Izinto ezinzima kunzima ukujongana nazo. Kunzima ukusika, ukukrwela, kunye nokugqwetha. Bakwanzima ukusebenza nabo. Kodwa ziyintoni?
Ukuqina ngumlinganiselo wendlela into eqinileyo ekwazi ngayo ukuxhathisa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zotshintsho lwemilo esisigxina xa kusetyenziswa amandla acinezelayo.
Ezinye izinto, ezifana nentsimbi, zinzima kunezinye. Ubulukhuni beMacroscopic ngokuqhelekileyo bubonakaliswa ngamabhondi anamandla e-intermolecular, kodwa ukuziphatha kwezinto eziqinileyo phantsi kwamandla kunzima; ke ngoko, kukho imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yobulukhuni: ubulukhuni bokukrwela, ubulukhuni be-indent, kunye nobulukhuni obuphindiweyo.
Kweli nqaku, ndiza kuchaza ukuba zeziphi izinto eziqinileyo kunye nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ekwakheni nakwamanye amashishini.
Kule posi siza kugubungela:
Lithetha ukuthini eneneni igama elithi “Hard Material”?
Xa sithetha ngezinto eziqinileyo, sibhekisela kuhlobo oluthile lwempahla enepropathi engaguqukiyo yokuba nzima ukuyisika, ukuyikhuhla, okanye ukuyigqwetha. Inkcazo yezinto ezilukhuni ayikho isethi enye yedatha okanye ulwazi olunokufumaneka kuxwebhu olunye okanye uluhlu lwamaxwebhu. Endaweni yoko, ifuna iseti yesiko leendlela kunye nesikhokelo sokuhambelana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo zeprojekthi okanye ukomba.
Bulinganiswa Njani Ukuqina?
Ubulukhuni bento bulawulwa yikristale yayo, ehlala iqinile kwaye ihlala "iqinile". Oku kuyinyaniso kwiidayimani, iglasi, kunye nezinye izinto ezinzima. Ubunzima bulinganiswa kusetyenziswa iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezibonisa inqanaba lokumelana noko kufuneka kukrazulwe, kukhuhlwe, okanye kusikwe. Ezinye zeendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubulukhuni ziquka:
- Isikali se-Mohs, esikala ubulukhuni bemathiriyeli kwisikali se-1 ukuya kwi-10
- Isikali se-Rockwell, esilinganisa ubunzulu be-indenteshini eyenziwe yi-indenter enencam yedayimane
- Isikali se-Vickers, esilinganisa ubungakanani be-indenteshini eyenziwe nge-indenter enencam yedayimani
Indlela Izixhobo Ezinzima Zilungiselelwa Ngayo
Izinto ezinzima zihlala zilungiswa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezithile kunye neemfuno zeprojekthi. Ezinye iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukulungisa izinto ezinzima ziquka:
- Ukusika ngesarha yedayimani
- Ukugaya nge-diamond grinder
- Ukuhlanjululwa
- Ukufakwa kweekhemikhali
IMida eMiselweyo kunye neziVumelwano zeGatya
Xa usebenza ngezinto ezinzima, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kunokubakho imida emiselweyo okanye izivumelwano zamagatya ezichaza indlela umbandela omele uphathwe ngayo okanye ulungiswe. Ngokomzekelo, kunokubakho imida kwixabiso le-drainage engavunyelwa kwindawo ethile yokumba, okanye kunokubakho izivumelwano zemihlathi ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kohlobo oluthile lwezinto ezinzima kwiprojekthi ethile.
Hard vs. Soft Materials: Yintoni ezahlulayo?
Izinto eziqinileyo ziphawulwa ngobume bazo obuqinileyo kunye nokuchasana okuphezulu kwi-deformation, ngelixa izinto ezithambileyo zilula ngokuthelekisa ukukhubaza kunye nokubunjwa kwakhona. Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo yezinto eziqinileyo ibandakanya intsimbi, ikhonkrithi, nodaka, ngelixa irabha nesilivere ziyimizekelo yezinto ezithambileyo.
Iimpawu zeMagnetic
Omnye umehluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwezinto ezinzima kunye nezithambileyo zihlala kwiimpawu zazo zamagnetic. Izixhobo eziqinileyo, ezinje ngemagnethi esisigxina, zinokunyanzeliswa okuphezulu kwaye zinokuthi zifakwe umazibuthe ukuvelisa umhlaba owomeleleyo wemagnethi. Iimathiriyeli ezithambileyo, kwelinye icala, zinenyanzeliso ephantsi kwaye zinokukhutshwa ngokulula.
I-Magnetization Loop
Ilophu yemagnethi yigrafu ebonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwemagnethi kunye nemagneti yento. Izinto ezinzima zine-hysteresis loop encinci, ebonisa ukunyanzeliswa okuphezulu kunye ne-magnetization enamandla, ngelixa izinto ezithambileyo zine-hysteresis loop ebanzi, ebonisa ukunyanzeliswa okuphantsi kunye ne-magnetization ebuthakathaka.
Ulwakhiwo lweatom
Ulwakhiwo lwe-athomu lwento ludlala indima ekumiseleni ukuqina kwayo. Iimathiriyeli ezomeleleyo ziqhele ukuba nolwakhiwo lwe-athomu olucwangciswe kakhulu, kunye neeathom ezicwangciswe ngokwepateni eqhelekileyo. Iimathiriyeli ezithambileyo, kwelinye icala, zinesakhiwo seathom esiphazamiseke ngakumbi, kunye neeathom ezicwangciswe ngokwepateni engacwangciswanga.
Usebenzisa
Iimpawu zezinto ezinzima kunye nezithambileyo zenza ukuba zilungele izicelo ezahlukeneyo. Izinto eziqinileyo zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa kunye nokuveliswa, apho amandla kunye nokuqina kubalulekile. Izinto ezithambileyo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlala zisetyenziswa kwizicelo apho ukunyakaza kunye nokuguquguquka kuyadingeka, njengempahla kunye nezihlangu.
Iipropati ze-Sonorous
Izixhobo eziqinileyo nazo zithande ukuba sonorous, oku kuthetha ukuba zivelisa isandi esikhalayo xa zibethiwe. Oku kungenxa yokuba iiathom ezikwimathiriyeli eqinileyo zipakishwe ngokuqinileyo kwaye zinokungcangcazela ngokulula. Izinto ezithambileyo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, azikho i-sonorous kwaye azivelisi isandi sokukhala xa zibethelwa.
Ukuphonononga iLizwe eliBanzi leZizinto eziNzima
Izinto eziqinileyo zizinto ezomeleleyo ezingenakonakala lula okanye zibunjwe ngokutsha. Ziqulethe iiathomu ezicwangciswe ngokudibeneyo kwisakhiwo esiqhelekileyo se-crystalline, esibanika iimpawu zabo ezizodwa. Ukuqina kwento kumiselwa ngokukwazi kwayo ukumelana nokukrwelwa, ukukrazulwa, okanye ukukhuhlwa.
Umahluko phakathi kweZizinto eziZimayo nezithambileyo
Umahluko phakathi kwezinto eziqinileyo nezithambileyo mkhulu. Ezinye zeeyantlukwano eziphambili ziquka:
- Izinto eziqinileyo ziqinile kwaye azinakuguqulwa lula okanye zibunjwe, ngelixa izinto ezithambileyo zibhetyebhetye kwaye zinokubunjwa lula okanye zibunjwe.
- Izinto eziqinileyo zihlala zihlala ixesha elide kwaye zihlala ixesha elide kunezixhobo ezithambileyo.
- Izinto ezinzima zihlala zisetyenziselwa izicelo apho amandla kunye nokuqina kubalulekile, ngelixa izinto ezithambileyo zihlala zisetyenziselwa izicelo apho induduzo kunye nokuguquguquka kubaluleke kakhulu.
Customized Hard Materials
Umba omnye obalulekileyo wezinto eziqinileyo kukuba zinokulungiswa ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno ezithile. Ngokomzekelo, ngokuguqula isakhiwo se-crystalline sezinto eziphathekayo, kunokwenzeka ukuguqula ubunzima bayo, amandla kunye nezinye iimpawu. Oku kwenza ukuba iinjineli kunye nezazinzulu zenze izinto ezilungiselelwe usetyenziso oluthile.
Ukufikelela kwiiMathiriyeli eziNzima
Ukufikelela kwizinto ezinzima kunokuba ngumngeni, njengoko zihlala ziqulethwe ngaphakathi komhlaba okanye ezinye izinto zendalo. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yenze ukuba kube lula ukufumana kunye nokukhupha ezi mathiriyeli. Ngokomzekelo, ubugcisa bemigodi busenza sikwazi ukufikelela kwizinto eziqinileyo njengedayimani nentsimbi ekwakukade kunzima ukufikelela kuyo.
Umbuzo Wobulukhuni
Umbuzo wobulukhuni ubalulekile kwiinkalo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqonda iipropathi zezinto eziqinileyo, sinokwenza izakhiwo ezinamandla, ezomelele ngakumbi, siphuhlise izixhobo ezitsha zokusika kunye ne-abrasives, kwaye senze izinto ezilungiselelwe usetyenziso oluthile. Nokuba uyisazinzulu, injineli, okanye unomdla nje ngehlabathi elikungqongileyo, ukufunda ngemathiriyeli enzima ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubonelela ngeempendulo ezininzi kunye nokuqonda.
Izinto ezinokuthi ziguquke zibe zizinto eziqinileyo eziqinileyo
Ezinye izinto zendalo ziyakwazi ukuguqula zibe yimathiriyeli eqinileyo ngokucokisekileyo. Umzekelo:
- Intsimbi inokucutshungulwa ibe yintsimbi epholileyo, enezinga eliphezulu lobunzima kunye namandla.
- I-Boron inokucutshungulwa ibe yi-boron carbide, enye yezona zinto zinzima ezaziwa ngumntu.
- Isilivere inokuguqulwa ibe yisilivere enqabileyo, enzima kunesilivere ecocekileyo.
Iifomula ezenzelwe wena
Ezinye izinto zinokwenziwa ngokweefomula ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokuguga, ukukrazuka, ukukrwela, kunye nokusikwa. Umzekelo:
- Umdaka unokuxutywa kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo ukwenza imveliso yekhonkrithi eneempawu ezizodwa.
- I-Rubber inokucutshungulwa ukwenza imveliso enobunzima obuphezulu kunye namandla.
Amandla agciniweyo
Ezinye izinto zinamandla okugcina amandla, ezivumela ukuba zitshintshe zibe yinto enzima. Umzekelo:
- Umkhenkce unokukhubazeka kwaye ulungelelanise ukudala into enzima ngenxa yamandla agcinwe ngaphakathi kwawo.
- I-quartz inokukrwelwa ukuze yenze i-sonorous substance ngenxa yamandla aqulethwe kwii-athom zayo.
Ukwenziwa kwangoku
Ubuchule bokucubungula banamhlanje buvumela ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezithambileyo kwizinto ezinzima. Umzekelo:
- Ukusika kunye nokubumba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesinyithi kunokudala iimveliso ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo obunzima kunye namandla.
- Ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukuthambisa, iglasi inokuguqulwa ibe yinto eqinileyo.
Ukusetyenziswa okukhulu kunye nomdla osemthethweni kwizinto ezinzima kuye kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwebhanki yamanqaku kunye nabathengisi abavuma ukwabelana ngolwazi lwabo kunye nezicwangciso. Ukukwazi ukuxhathisa ukuguga, ukukrazuka, ukukrwela, kunye nokusika kubizwa ngokuba lukhuni, kwaye yipropathi efunwa kakhulu kumashishini amaninzi ahlukeneyo.
isiphelo
Ke apho unakho- izinto ezinzima zezo ekunzima ukuzisika, ukukhuhla, okanye ukugqwesa. Baneseti enye yolwazi lwedatha, endaweni yokufuna iindlela zokuseta ngokwesiko. Zihambelana neemfuno ezifanelekileyo ezinikiweyo zeprojekthi kwaye ukuqina kokomba kunokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa isikali se-Mohs, isikali seRockwell, kunye nesikali seVickers. Izinto eziqinileyo zibalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekuveliseni, kwaye zingasetyenziselwa ukuqina kunye nokuqina. Zikwasetyenziselwa intuthuzelo kunye nokuguquguquka, kwaye ke kuya kufuneka uphonononge umhlaba omkhulu wezinto ezinzima.
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.
