Iinkqubo zokulawula zisetyenziselwa ukugcina i-setpoint okanye imveliso efunwayo ngokulungelelanisa isignali yegalelo. Iisistim zokulawula zinokuba yi-loop evulekileyo okanye i-loop evaliweyo. Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo zokulawula iluphu azinayo iluphu yengxelo kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezivaliweyo.
Kweli nqaku, ndiza kuchaza ukuba zeziphi iinkqubo zolawulo, zisebenza njani, kwaye zisetyenziswa njani kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Kwaye, ndiza kwabelana ngeenyani ezimnandi malunga neenkqubo zolawulo onokuthi ungazazi!
Kule posi siza kugubungela:
- Iinkqubo zoLawulo- UbuGcisa boYilo kunye nokuPhunyezwa
- Vula iluphu kunye nolawulo oluvaliweyo: Umahluko phakathi kokuzilungisa kunye nesiphumo esisisigxina
- IiNkqubo zoLawulo lweeNgxelo: Ukuzisa uLawulo kwiNqanaba elilandelayo
- Ulawulo lweNgqiqo: Iinkqubo zoLawulo eziLula nezisebenzayo
- Ulawulo Oluvaliweyo: Eyona ndlela ilula yokulawula ubushushu
- Ulawulo lomgca: UbuGcisa bokugcinwa kweziphumo ezinqwenelekayo
- I-Fuzzy Logic: INkqubo yoLawulo oluNjalo
- isiphelo
Iinkqubo zoLawulo- UbuGcisa boYilo kunye nokuPhunyezwa
Iinkqubo zokulawula zibandakanya inkqubo yokumisela nokugcina imveliso ethile ngokulungelelanisa isignali yegalelo. Injongo kukuvelisa umphumo ochanekileyo kunye nohambelanayo, nangona naluphi na utshintsho lokuqala kwigalelo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya inani lamanqanaba, kuquka alandelayo:
- Inqanaba longeniso: apho umqondiso wongeniso ufunyanwa khona
- Inqanaba lokucubungula: apho umqondiso uqhutyelwa khona kwaye uhlalutywe
- Inqanaba lemveliso: apho umqondiso wemveliso uveliswa khona
Indima yeeNkqubo zoLawulo kwiMveliso
Iinkqubo zokulawula zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimveliso kunye nokusabalalisa kumashishini amaninzi. Itekhnoloji ye-Automation isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuphumeza ezi nkqubo, ezinokuthi zibe nzima kakhulu kwaye zibize kakhulu ukuzakha. Ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyafuneka ukwenza inkqubo yolawulo egqwesileyo:
- Ukuqonda kakuhle inkqubo elawulwayo
- Ukukwazi ukuyila kunye nokuphumeza uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwenkqubo yokulawula
- Ipakethe yoyilo olusemgangathweni kunye nobuchule obunokusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile
Amanyathelo aBandakanyiweyo eKuyilweni kweNkqubo yoLawulo
Inkqubo yokudala inkqubo yolawulo ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
- Ukuyila ubume benkqubo: Oku kubandakanya ukumisela uhlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo efunekayo kunye namacandelo aya kubandakanywa.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo: Oku kubandakanya ukwakhiwa ngononophelo kwesistim kunye nokuqhuba iimvavanyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba isebenza ngokuchanekileyo
- Ukugcina inkqubo: Oku kubandakanya ukubeka esweni ukusebenza kwenkqubo ekuhambeni kwexesha kunye nokwenza naluphi na utshintsho oluyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuchanekileyo.
Vula iluphu kunye nolawulo oluvaliweyo: Umahluko phakathi kokuzilungisa kunye nesiphumo esisisigxina
Iinkqubo ezivulelekileyo zolawulo zikwabizwa ngokuba lulawulo olungaphenduliyo. Ezi nkqubo zinemveliso esisigxina engalungiswanga ngokusekelwe kulo naliphi na igalelo okanye impendulo. Ubume benkqubo yokulawula i-open-loop eqhelekileyo kwaye ibandakanya igalelo, indawo ebekiweyo, kunye nesiphumo. Igalelo ngumqondiso osetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imveliso oyifunayo. Inqaku elimiselweyo lixabiso ekujoliswe kulo kwimveliso. Isiphumo sisiphumo senkqubo esebenzayo.
Imizekelo yeenkqubo zolawulo ezivulelekileyo ziquka:
- I-toaster: I-lever ifakwe kwisigaba "so", kwaye iikhoyili zifudumala kwiqondo lokushisa elimiselweyo. I-toaster ihlala ishushu kude kube lixesha elimisiweyo, kwaye i-toast iyavela.
- I-cruise control kwisithuthi: Ulawulo lusetelwe ukugcina isantya esisisigxina. Inkqubo ayihlengahlengisi ngokusekelwe kwiimeko eziguqukayo, ezifana neenduli okanye umoya.
Ukulawulwa kwe-loop evaliweyo: Ukuzilungisa kwimveliso engaguqukiyo
Iinkqubo zokulawula i-loop evaliweyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokulawula impendulo, inamandla okuzilungisa ukuze kugcinwe imveliso ehambelanayo. Umahluko phakathi kwe-open-loop kunye ne-closed-loop system kukuba inkqubo ye-loop evaliweyo inamandla okuzilungisa ngelixa i-open-loop system ingenayo. Isakhiwo senkqubo yokulawula i-loop evaliweyo ifana nenkqubo ye-open-loop, kodwa iquka i-feedback loop. I-loop yempendulo ikhokelela kwimveliso ukuya kwigalelo, ivumela inkqubo ukuba ihlale iliso kwaye ilungelelanise ngokusekelwe kwiimeko eziguqukayo.
Imizekelo yeenkqubo zolawulo oluvaliweyo ziquka:
- Ukulawula ubushushu kwigumbi: Inkqubo ilungisa ukufudumeza okanye ukupholisa ngokusekelwe kwiqondo lokushisa kwigumbi ukuze kugcinwe ubushushu obuhambelanayo.
- Ukulawula ukukhulisa kwi-sound system: Inkqubo ilungisa i-amplification ngokusekelwe kwimveliso ukuze kugcinwe inqanaba lesandi elihambelanayo.
IiNkqubo zoLawulo lweeNgxelo: Ukuzisa uLawulo kwiNqanaba elilandelayo
Iinkqubo zokulawula impendulo luhlobo lwenkqubo yokulawula esebenzisa imveliso yenkqubo yokulawula igalelo. Ngamanye amazwi, inkqubo ifumana umqondiso kwinkqubo elawulwayo kwaye isebenzisa loo mqondiso ukulungelelanisa igalelo ukufezekisa umphumo oyifunayo.
Imizobo kunye namaGama aNxulunyaniswe neeNkqubo zoLawulo lweeNgxelo
Kukho imizobo emininzi kunye namagama ahambelana neenkqubo zolawulo lwengxelo, kuquka:
- Imizobo yebhlokhi: Ezi zibonisa amacandelo enkqubo yolawulo lwengxelo kunye nendlela edityaniswe ngayo.
- Imisebenzi yokudlulisa: Ezi zichaza ubudlelwane phakathi kwegalelo kunye nemveliso yenkqubo.
- Iinkqubo ze-loop ezivaliweyo: Ezi ziinkqubo zokulawula impendulo apho imveliso ibuyiselwa kwigalelo ukugcina imveliso efunekayo.
- Iinkqubo ze-loop ezivulekileyo: Ezi ziinkqubo zolawulo lwengxelo apho imveliso ingabuyiselwa kwigalelo.
Ulawulo lweNgqiqo: Iinkqubo zoLawulo eziLula nezisebenzayo
Ulawulo lwengqiqo luhlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo esebenzisa ingqiqo yeBoolean okanye eminye imisebenzi enengqondo ukwenza izigqibo kunye neenkqubo zokulawula. Yinkqubo yolawulo eyenziwe lula nesebenzayo esetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo, kuquka imveliso, ukuvelisa, kunye nobunjineli bombane.
Njani Ulawulo Lobuchule?
Iinkqubo zokulawula iingqiqo ziyilelwe ukujongana namagalelo ahlukeneyo kwaye zivelise imveliso efunekayo. Indlela esisiseko yokusebenza yile ilandelayo:
- Inkqubo ifumana isignali yegalelo, edla ngokuba luhlobo lombane.
- Umqondiso wegalelo emva koko uthelekiswa nexabiso elimiselweyo okanye inqaku, eligcinwe kwinkqubo.
- Ukuba isignali yegalelo ichanekile, inkqubo iya kwenza isenzo esithile okanye itshintshele kwisilungiselelo esithile.
- Ukuba i-input signal ayilunganga, inkqubo iya kuqhubeka ifumana igalelo de kufike ixabiso elichanekileyo.
Imizekelo yeeNkqubo zoLawulo lweNgcaciso
Iinkqubo zolawulo lwengqiqo zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kubandakanywa:
- Izibane zendlela: Izibane zendlela zisebenzisa ulawulo lwengqiqo ukutshintsha phakathi kwezibane ezibomvu, ezityheli, neziluhlaza ngokusekwe ekuhambeni kwetrafikhi.
- Iirobhothi zemizi-mveliso: Iirobhothi zemizi-mveliso zisebenzisa ulawulo olusengqiqweni ukwenza imisebenzi entsonkothileyo, efana nokuwelda, ukupeyinta, kunye nokuhlanganisa.
- Oomatshini bokuhlamba ngokuzenzekelayo: Oomatshini bokuhlamba ngokuzenzekelayo basebenzisa ulawulo lwengqiqo ukutshintsha phakathi kwemijikelo eyahlukeneyo yokuhlamba kunye namaqondo obushushu asekelwe kwigalelo lomsebenzisi.
Ulawulo Oluvaliweyo: Eyona ndlela ilula yokulawula ubushushu
Ulawulo lwe-Off-Off ngokwembali luphunyezwa kusetyenziswa iilayidi ezidityanisiweyo, izibali-xesha zekhamera, kunye nokutshintsha okwakhiwa ngokulandelelana kweleli. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji, ulawulo oluvaliweyo ngoku lunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa ii-microcontroller, izilawuli ezicwangcisiweyo ezicwangcisiweyo, kunye nezinye izixhobo zombane.
Imizekelo yoLawulo lwe-On-Off
Eminye imizekelo yeemveliso ezisebenzisa ulawulo oluvaliweyo ziquka:
- Ii-thermostats zasekhaya ezitshintsha isifudumezi xa ubushushu begumbi busihla ngaphantsi kwesicwangciso esifunwayo kwaye sisicime xa sisiya ngaphezulu kwayo.
- Izikhenkcezisi ezitshintsha icompressor xa iqondo lobushushu ngaphakathi efrijini linyuka ngaphezu kobushushu obufunwayo kwaye liyicime xa isiya ngaphantsi kwayo.
- Oomatshini bokuhlamba abasebenzisa ulawulo oluvaliweyo ukuqalisa imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ehambelanayo elandelelanayo.
- Ii-actuator ze-pneumatic ezisebenzisa ulawulo oluvaliweyo ukugcina umgangatho othile woxinzelelo.
Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo zoLawulo lwe-Off
Izinto eziluncedo kulawulo oluvaliweyo ziquka:
- Kulula kwaye kutshiphu ukuphumeza.
- Kulula ukuyiqonda kunye nokwenza.
- Ingasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini kunye nokusebenza.
Ukungalungi kulawulo oluvaliweyo kubandakanya:
- Ivelisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwinkqubo, enokubangela iziphumo ezibi kwimveliso okanye inkqubo elawulwayo.
- Isenokungakwazi ukugcina i-setpoint efunwayo ngokuchanekileyo, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezinobunzima obukhulu be-thermal.
- Inokubangela ukuguga nokukrazuka kwezitshixo zombane kunye neereyiyidi, okukhokelela ekutshintshweni rhoqo.
Ulawulo lomgca: UbuGcisa bokugcinwa kweziphumo ezinqwenelekayo
Ithiyori yolawulo yomgca isekwe kwimigaqo emininzi elawula indlela eziziphatha ngayo iinkqubo zolawulo lomda. Le migaqo ibandakanya:
- Umgaqo wokungahoyi iziphumo ezingathandekiyo: Lo mgaqo uthatha ukuba nayiphi na imiphumo engathandekiyo yenkqubo inokungahoywa.
- Umgaqo wokudibanisa: Lo mgaqo ubambelela kuluvo lokuba imveliso yenkqubo yomgca sisimbuku seziphumo eziveliswa ligalelo ngalinye lisebenza lodwa.
- Umgaqo we-Superposition: Lo mgaqo uthatha ukuba imveliso ye-linear system sisimbuku seziphumo eziveliswa ligalelo ngalinye lisebenza lodwa.
Ityala elingenamda
Ukuba inkqubo ayihambelani nemigaqo yokudibanisa kunye ne-homogeneity, ithathwa njengento engekho. Kule meko, i-equation echazayo isisikwere samagama. Iisistim ezingezizo eziziphetheyo aziziphathanga ngendlela efanayo neenkqubo zomgca kwaye zifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo.
I-Fuzzy Logic: INkqubo yoLawulo oluNjalo
Ingqiqo entsonkothileyo luhlobo lwenkqubo yolawulo esebenzisa iiseti ezingacacanga ukuguqula isignali yegalelo ibe ngumqondiso ophumayo. Isakhiwo semathematika esihlalutya amaxabiso engeniso ye-analog ngokwemigaqo yeenguqu ezinengqiqo ezithatha amaxabiso aqhubekayo phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-1. Ingqiqo ye-Fuzzy yinkqubo yokulawula eguquguqukayo enokusingatha utshintsho kwi-input signal kunye nokulungelelanisa umqondiso wokuphuma ngokufanelekileyo.
Imizekelo yeFuzzy Logic in Action
Ingqiqo eFuzzy isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi ukwenza uluhlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi yokulawula. Nantsi eminye imizekelo:
- Ukucocwa kwamanzi: Ingqiqo engaqondakaliyo isetyenziswa ukulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi ngeplanti yokucoca. Inkqubo ilungisa izinga lokuhamba ngokusekelwe kwimeko yangoku yamanzi kunye nomgangatho ofunekayo wemveliso.
- Iinkqubo ze-HVAC: Ingqiqo eFuzzy isetyenziselwa ukulawula ubushushu kunye nokufuma kwisakhiwo. Inkqubo ilungisa ubushushu kunye nomswakama ngokusekelwe kwimeko yangoku yesakhiwo kunye nenqanaba lokuthuthuzela elifunwayo.
- Ulawulo lwendlela: Ingqiqo engaqondakaliyo isetyenziswa ukulawula ukuhamba kwetrafikhi kwisiphambuka. Inkqubo ilungelelanisa ixesha lokuhamba kwezibane zendlela ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zangoku zendlela.
isiphelo
Ngoko ke, iinkqubo zokulawula zisetyenziselwa ukulawula iinkqubo kumashishini amaninzi, kwaye zibandakanya ukuyila, ukuphumeza, nokugcina inkqubo egcina imveliso ehambelanayo nangona utshintsho kwigalelo.
Awunako ukungahambi kakuhle ngenkqubo yolawulo, ngoko ungoyiki ukusebenzisa enye kwiprojekthi yakho elandelayo! Ke, qhubeka kwaye ulawule umhlaba wakho!
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.
