Izakhelo: zintoni?

Isakhelo sisakhiwo senkxaso esibamba into ethile endaweni. Oku kudla ngokuba yifestile, kodwa kwakhona umnyango okanye imifanekiso inokubanjwa ngefreyimu.

Ngokuqhelekileyo yenziwe ngamaplanga, isinyithi, okanye iplastiki, kwaye inokuba ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle. Ifreyim kufuneka yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa ubunzima befestile kwaye igcine ingagungqi okanye iqhekeke. Kwakhona kunceda ukugquma ifestile kunye nokugcina iidrafti ngaphandle.

Iifreyimu zikuyo yonke indawo ekwakhiweni. Ukusuka kwisakhelo sendlu yakho ukuya kwisakhelo seendondo zakho, zikuyo yonke indawo! Kodwa yintoni kanye kanye isakhelo ekwakhiweni?

Isakhelo ekwakhiweni yinkqubo yolwakhiwo ebonelela ngenkxaso kwisakhiwo. Iifreyimu zinokwenziwa ngomthi, intsimbi, okanye ikhonkrithi, kwaye zinokuqiniswa okanye zibe ngqongqo. Iifreyimu zingasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iindonga, imigangatho kunye nophahla.

Kweli nqaku, ndiza kuchaza ukuba yintoni isakhelo kunye nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo ekwakheni. Ndizakuxoxa kwakhona ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezakhelo kunye nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo.

Iindidi zeZakhiwo zeSakhelo: Ngaphaya kweZiseko

Izakhiwo zesakhelo zihlelwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezimbini ngokusekelwe kwindlela abaxhathisa ngayo imithwalo esetyenzisiweyo: izakhelo eziphelileyo kunye nezakhelo eziqinileyo. Izakhelo eziphelileyo zezo zineziqhagamshelo ezizinzileyo okanye eziqinileyo eziphelweni zazo, ngelixa iifreyimu ezidityanisiweyo izezo zinebracing yediagonal ukuxhathisa imithwalo esecaleni.

Ukwahlulwe ngokweMilo kunye neMicimbi: Eqinile, eFixed, eGabled, kunye nePortal

Ulwakhiwo lwesakhelo lunokwahlulwa ngokwemilo kunye namalungu. Nantsi eminye imizekelo:

• Izakhelo eziqinileyo: Ezi zizakhelo ezinoqhagamshelo oluzinzileyo kuzo zombini iziphelo kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizakhiwo ezikhulu ezifana neebhulorho.
• Izakhelo ezizinzileyo: Ezi zizakhelo ezinoqhagamshelo olusisigxina kwelinye icala kunye noqhagamshelo lwehenjisi kwelinye icala. Ngokuqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwendlu ukuxhasa ubunzima bephahla.
• Iifreyimu ezineGabled: Ezi zifreyimu ezinemilo engunxantathu kwaye ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwendlu ukuxhasa uphahla.
• Izakhelo zePortal: Ezi zizakhelo ezinobume obuxande kwaye ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kulwakhiwo lwemizi-mveliso ukuxhasa ukuvuleka okukhulu.

Izinto eziluncedo zokuDibanisa iZakhiwo eziFakelweyo

Izakhiwo zesakhelo zinokudityaniswa ukwenza i-struccore enenzuzo yazo zombini iindidi. Umzekelo, indlu inokwakhiwa kusetyenziswa udibaniso lwezakhelo eziqiniweyo neziphelileyo ukwenza isakhiwo esomeleleyo kwaye simelane nemithwalo esecaleni.

Isishwankathelo, izakhiwo zesakhelo ziyinhlanganisela ye-boam, ikholomu, kunye nezixhobo ze-slab ezisetyenziselwa ukuxhathisa imithwalo yecala kunye ne-gravity. Ziyahlulahlulwe zibe ziifreyimu ezigqityiweyo kunye ne-braced kwaye zahlulwa ngokwemilo yazo kunye namacandelo. Ngokudibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezakhelo, izakhiwo zinokudalwa ezineenzuzo zombini.

I-Evolution of Framing in Construction

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Ukusakhelo bekuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokwakha kangangeenkulungwane. Ixesha lamandulo le-Neolithic labona ukusetyenziswa kwezakhelo zamaplanga kwizakhiwo, kwaye isithethe saqhubeka ngexesha lamaRoma. Abachweli belo xesha babesebenzisa iimpawu namanani ukuze babone baze badibanise amaplanga, nto leyo esasetyenziswa nanamhlanje. Umsitho wokugqwesa, apho iplanga lokugqibela lincanyathiselwe kwifreyimu, yayisisihlandlo sonqulo kwamanye amazwe.

Izixhobo kunye noBuchule obuSetyenziswayo kwiFreming

Izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kwisakhelo ziye zahluka kwimbali nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Kwiindawo apho umpayini wawufumaneka, wawusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, ngoxa ilitye nodongwe zazithandwa kwezinye iindawo. Kamva, amaplanga aqinileyo afana ne-oki kunye nemisedare ebomvu aye asetyenziswa kakhulu. Ubuchule obusetyenzisiweyo bokuyila isakhelo nabo bohlukene, ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa kumazwe namaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ezinye zezona zixhobo zidumileyo ziquka:

• Ukuqulunqa ibhaluni
• Isakhelo esibambeneyo
• Ulwakhiwo lweelwimi zomthonyama
• Ukwenziwa kwesakhelo seTudor

Ukusakhelo kwiMimandla yeMozulu eyahlukeneyo

Ukwenza isakhelo ngokwembali bekuthandwa kwiindawo ezinemithi elukhuni evuthulukayo, exhaphakileyo kweyona ndawo isemantla ehlabathi, kubandakanya iBaltic kunye nemimandla yelizwekazi esemantla. Kwiindawo ezisemazantsi, apho iinkuni ezilukhuni zingaxhaphakanga kangako, ukwenza ifreyimu kwakusenziwa kusetyenziswa iinkuni ezithambileyo ezifana nepine. Imozulu kunye nezinto ezikhoyo zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni inguqu yokuqulunqa isakhelo kulwakhiwo.

UbuGcisa boBugcisa eludongeni kulwakhiwo

Amalungu odonga, njengama-studs kunye namacwecwe, anqunywe ubude kwaye abekwe kwiindawo zabo ezifanelekileyo. Imiphetho yamalungu emva koko ilungelelaniswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba udonga luyinyani kunye nenqanaba.

Iinkxaso kunye namaQonga

Ukwakhiwa kweendonga kunika inkxaso kwimigangatho ephezulu, isilingi kunye nophahla. Iiplatifomu, ezifana ne-joists kunye namaqonga, zisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ubunzima bemigangatho ephezulu kunye nophahla.

Ukuhlamba kunye nokugquma

Emva kokuba udonga lugqityiwe, i-sheathing, efana ne-plywood, yongezwa ukubonelela ngenkxaso yecala kunye nokuxhathisa umoya. Izinto zokugubungela, ezifana ne-drywall, zongezwa ukugqiba udonga.

Ukuqina kunye nokuqina

Ukwenza isakhelo eludongeni kufuna ukuqina ukuxhathisa amandla asecaleni, afana nomoya. I-diagonal bracing isoloko isetyenziselwa ukubonelela ukuqina eludongeni.

Ukuthwala iindonga kunye namacandelo eBhokisi

Ukuthwala iindonga ziindonga ezixhasa ubunzima besakhiwo esingentla. Amacandelo anebhokisi asetyenziselwa ukuquka urhwebo ngoomatshini, olufana nemibhobho yamanzi kunye nombane.

Amandla kunye neeKhowudi

Ukwakhiwa kweendonga kufuneka kuhlangabezane neekhowudi zokwakha kunye neendawo zokulawula ukuqinisekisa amandla kunye nokhuseleko. Ukomelela kodonga lwesakhelo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lodonga kunye nezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo.

Isakhelo esiQinisekisiweyo: Umqolo weZakhiwo ezomeleleyo

Isakhelo esibambeneyo luhlobo lwenkqubo yolwakhiwo oluqhele ukusetyenziswa kwizakhiwo eziphantsi komthwalo osecaleni, njengomoya kunye noxinzelelo lwenyikima. Iqukethe isethi yezinto ezidibeneyo ezenziwe ngentsimbi yesakhiwo ezilungiselelwe ngendlela yokumelana nale mikhosi. Izakhelo eziqinileyo ziyilelwe ukuba zithwale kwaye zisasaze la mandla ukusuka kumanqanaba aphezulu esakhiwo ukuya emhlabeni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isakhiwo sihlala sizinzile kwaye sikhuselekile.

Sisebenza Njani Isakhelo esineBraced?

Umsebenzi ophambili wesakhelo esibambeneyo kukuxhathisa amandla asecaleni achaphazela isakhiwo. La mandla anokubangelwa ngumoya, intshukumo yenyikima, okanye ezinye izinto zangaphandle. Izakhelo eziqinileyo zisebenza ngokuthwala la mandla phantsi phantsi ngoluhlu lwezinto zentsimbi ezicwangciswe ngendlela ethile. Izinto zetsimbi zenzelwe ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwiingxaki zombini kunye nokunyanzeliswa, okubenza bakwazi ukuthwala amandla ngokulinganayo.

Yiyiphi impembelelo enayo i-Bracing kuYilo lweZakhiwo?

I-bracing yinkalo ebalulekileyo yoyilo lwesakhiwo esinokuchaphazela indlela isakhiwo esibukeka ngayo kunye nokusebenza. Ezinye zeendlela ezinokuthi zichaphazele uyilo lwesakhiwo ziquka:

• Ubume kunye nemo yesakhiwo
• Indawo yezinto zokuqhafaza
• Uhlobo lwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa izinto zokuqhafaza
• Indlela izinto zokuqhankqalaza ezidityaniswe ngayo kwizinto eziphambili eziphethe amandla
• Umgangatho wobunzima obongezelelweyo kunye namandla afunekayo kwisakhiwo sesakhiwo

Ukuqulunqwa kweBhaluni: Indlela yoTshintsho kulwakhiwo

Ukwenza isakhelo sebhaluni yindlela edumileyo yokwenza isakhelo kulwakhiwo olwaqala phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1800. Yinto eyandulelayo kwindlela yangoku yokuqulunqa iqonga kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo namhlanje kwizakhiwo ezincinci. Ngokungafaniyo nokwakheka kweqonga, ukwenziwa kwebhaloni kuqulathe izikhonkwane eziqhubekayo ezandisa umphakamo opheleleyo wesakhiwo, ngokuqhelekileyo imigangatho emibini, ukusuka kwisiseko sepleyiti ukuya kwipleyiti yophahla. Oku kuvumela ulwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo nolukhulu ukuba lwakhiwe kusetyenziswa amaqhekeza amancinane amaplanga.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nezingeloncedo zokuFakwa kweBhaluni

eziluncedo:

• Ukuqulunqwa kwebhaluni kuvumela ukuguquguquka okukhulu kuyilo lwesakhiwo, kuxhomekeke kwizakhono zomakhi.
• Ivumela ukufakwa kwamaplanga amakhulu, anokuthi azise ingqiqo yembali kunye nobukhulu besakhiwo.
• Ukwenza isakhelo sebhaluni kudla ngokuchitha ixesha elincinci kwaye kuncinci kunokwakheka kweqonga, elinokonga kwiindleko.

Ilishwa:

• Ukuqulunqa ibhaluni kufuna isixa esikhulu samaplanga, anokuba nzima ukuwafumana kwaye abize kakhulu.
• Izikhonkwane eziqhubekayo zinokuvumela ukuhamba kakubi komlilo, okwenza kube yindlela ekhuselekileyo yokwakha xa kuthelekiswa nokuqulunqwa kweqonga.
• Ukuqulunqa ibhaluni akuqhelekanga ukusetyenziswa namhlanje ngenxa yokuncipha kwamahlathi angabonakaliyo eMelika, okwenza kube nzima ukufumana amaplanga amakhulu afunekayo kule ndlela.

Izixhobo zokwakha: Umqolo woKwakha isakhelo

Ukhuni yeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwakheni isakhelo. Yimveliso yendalo efumaneka lula kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa. Iindidi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zokhuni kulwakhiwo lwesakhelo ziquka ipine, poplar, red and rosewood. Ubunzima bomthi osetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwesakhelo ngokuqhelekileyo buvela kwi-2 ukuya kwi-4 intshi. Ukhuni lugawulwa lube ziziqwenga ezibizwa ngokuba zizinti, ezithi ke zidityaniswe zenze isakhelo sesakhiwo.

Intsimbi: Isixhobo esomeleleyo nesihlala ixesha elide kuLwakhiwo lweSakhelo

Intsimbi yenye into esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kulwakhiwo lwesakhelo. Yinto eyomeleleyo kunye neyomeleleyo ekwaziyo ukuxhathisa imiphumo yexesha kunye nemozulu. Intsimbi idla ngokusetyenziswa kwizakhiwo ezifuna umgangatho ophezulu wamandla kunye nenkxaso. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zorhwebo kunye nezakhiwo ezinkulu zoshishino.

IGlue kunye neendlela zokomisa: Isitshixo soLwakhiwo oluLuqilima lweSakhelo

Ekwakhiweni kwesakhelo, ukusetyenziswa kweglue kunye neendlela zokomisa zingundoqo ekudaleni isakhelo esomeleleyo kunye nesigxina. Iglue isetyenziswe emacaleni okhuni okanye iziqwenga zetsimbi ukuthintela ukuhamba okanye ukuguquka. Iindlela zokomisa zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iglue yomiswe ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi kokuba iziqwenga zidibaniswe. Iindlela zegxalaba kunye nebhloko zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukubeka kunye nokusika iziqwenga zokhuni okanye isinyithi.

Iinkxaso ezithe tyaba nezithe nkqo: Ukwandiswa kwamandla oKwakha isakhelo

Izixhaso ezithe tyaba kunye nezithe nkqo zisetyenziselwa ukunyusa amandla okwakhiwa kwesakhelo. Izixhaso ezithe tyaba zibekwe ngokuqhelekileyo kumanqanaba aphezulu nasezantsi esakhiwo, ngelixa izixhaso ezithe nkqo zibekwe embindini wesakhiwo. Inani leenkxaso ezisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwesakhelo liya kuhluka ngokuxhomekeka kubukhulu kunye noyilo lwesakhiwo.

UGqiba: Ukongeza uCingo lokuGqibela kuLwakhiwo lweSakhelo

Ukugqitywa kusetyenziselwa ukongeza umgca wokugqibela kulwakhiwo lwesakhelo. Zibandakanya uluhlu lweemveliso ezifana nepeyinti, ipolishi, kunye nezinye iingubo ezifakwe kumphezulu wesakhelo. Ukugqitywa kungasetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukhuni okanye isinyithi ukuba singawohloki ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nokuphucula ukubonakala ngokubanzi kwesakhiwo.

Izinto eziDityanisiweyo: Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula ukwakhiwa kweSakhelo

Kwezinye iimeko, izinto ezahlukeneyo zidibaniswe ukuphucula ukusebenza kokwakhiwa kwesakhelo. Ngokomzekelo, ukhuni kunye nentsimbi zinokudibaniswa ukuze zenze isakhelo esomeleleyo kunye nesigxina. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezidibeneyo kunokuchaphazela ubomi benkonzo yesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kwayo jikelele.

Iifestile zokhuni zefestile

Usebenzisa izakhelo zomthi ekhayeni lakho kwaye izakhelo zokhuni kufuneka zigcinwe rhoqo.

Xa uza kwakha indlu, kufuneka wenze ukhetho kwangaphambili.

Yiyiphi ilitye oyifunayo, yeyiphi iileyile zephahla kunye neziphi izakhelo ozikhethayo.

Unokukhetha kwiifreyimu zeplastiki, iifreyimu ze-aluminium kunye nezakhelo zokhuni.

Ngokuqinisekileyo uya kujonga ixabiso kwaye uya kubona ukuba iifreyimu zokhuni zibiza kakhulu kunezakhelo zeplastiki.

Iifestile zeAluminiyam zezona zibiza kakhulu.

Unokwenza ukhetho lwakho ngokusekelwe kwixabiso.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo, ewe, yinkangeleko.

Izakhelo zokhuni zinika ikhaya lakho inkangeleko efudumeleyo kwaye yongeza ixabiso.

Ukongeza, kulula ukusebenza kunye kunye nobomi benkonzo ende.

Ngokomntu, ndikhetha isakhelo sokhuni esiqinileyo.

Oku kungenxa yokuba olu lukhuni olunamandla kakhulu kwaye luyamelana neempembelelo zemozulu.

Iindidi ezaziwayo-kakuhle ziyi-merbau kunye ne-meranti.

Uhlobo olwahlukileyo lomthi ludla ngokusetyenziselwa ngaphakathi.

Ngapha koko, ezi festile azixhomekekanga kwimozulu.

Ispruce kunye nepine wood zihlala zisetyenziselwa ngaphakathi.

Ukwenza ukhetho luhlala lungumntu.

Kukongezwa kwe-pluses kunye ne-minuses.

Ukuba ulungile, ukhetho lwenziwa ngokukhawuleza.

Izakhelo zomthi zeziphi inkqubo yepeyinti oyikhethayo

Ukuba ungathanda ukuqhubeka nokubona isakhiwo somthi, khetha i-lacquer ebonakalayo okanye i-stain.

Ukuba ufuna ukubeka umbala kuyo, uya kwenza oku ngepeyinti esekelwe kwi-turpentine.

Ngoku ndithetha ngomphandle wefestile.

Sebenzisa ipeyinti ye-acrylic ngaphakathi.

Kufuneka uqonde ukuba izakhelo zokhuni zifuna ukugcinwa rhoqo.

Kufuneka ucinge ukuba yonke iminyaka emi-6 ukuya kwe-7 kufuneka upeyinte idyasi entsha yepeyinti phezu kwayo.

Ngale nto ugcina ngokugqibeleleyo imeko yezakhelo.

Ukuba uza kusebenzisa ibala, kuya kufuneka wenze oku rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu okanye emine.

Ukongeza, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ucoce iifestile zakho zokhuni kabini ngonyaka kunye nesicoci senjongo yonke.

Ukuba ukwenza oku rhoqo uya kubona ukuba umzobo wakho wexesha ungamiswa.

Ngoko ufuna ukugcinwa okuncinci.

Kukwabalulekile ukuba wenze uhlolo rhoqo ngonyaka.

Oko kuthetha ukuba unyaka nonyaka uhambahamba endlwini yakho kwaye ubhale phantsi iziphene.

Ezi zisenokuba ziintanda okanye iinyembezi.

Uhlala ubona oku kwiikona zezakhelo zefestile.

Emva koko usombulule oku ngokukhawuleza ngokusebenzisa i-acrylic sealant ukuze kungabikho manzi anokungena.

Emva kwakho konke, unokupeyinta phezu kwe-acrylic sealant.

Ukuba awukwazi ukwenza oku ngokwakho, cela umzobi ukuba enze lo msebenzi.

Ukuba uhlala usenza ezi ngongoma zimbini zikhankanywe ngasentla, uya kubona ukuba umsebenzi wakho wepeyinti uhlala ukwimeko ephezulu!

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, yindlela isakhelo kulwakhiwo olusebenza ngayo. Iifreyimu zingasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iindonga zesakhiwo okanye uphahla, okanye iindonga nje, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwemizi-mveliso kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Ngoku uyazi zonke ii-ins kunye nokuphuma kwezakhelo, ke qhubeka kwaye usebenzise olo lwazi ngobulumko.

NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.