi.
- Metal Complexes: Metal complexes zvinonyungudutsa zvine chinhu chesimbi. Vanokwanisa kutakura machaji emagetsi uye vanonzi polar solvents.
Multicomponent Solvents: A Complex Musanganiswa weIngredients
Multicomponent solvents imhando yekunyungudutsa inosanganisira musanganiswa wemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinonyungudutsa. Izvi zvinonyungudutsa zvinonzi "universal solvents" nekuda kwekugona kwavo kunyungudutsa macompound akawanda. Multicomponent solvents inoumbwa nezvinonyungudutsa zviviri kana kupfuura zvinosanganiswa pamwechete kuti zvigadzire mushonga mumwe chete. Mamwe marudzi akajairika e-multicomponent solvents anosanganisira:
- Acetate
- Xylene
- Toluene
- Ethanol
- Ethyl
- butyl
- Acetone
- Cellosolve
- Thinner
Chii Chinoitika Kana Multicomponent Solvents Inowedzerwa kune Zvinhu?
Kana multicomponent solvents inowedzerwa kuzvinhu, zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinogona kuitika zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu:
- Kana chinhu chacho chichinyunguduka muzvinonyungudutsa, chinonyunguduka zvakafanana uye chigogoverwa mumushonga wose.
- Kana chinhu chacho chisina kunyungudika mumushonga, chinoumba chikamu chakasiyana uye chinogona kubviswa nekusefa kana dzimwe nzira.
- Kana chinhu chikaumbwa chinonyungudika nechinonyungudutsa, musanganiswa mutsva unoumbwa une zvimiro zvakasiyana pane zvepakutanga.
- Kana zvinhu zvakawedzerwa kune multicomponent solvent zvichibatana, emulsions kana mamwe masanganiswa akaoma anogona kuumba.
Ndeapi Mamwe Chaiyo-Nyika Yekushandisa yeMulticomponent Solvents?
Multicomponent solvents ine dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa muindasitiri yemakemikari, kusanganisira:
- Paints uye machira: Multicomponent solvents anoshandiswa sezvitete uye zvinonyungudutsa mupende uye coating formulations.
- Pharmaceuticals: Multicomponent solvents inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yekunyungudutsa uye kuchenesa mishonga.
- Zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa: Multicomponent solvents inoshandiswa mukuchenesa zvigadzirwa kunyungudutsa uye kubvisa tsvina nemarara.
- Oiri uye gasi kubviswa: Multicomponent solvents anoshandiswa mukuchera oiri uye gasi kubva pasi pevhu.
Multicomponent solvents musanganiswa wakaoma wezvigadzirwa zvine huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa munyika yemakemikari. Kunzwisisa kuti zvinonyungudutsa izvi zvinoshanda sei uye mabatiro azvinoita nezvinhu zvakasiyana kwakakosha kune chero munhu anoshanda muindasitiri yemakemikari.
mhedziso
Saka, ndizvo zvakaita munyungudutsa – chinhu chinonyungudisa chimwe chinhu. Zvinyungudutsa zvinoshandiswa kuchenesa, kuzvitarisira, uye zvigadzirwa zvemishonga, uye vanoita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Iwe haugone kuzvinzvenga, saka zvakakosha kuziva maitiro ezvinonyungudutsa uye kuti zvinokanganisa sei zvinhu zvakazvitenderedza. Saka, usatya kuongorora nyika yezvinonyungudutsa uye kudzidza zvakawanda nezvazvo!
Ini ndini Joost Nusselder, muvambi weZvishandiso Chiremba, mushambadzi wemukati, uye baba. Ini ndinoda kuyedza michina mitsva, uye pamwe nechikwata changu ndanga ndichigadzira zvakadzama blog zvinyorwa kubva 2016 kubatsira vaverengi vakavimbika nematurusi & matipi ekugadzira.
