Izinto zokuncamathelisa: Zisebenza njani kwaye kutheni zincamathela

I-adhesive yinto edibanisa izinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu kunye. Ihlala isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa, ukudibanisa iincwadi, kunye nakwizobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla. Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye? Makhe sijonge inkcazo kunye nembali ye-adhesives. Kwaye, ndiza kwabelana ngeenyani ezimnandi malunga nezinto ezincangathi.

Zininzi iindidi zokuncamathelisa, kodwa zonke zinento enye efanayo: ziyancamathela. Kodwa incangathi kangakanani ngokwaneleyo? Kwaye ulinganisa njani ukuncamathela? Ndiza kungena kuloo nto kwesi sikhokelo.

Ngoko ke, yintoni into yokuncamathelisa? Makhe sifumanise.

Waxinga kwiAdhesive: A Comprehensive Guide

I-Adhesive, ekwaziwa ngokuba yiglu, yinto esetyenziswa kwindawo enye okanye yomibini yezinto ezimbini ezahlukileyo ukuze zizibophe kunye kwaye zimelane nokwahlulwa kwazo. Yimpahla engeyiyo isinyithi esiza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuyilo lwangoku kunye nobuchule bokwakha. I-Adhesives ifumaneka kumakhulu eentlobo, nganye ineempawu zayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ezinye zeendlela eziphambili zokuncamathelisa ziquka:

• Izinto zokuncamathelisa zendalo: Ezi zizinto zokuncamathelisa ezenziwe ngezinto zendalo ezifana nesitatshi, iiproteni, nezinye izinto zezityalo nezilwanyana. Zihlala zibizwa ngokuba yi "glue" kwaye ziquka iimveliso ezifana neglue yesilwanyana, i-casein glue, kunye ne-starch paste.
• I-Synthetic adhesives: Ezi zincamathelisi eziveliswa ngokulungiswa kunye neekhemikhali. Zibandakanya iimveliso ezifana nokuncamatheliswa kwepolymer, izinto zokuncamathelisa ezishushu ezinyibilikayo, kunye nokuncamathelisa okusekwe emanzini.
• Izinto zokuncamathelisa ezisekelwe kwi-solvent: Ezi zizincamathelisi ezibonelelwa ngolwelo kwaye zifuna isinyibilikisi ukuba sigalelwe. Ziquka iimveliso ezifana nesamente yokudibanisa kunye nesamente yerabha.
• Izinto zokuncamathelisa eziqinileyo: Ezi zincamathelisi ezibonelelwa ngendlela eqinileyo kwaye zifuna ubushushu, uxinzelelo, okanye amanzi ukuze zisebenze. Ziquka iimveliso ezifana neentonga ezishushu zeglue kunye ne-epoxy.

ILungisa Njani i-Adhesive?

Indlela yokulungiselela i-adhesive iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-adhesive eveliswayo. Nangona kunjalo, amanye amanyathelo ngokubanzi abandakanya:

• Ukudibanisa izinto ezisisiseko kunye ngokwemilinganiselo echanekileyo
• Ukucutshungulwa komxube ukudala ukuhambelana okufunwayo kunye nombala
• Ukuvumela i-adhesive ukuba yome okanye iphilise kwinqanaba layo lokuqala lamandla
• Ukupakishwa kwe-adhesive ukuthengiswa

Zeziphi iiPropathi zokuncamathelisa?

I-Adhesive inenani leempawu ezibalulekileyo ezenza ukuba kube yinto eluncedo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Ezinye zezi propati ziquka:

• Ukuncamathela: Ukukwazi ukuncamathela kumphezulu
• Umanyano: Ukukwazi ukuncamathela ukuzibamba
• I-Tack: Ukukwazi kwe-adhesive ukubamba phezulu ngokukhawuleza
• Ixesha lokumisela: Ixesha elithathayo ukuze i-adhesive yome ngokupheleleyo okanye inyangwe
• Ubomi beShelf: Ubude bexesha lokuncamathelisa kunokugcinwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuthotywa
• Uvakalelo lwamanzi, ubushushu, okanye ezinye izinto zokusingqongileyo: Ezinye izinto zokuncamathelisa zinovelwano ngakumbi kwezi zinto kunezinye
• Ukubamba amandla: Ukukwazi ukunamathela ukuxhathisa ukuhlukana xa sele isetyenzisiwe

I-Evolution ye-Adhesives: Imbali eNcangathi

Abantu bebesebenzisa izinto zokuncamathelisa kangangamawaka eminyaka. Ubungqina bezinto ezifana neglu bufunyenwe kwiindawo zakudala ezisusela kwixesha lePleistocene, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40,000 eyadlulayo. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumanisa ubungqina bezinto zokuncamathelisa ezisetyenziswa ngabantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka:

• I-Birch bark tar: Eyona nto indala yaziwayo, eyaqala malunga nama-200,000 eminyaka eyadlulayo, yafunyanwa e-Itali. Yayiqulunqwe ngexolo le birch kunye nothuthu, ixutywe kunye kwaye ifudunyezwe ukuvelisa ikhompawundi encangathi.
• Udongwe: Abantu bamandulo babesebenzisa udongwe ukuze badibanise izixhobo nezixhobo zabo.
• Inyosi: AmaGrike namaRoma ayesebenzisa inyosi ukuze adibanise iinxalenye zomthi zezaphetha zawo.
• Ocher: Le pigment yendalo yaxutywa namafutha ezilwanyana ukwenza intlama esetyenziselwa ukudibanisa izinto zakudala kwiMiddle Stone Age.
• Intsini: AmaJiphutha amandulo ayesebenzisa intlaka ephuma kwimithi yomnga njengencamathelisa ekwakheni.

Uphuhliso lweMveliso yeAdhesive

Ngokuhamba kwexesha, abantu bandisa uluhlu lwabo lwezinto ezincamathelayo kwaye baphucula inkqubo yokuyidala. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya:

• Iglu yezilwanyana: Le nto yokuncamathelisa yenziwa ngokubilisa amathambo esilwanyana, ulusu, kunye nemisipha ukuze kuvele ulwelo olunokusetyenziswa njengeglu. Yayisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwenzeni iinkuni kunye nokudibanisa iincwadi.
• Udaka lwekalika: AmaGrike namaRoma asebenzisa udaka lwekalika ukudibanisa ilitye kunye nezitena ekwakhiweni.
• Iiglu ezingamanzi: Ngenkulungwane yama-20, kwaveliswa iglu ezingamanzi, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukufaka izinto zokuncamathelisa kumphezulu.

Indima yeNzululwazi kuPhuhliso lokuncamathelisa

Njengoko inzululwazi yayihambela phambili, kwaba njalo nokwenziwa kwezinto zokuncamathelisa. Izazinzulu zaqalisa ukufunda imichiza yezinto zokuncamathelisa zaza zalinga izinto ezintsha ukuze zivelise izinto ezomeleleyo nezisebenzayo. Ezinye iinkqubela phambili eziphawulekayo ziquka:

• I-Synthetic adhesives: Ngenkulungwane ye-20, ii-adhesives zokwenziwa zaphuhliswa, ezinokuthi zilungelelaniswe kwizicelo ezithile kwaye ziphucule ubuchule bokudibanisa.
• Iingcina zokuncamathela ezishushu ezinyibilikayo: Ezi zincamathelisi zomelele kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi kodwa zinokunyibilika zigalelwe umphezulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukupakisha kunye nokusebenza kwemithi.
• Izincamathelisi ze-Epoxy: Izinto ezincamathelayo ze-epoxy zaziwa ngokukwazi ukubopha uluhlu olubanzi lwemathiriyeli, kuquka isinyithi, iplastiki kunye neenkuni.

Ukuncamathela: ISayensi eNncamatheleyo ngasemva kweBonding

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Ukuncamathela kukukwazi ukuncamathela kumphezulu. Ibandakanya ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kunye nezibopho zomzimba phakathi kwe-adhesive kunye ne-adherend. Amandla ebhondi axhomekeke kumandla e-intermolecular phakathi kweendawo ezimbini.

Indima yeMikhosi yoMbane

Amandla obuso adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunamatheleni. La mandla aquka i-adsorption, mechanical, physical, and chemical forces. I-Adsorption ibandakanya ukukhanga kweengqungquthela kumphezulu, ngelixa amandla omatshini abandakanya ukudibanisa ngokomzimba phakathi kwe-adhesive kunye ne-adherend. Amandla ekhemikhali abandakanya ukubunjwa kwamabhondi e-covalent phakathi kwe-adhesive kunye ne-adherend.

IiNdlela zokuZincamathela

Ukubambelela kubandakanya iindlela ezininzi, kuquka:

• Ukumanzisa: Oku kubandakanya ukukwazi ukuncamathelisa ukusasazeka phezu komphezulu wokubambelela.
• Amandla angaphezulu: Oku kubhekiselele kumandla afunekayo ukwahlula into encamathelayo kwi-adherend.
• I-angle yoqhagamshelwano: Le yi-angle eyenziwe phakathi kwe-adhesive kunye ne-adherend kwindawo yoqhagamshelwano.
• Umda wokuziinkozo: Le yindawo apho iinkozo ezimbini zidibana khona kwizinto eziqinileyo.
• Ulwakhiwo lwepolymer: Oku kubhekiselele kulungiselelo lweemolekyuli ezincamathelayo.

Ukubaluleka kokuncamathela kwiBonding

Ukubambelela yinto ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokudibanisa. Inquma ukukwazi ukunamathela ukwenza umsebenzi owufunayo. Iqondo lokuncamathela elifunekayo lixhomekeke kuhlobo lwezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo, ukuyilwa komdibaniso, kunye nokusebenza okufunekayo.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuncamathelisa

Kukho iindidi ezininzi zokuncamathelisa, kuquka:

• Izincamathelisi zemichiza: Ezi zizinto ezincamathelayo ezenza iqhina lekhemikhali kunye ne-adherend.
• Izinto ezincamathelayo ngokwasemzimbeni: Ezi zizinto ezincamathelayo ezixhomekeke kwi-intermolecular forces ukuze zidibanise ne-adherend.
• I-Adhesives ye-Mechanical adhesives: Ezi zi-adhesives ezixhomekeke kumandla omatshini ukuze zidibanise kunye ne-adherend.

IiNdlela eziPhambili eziSetyenziselwe ukuncamathela

Iindlela eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuncamathela ziquka:

• Ukulungiswa komphezulu: Oku kubandakanya ukulungisa umphezulu wokubambelela ukuqinisekisa ukubambelela kakuhle.
• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Adhesive: Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-adhesive kumphezulu we-adherend.
• Uyilo oludibeneyo: Oku kubandakanya ukuyila umdibaniso ukuqinisekisa ukunamathela okulungileyo.

Iindlela ezizezinye zokuncamathela

Kukho ezinye iindlela zokuncamathela, kuquka:

• Ukuwelda: Oku kubandakanya ukunyibilikisa isinyithi ukwenza ibhondi.
• I-Soldering: Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-alloy yesinyithi ukudibanisa iintsimbi ezimbini kunye.
• Ukuqiniswa koomatshini: Oku kubandakanya ukusebenzisa izikrufu, iibholithi, okanye ezinye iziqhoboshi zoomatshini ukudibanisa izinto ezimbini.

Izinto ezincamathelayo: INyaniso encangathi

• Izinto ezincamathelayo zingahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezimbini eziphambili: zendalo kunye nezokwenziwa.
• I-adhesives yendalo iveliswa kwizinto eziphilayo, ngelixa i-adhesives synthetic yenziwa kwii-chemical compounds.
• Imizekelo yezinto ezincamathelayo zendalo ziquka iglu eyenziwe kwiprotein yezilwanyana, iglue esekelwe kwistatshi, kunye neglu ezenziwe ngerabha yendalo.
• Izinto ezincamathelayo zokwenziwa zibandakanya izinto zokuncamathelisa ezisekwe kwi-polymer, izinto zokuncamathelisa ezinyibilikayo ezishushu, kunye nezincamathelisi ezisekwe kwi-solvent.

Ukugcinwa kunye noBomi beShelf yezinto ezincamathelayo

• Izinto ezincamathelayo kufuneka zigcinwe kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo ukuze zingomi okanye zincangathi kakhulu.
• Ubomi beshelufu yezinto ezinamathele buya kuxhomekeka ekubunjweni kwayo kunye nendlela eqhutywe ngayo.
• Ezinye izinto ezincamathelayo, ezifana nezincamathelisi ezinyibilikayo ezishushu, zinobomi obufutshane beshelufu kunabanye kwaye zinokufuna ukusetyenziswa ngexesha elithile emva kokuba zivelisiwe.
• Ngokuqhelekileyo, izinto zokubambelela ezigcinwe ixesha elide zingadinga ukuqhutyelwa okongezelelweyo okanye ukuxuba ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisakulungele ukusetyenziswa.

Ukuyidibanisa yonke into: Ukusebenzisa i-Adhesives

Xa kuziwa ekukhetheni i-adhesive efanelekileyo kwisicelo esithile, kukho inani lezinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Ezi ziquka:

• Izixhobo ziyadityaniswa
• Iqondo elifunekayo lamandla okudibanisa
• Ubungakanani kunye nommandla webhondi
• Amandla ashukumisayo ukuba ibhondi iya kufuneka imelane
• Ubomi beshelufu obufunwayo bamacandelo adibeneyo

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zokuncamathelisa ziyilelwe ukuba ziqhube kakuhle phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukukhetha eyona ilungileyo kulo msebenzi. Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zokuncamathelisa ziquka:

• Izinto zokuncamathelisa eziqinileyo, ezithi zigalelwe kwisimo esinyibilikisiweyo zize ziqine njengoko zipholile
• Izincamathelisi zolwelo, ezisetyenziswa kwindawo emanzi kwaye emva koko zisete okanye zinyange ukwenza ibhondi
• I-adhesives-sensitive adhesives, eyenzelwe ukudibanisa ngokudibana nomphezulu
• I-adhesives yoqhagamshelwano, esetyenziswe kwiindawo zombini kwaye ivunyelwe ukuba yome ngaphambi kokuba idibaniswe kunye
• Izincamathelisi ezishushu ezinyibilikayo, ezinyibilikayo zize zifakwe kumphezulu omnye ngaphambi kokuba zibotshwe kwenye

Ukusebenzisa i-Adhesives

Nje ukuba ukhethe i-adhesive efanelekileyo kwisicelo sakho, lixesha lokuyisebenzisa. La manyathelo alandelayo alandelwa ngokubanzi xa usebenzisa i-adhesives:

1. Lungisa umphezulu: Imiphezulu ekufuneka idityaniswe kufuneka icoceke, yome, kwaye ingabi nazingcolisi ezinokuthintela ukuncamathelisa ekudibaneni ngokufanelekileyo.

2. Faka i-adhesive: I-adhesive kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi. Oku kunokubandakanya ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo phezu komhlaba omnye, ukuwusebenzisa kwipatheni ethile, okanye ukugalela kuyo yomibini imiphezulu.

3. Joyina umphezulu: Imiphezulu emibini kufuneka idityaniswe kunye ngelixa i-adhesive isemanzi. Oku kunokubandakanya ukulungelelaniswa kwabo ngononophelo okanye ukufaka uxinzelelo lokuqinisekisa ibhondi eyomeleleyo.

4. Vumela i-adhesive ukuba ibeke: I-adhesive kufuneka ivunyelwe ukuseta okanye ukunyanga ngokwemiyalelo yomenzi. Oku kunokubandakanya ukuyiyeka yome ngokwemvelo okanye ukusebenzisa ubushushu okanye amandla ukukhawulezisa inkqubo.

Ukuvavanya ukusebenza kweAdhesive

Emva kokuba i-adhesive isetyenziswe kwaye ivunyelwe ukuseta, kubalulekile ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwayo. Oku kunokubandakanya ukulinganisa amandla ebhondi, ukuvavanya amandla ayo okumelana nemikhosi eguquguqukayo, okanye ukujonga ukukwazi kwayo ukukhusela i-filleting (ukusasazeka kwe-adhesive ngaphaya komgca webhondi oyifunayo).

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuvavanya ukusebenza kokuncamathelisa, kubandakanya:

• Uvavanyo lwe-tensile, olulinganisa amandla afunekayo ukuqhawula ibhondi
• Uvavanyo lokucheba, olulinganisa amandla afunekayo ukutyibilikisa amacandelo adityanisiweyo ngokwahlukeneyo
• Uvavanyo lwe-Peel, olulinganisa amandla afunekayo ukuxobula amacandelo adibeneyo
• Uvavanyo olunamandla, olulinganisa ukukwazi kwebhondi ukumelana noxinzelelo oluphindaphindiweyo kunye noxinzelelo

Ingaba Incamathela yakho ingahlala ixesha elingakanani? Ubomi beShelufu yee-Adhesives

Izinto ezininzi zinokuchaphazela ubomi beshelufu yokuncamathelisa, kubandakanya:

• Iimeko zokugcina: I-Adhesives kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo epholileyo, eyomileyo ukukhusela utshintsho kwimichiza yabo. Ukuba sesichengeni sokufuma, kubushushu, okanye kwilanga elithe ngqo kunokubangela ukuba izinto zokuncamathelisa zibe nokonakala ngokukhawuleza.
• Ukubunjwa kwezinto eziphathekayo: Ukubunjwa kwe-adhesive kunokuchaphazela ubomi bayo beshelufu. Ezinye izinto zokuncamathelisa ziqulethe i-antioxidants okanye i-UV stabilizers ukuphucula ukuzinza kwazo ngokuhamba kwexesha.
• Ukuguga: Ngokuhamba kwexesha, izinto zokuncamathelisa zinokuguga kwaye ziphulukane neempawu zazo zomzimba, njengokuguquguquka okanye amandla. Ukwaluphala kunokukhawuleziswa ngokuba sesichengeni sobushushu, ukufuma, okanye imichiza.
• Iqondo lobushushu: Izinto ezincamathelayo zinokuvelana notshintsho lobushushu. Amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo anokubangela ukuba izinto ezincamathelayo zibe ngqindilili kakhulu okanye zibe zincinci kakhulu, nto leyo echaphazela ukukwazi kwabo ukubopha.
• Uvavanyo: Abavelisi baqhuba izifundo ukumisela ubomi beshelufu yezinto ezincamathelayo. Ezi zifundo zibandakanya ukuvavanya amandla e-adhesive bond ekuhambeni kwexesha ukumisela xa iqala ukuthotywa.

Umhla wokuphelelwa kunye nosetyenziso olucetyiswayo

Abavelisi ngokuqhelekileyo banikezela ngomhla wokuphelelwa kwexesha lokubambelela kwabo, emva koko i-adhesive ayifanele isetyenziswe. Kubalulekile ukulandela izikhokelo zokusetyenziswa kunye nezikhokelo zokulahla ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-adhesive ihlala izinzile kwaye ikhuselekile ngokwekhemikhali. Ukusebenzisa i-adhesives ephelelwe lixesha kunokubangela ukuba ibhondi ibe buthathaka okanye ukusilela kwebhondi ngokupheleleyo.

isiphelo

Ke, yiloo nto izinto ezincamathelayo kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Ziyinto entle ukuba nazo, kwaye kuya kufuneka wazi ngakumbi malunga nazo ngoku. 

Ungasebenzisa izinto zokuncamathelisa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kulwakhiwo ukuya kwidibansi yeencwadi, ngoko ungoyiki ukuzisebenzisa. Qiniseka nje ukuba usebenzisa uhlobo olufanelekileyo lomsebenzi kwaye uya kulunga.

NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.