Ulwelo: Isikhokelo esiBanzi kwiiPropati kunye neMizekeliso

Ulwelo yimeko yento ephawulwa ziimolekyuli ezisondelelene ngokwaneleyo ukuze zenze iibhondi zethutyana (ukuncamathela) kwaye zijikeleze enye kwenye (ulwelo). Ulwelo lunomthamo oqinisekileyo kwaye luthatha ubume besikhongozeli. Zifumaneka kakhulu kwindalo.

Makhe sijonge nganye kwezi ngokubanzi.

Imizekelo yolwelo: Ngakumbi Ngamanzi Nje

Xa sithetha ngolwelo, sibhekisa kwimo yemeko. Ngokungafaniyo nezinto eziqinileyo, ezinemilo emiselweyo kunye nomthamo, kunye neegesi, ezikhula ukuzalisa nasiphi na isikhongozeli, ulwelo lunomthamo osisigxina kodwa luthatha ubume besitya sabo. Ezinye iimpawu zolwelo ziquka:

• Phantse ukungacinezeleki: Ulwelo lunomthamo osisigxina, okuthetha ukuba kunzima ukucinezela. Oku kubangelwa kukuba iimolekyuli ezikulwelo zisondelelene kwaye zinenkululeko encinane yokuhamba.
• Uxinaniso: Ulwelo luphawulwa ngoxinaniso lwazo, obububunzima ngeyunithi yomthamo. Ubuninzi be-liquid buchaphazeleka bubushushu kunye noxinzelelo, kodwa kuhlobo oluthile lwezinto, ubuninzi buhlala buhlala buhlala.
• Ukubambisana kunye nokuBambisana: I-Liquids inepropati yokubambisana, oku kuthetha ukuba iamolekyu zikhanga omnye komnye. Zikwanazo nepropathi yokuncamathelisa, nto leyo ethetha ukuba zitsaleleke kumphezulu wento eqinileyo.
• I-Viscosity: Ulwelo lunobuxhakaxhaka bokuchasa ukuhamba, olwaziwa ngokuba yi-viscosity. Le propati ichaphazeleka ngubushushu kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zolwelo.

Imizekelo yolwelo

Xa sicinga ngolwelo, into yokuqala ethi qatha engqondweni idla ngokuba ngamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, mininzi eminye imizekelo yolwelo, kuquka:

• Ioyile yemifuno: Le yioyile yokupheka eqhelekileyo engadibaniyo namanzi, oku kuthetha ukuba ayidibani namanzi.
• Utywala: Olu lulwelo oluqhelekileyo oludityaniswa namanzi, oku kuthetha ukuba luxutywa namanzi.
• IMercury: Le yintsimbi eyilwelo kubushushu begumbi. Ibonakala ngokuxinana kwayo okuphezulu kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiithemometha.
• I-Rubidium: Le yenye into eyintsimbi elulwelo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
• Imichiza: Mininzi imichiza ekhoyo ekulwelo, kuquka neninzi kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, njengepetroli neemveliso zokucoca.

Ulwelo kunye neempawu zazo

Iimpawu zolwelo zinokukhokelela kwizinto ezinomdla. Umzekelo:

• Ulwelo lunokutshintsha ukumila: Ngokungafaniyo nezinto eziqinileyo, ezinemilo engatshintshiyo, ulwelo lunokumila kwisikhongozeli sazo. Le propati ibangelwa kukuba iimolekyuli ezikulwelo zikhululekile ukuba zihambahamba.
• Ulwelo lugcwalisa izikhongozeli: Nangona ulwelo lungandi ukuze luzalise isikhongozeli njengegesi, luyasigcwalisa isikhongozeli esikuso. Oku kungenxa yokuba ulwelo lunomthamo osisigxina.
• Ulwelo lusasazeke kumphezulu: Xa ulwelo lubekwe phezu komhlaba, luya kusasazeka lude lufikelele kwimo yokulingana. Oku kubangelwa kwiipropati zokubambisana kunye nokunamathela.

Yintoni Eyenza Ulwelo Lwahluke?

Ulwelo yimeko enomtsalane yenkqunto eneempawu ezahlulayo kwizinto eziqinileyo kunye neegesi. Nazi ezinye iimpawu eziphambili zolwelo:

• Umthamo: Ulwelo lunomthamo oqinisekileyo, okuthetha ukuba luthatha indawo ethile.
• Ubume: Ulwelo luthatha ubume besikhongozeli sazo ngenxa yamandla angalungelelananga phakathi kwamasuntswana azo.
• Amandla abambeneyo: Iimolekyuli ezikwi-liquid zitsalwa omnye komnye, okukhokelela kuxinzelelo lomphezulu kunye nokukwazi ukwenza amathontsi.
• Viscosity: Ulwelo lunomlinganiselo wokuxhathisa kwawo ukuhamba, olunokwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lolwelo. Ngokomzekelo, amanzi ane-viscosity ephantsi, ngelixa ubusi bune-viscosity ephezulu.
• Uxinzelelo lomphezulu: Ulwelo lunepropathi ebizwa ngokuba kukuxinezeleka komphezulu, okusisiphumo samandla abambeneyo phakathi kwamasuntswana kumphezulu wolwelo. Le propati ibalulekile kwiinkqubo ezininzi, ezifana nesenzo se-capillary.
• Ulwelo: Ulwelo lunokutshintsha lube sisigaba segesi ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba ngumphunga, efuna amandla okuqhawula amaqhina phakathi kwamasuntswana.

Umahluko phakathi kweLiquids kunye neSolids

Ngelixa ulwelo kunye nezinto eziqinileyo zombini zijongwa njengezigaba eziconsisiweyo zemiba, kukho umahluko ocacileyo phakathi kwezi zimbini:

• Imilo: Izinto eziqinileyo zinemilo ezinzileyo, ngelixa ulwelo luthatha ubume besikhongozeli sazo.
• Amacandelo: Amasuntswana kwisiqina acwangciswe ngokwepateni esisigxina, ngelixa amasuntswana kulwelo ekhululekile ukuba ajikeleze enye kwenye.
• Umthamo: Izinto eziqinileyo zinevolumu emiselweyo, ngelixa ulwelo lunomthamo oqinisekileyo kodwa lunokutshintsha ukumila.
• Ulungelelwaniso: Amandla abambeneyo anamandla kwizinto eziqinileyo kunaselulwelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kuxinzelelo oluphezulu lomphezulu.

Ukubaluleka kokuqonda iiPropati zolwelo

Ukuqonda iimpawu zolwelo kubalulekile kwiindawo ezininzi, kubandakanywa:

• IKhemistri: Ukwazi iipropathi zolwelo kuyafuneka ukuchaza indlela yokuziphatha kweekhompawundi kunye nokulinganisa utshintsho lwazo lomzimba kunye neekhemikhali.
• I-Physics: Uphononongo lolwelo lubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kolwelo, olungundoqo kwiindawo ezininzi zefiziksi.
• Inzululwazi yoMhlaba: Iipropati zolwelo zibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kwamanzi eMhlabeni, kubandakanywa nendima yawo kumjikelo wamanzi kunye nefuthe lawo kokusingqongileyo.

Ukulinganisa iiPropati zolwelo

Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokulinganisa iimpawu zolwelo, kuquka:

• I-Viscosity: Ukumelana nokuhamba kunokulinganiswa usebenzisa i-viscometer.
• Ukuxinana komphezulu: Ukuxinana komphezulu wolwelo kunokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-tensiometer.
• Uxinaniso: Ubunzima ngeyunithi yomthamo wolwelo bungalinganiswa kusetyenziswa i-hydrometer.
• Indawo yokubilisa: Iqondo lobushushu apho ulwelo lutshintshela kwisigaba segesi inokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa ithemometha.

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Kusekuninzi ekufuneka kufundwe malunga nolwelo, kwaye uphando kulo mmandla luyaqhuba. Eminye imimandla ephambili ekugxilwe kuyo ibandakanya:

• Ulwelo oluntsonkothileyo: Ulwelo olunolwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo kunolwelo olulula, olufana neepolima kunye neekristale ezingamanzi.
• Ulwelo olunoxinzelelo oluphezulu: Ulwelo oluphantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu, olufana nolo lufunyenwe nzulu emhlabeni.
• Ulwelo olushushu: Ulwelo olufudunyezwa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, afana nalawo asetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso.

Amazwe atshintshayo: Umba weZigaba

Ukunyibilika kukutshintsha ukusuka kwinqanaba eliqinileyo ukuya kwisigaba solwelo. Nazi izinto ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni:

• Xa isiqina sifudunyezwa, iimolekyuli zaso ziqalisa ukungcangcazela ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza.
• Ngexesha elithile, iimolekyuli zinamandla okwaneleyo ukuba zikhululeke kwiindawo zazo ezimiselweyo kwaye ziqale ukuhambahamba.
• Oku kuxa isiqina siqalisa ukunyibilika size sibe lulwelo.

Ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kwiNqanaba: Ukukhenkceza

Ukukhenkceza kusichasi sokunyibilika. Lutshintsho olusuka kwisigaba solwelo ukuya kwisigaba esiqinileyo. Nazi izinto ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni:

• Xa ulwelo lupholile, iimolekyuli zalo ziqalisa ukuhamba kancinci.
• Ngexesha elithile, iimolekyuli zilahlekelwa amandla okwaneleyo ukuhamba kwaye ziqale ukuhlala kwiindawo ezizinzileyo.
• Oku kuxa ulwelo luqalisa ukukhenkceka luze lube sisiqina.

Ukusuka kuLulwelo ukuya kwiGesi: Ukuguquka komphunga

Umphunga lutshintsho ukusuka kwisigaba solwelo ukuya kwisigaba segesi. Nazi izinto ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni:

• Xa ulwelo lufudunyezwa, iimolekyuli zalo ziqalisa ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza.
• Ngexesha elithile, iimolekyuli zinamandla okwaneleyo okuphuma kumphezulu wolwelo kwaye zibe yigesi.
• Oku kuxa ulwelo luqalisa ukujika lube ngumphunga luze lube yigesi.

Ukusuka kwiGesi ukuya kuLulwelo: Ukuqina

Ukujiya sisichasi somphunga. Lutshintsho olusuka kwisigaba segesi ukuya kwisigaba solwelo. Nazi izinto ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni:

• Xa igesi ipholile, iimolekyuli zayo ziqala ukuhamba kancinci kwaye zicotha.
• Ngexesha elithile, iimolekyuli zilahlekelwa amandla okwaneleyo ukuze zihlale kunye kwaye ziqalise ukwenza ulwelo.
• Kulapho irhasi iqalisa ukujiya ize ibe lulwelo.

Ukutshintsha imeko ye-matter yinkqubo enika umdla eyenzekayo kuyo yonke indawo. Nokuba ngumkhenkce onyibilikayo kwisiselo sakho okanye umphunga ophuma kwikofu yakho yasekuseni, ukuqonda amanqanaba ombandela kunokusinceda ukuba silixabise ihlabathi ngendlela entsha.

Indalo eNcangathi yaManzi: Umanyano kunye nokuncamathela

Ukudityaniswa kunye nokunamathela kunxulumene noxinzelelo lomphezulu wolwelo. Ukuxinana komphezulu ngamandla abangela ukuba umphezulu wolwelo ucutheke kwaye wenze ubume obucutha ummandla womphezulu. Ubumbano luxanduva lokuxinana kwamanzi, ngelixa ukunamathela kuvumela amanzi ukuba abambelele kwezinye iindawo.

Imizekelo yoBumbano kunye nokuBambisana kwisenzo

Nantsi eminye imizekelo yomanyano kunye nokunamathela kubomi bemihla ngemihla:

• Ithontsi lamanzi kwindawo emenyezelayo lenza imilo ephantse ibe yingqukuva ngenxa yamandla adityanisiweyo phakathi kweemolekyuli zamanzi.
• Amanzi akwisikhongozeli anokubangela ukuba isikhongozeli sibe manzi ngenxa yokuncamathela.
• Isenzo se-Capillary, esivumela amanzi ukuba ahambe ngeetyhubhu ezimxinwa, sisiphumo sokubambisana kunye nokubambelela.
• I-meniscus, indawo egobileyo ye-liquid kwi-container, ibangelwa ibhalansi phakathi kwamandla okubambisana kunye nokunamathela.

Iziphumo zokuBambana kunye nokuBambana

Amandla okubambisana kunye nokunamathela kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lolwelo kunye nomgangatho odibana nawo. Nazi ezinye iimpembelelo zokubambisana kunye nokunamathela:

• Amaso amanzi phezulu kumphezulu we-wax ngenxa yokuba amandla ahlangeneyo phakathi kweeathomli zamanzi makhulu kunamandla okunamathela phakathi kwamanzi kunye ne-wax.
• Ipeyinti idla ngokutyabeka kwindawo yeglasi kuba amandla ancamathelayo phakathi kwepeyinti kunye neglasi makhulu kunamandla adityanisiweyo phakathi kweemolekyuli zepeyinti.
• I-Mercury yenza i-meniscus ye-concave ngaphakathi kwityhubhu yeglasi emxinwa ngenxa yokuba amandla okunamathela phakathi kwe-mercury kunye neglasi makhulu kunamandla okubambisana phakathi kwee-molecule ze-mercury.
• I-soap bubbles ine-tention yokwenza ii-spheres ngenxa yebhalansi phakathi kwe-cohesive kunye ne-adhesive forces.

Ubumbano kunye nokunamathela zizinto ezinomdla zolwelo ezivumela ukuba zenze iimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokusebenzisana nezinye izinto. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu kunokusinceda songe amanzi kwaye siwasebenzise ngokufanelekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.

Ishishini eliNncangathi leViscosity

I-Viscosity ligama elisetyenziswa kwi-physics kunye ne-physical chemistry ukuchaza ukuxhathisa kolwelo ukuba luhambe. Ngumlinganiselo wokukhuhlana kwangaphakathi kolwelo kwaye kuchatshazelwa zizinto ezifana nobushushu, uxinzelelo, nobungakanani kunye nokumila kweeathom ezenza ulwelo.

Ilinganiswa njani iViscosity?

I-Viscosity idla ngokulinganiswa kusetyenziswa isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi-viscometer, elinganisa ixesha elithathwayo ukuze ulwelo luhambe kwityhubhu emxinwa okanye umjelo. I-viscosity yolwelo ibonakaliswa kwiiyunithi ze-poise okanye i-centipoise, kunye ne-poise enye elingana ne-dyne-yesibini kwi-square centimeter.

Ziziphi ezinye iingxaki ezinxulumene neViscosity?

Nangona i-viscosity iyipropati ebalulekileyo yolwelo, inokubangela iingxaki kwiimeko ezithile. Umzekelo, i-viscosity ephezulu inokwenza kube nzima ukupompa ulwelo ngemibhobho, ngelixa i-viscosity ephantsi inokukhokelela ekuvuzeni kunye neminye imiba.

Izixhobo zokufundisa iiNgxoxo eziPhambili

Ukuba unomdla wokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-viscosity kunye nendima yayo ekuziphatheni kolwelo, zininzi izixhobo ezifumanekayo kwi-intanethi kwaye zishicilelwe. Eminye imithombo eluncedo yolwazi ibandakanya:

• Iincwadi zezifundo kwikhemistri yenyama kunye nefiziksi yento econdensed
• Iijenali zeNzululwazi ezifana neeLeta zokuPhonononga iPhysical Review kunye neJenali yeChemical Physics
• Iiforamu ze-Intanethi kunye neebhodi zengxoxo zezazinzulu kunye nabaphandi
• Iiwebhusayithi kunye neeblogi ezinikezelwe kuphononongo lwezinto ezingamanzi kunye neempawu zazo

Ukuguquka koMphunga: INzululwazi eNgemva kolwelo ukuya kwiNguqu yoMphunga

Umphunga yinkqubo apho ulwelo lutshintsha lube yigesi. Kwenzeka xa iimolekyuli ezikulwelo zifumana amandla aneleyo ekinetic ukubaleka amandla azibambileyo. Amandla afunekayo kule nkqubo abizwa ngokuba bubushushu, yaye anokunikelwa njengokukhanya kwelanga, ukupheka, okanye nawuphi na omnye umthombo wobushushu. Xa ulwelo lufudunyezwa, iimolekyuli zalo zihamba ngokukhawuleza, kwaye amathuba okuba namandla aneleyo okubalekela isigaba solwelo ayanda.

Indima yeqondo lobushushu kunye noxinzelelo

Ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwendawo ejikelezileyo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuphuma komphunga. Xa iqondo lobushushu liphezulu, iimolekyuli ezikulwelo zinamandla amakhulu ekinetic, kwaye kuba lula kuzo ukubaleka isigaba solwelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, xa uxinzelelo luphantsi, iiamolekyu zinendawo eninzi yokuhamba, kwaye kuba lula ukuba zibaleke kwisigaba solwelo.

Ukuguquka koMphunga vs

I-evaporation idla ngokubhidaniswa kunye ne-vaporization, kodwa aziyiyo into enye. I-vaporization yinkqubo apho ulwelo luguqulwa lube yirhasi, kwaye lunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqondo lobushushu. Umphunga, kwelinye icala, kwenzeka kuphela kumphezulu wolwelo kwaye kuphela xa ulwelo lungaphantsi kweqondo lokubila kwalo.

Ukuguquka kwamanzi kwiiNdawo ezahlukeneyo

Ubushushu bungenzeka nakweyiphi na indawo engqongileyo, kodwa kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwindawo efudumeleyo neyomileyo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo ethile:

• Umphunga wenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwimozulu eshushu neyomileyo kunakwimozulu ebandayo nefumileyo.
• Ukuguquka kwamanzi kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ngenxa yokuba uxinzelelo lomoya lusezantsi.
• Umphunga wenzeke ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezinosasazo olubanzi lweoksijini emoyeni.
• Umphunga wenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwiindawo ezinomthunzi ngenxa yokuba akukho mitha yelanga ethe ngqo ukutshisa ulwelo.

I-Condensation kunye noMjikelo waManzi

Xa umphunga wamanzi osesibhakabhakeni uphola, ekugqibeleni ujika ube lulwelo ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yicondensation. Olu lwelo lunokuthi ke luwele kumphezulu woMhlaba njengemvula, lugqibezela umjikelo wamanzi.

INzululwazi eNgemva koKuguquguquka kweeLiquids

I-Volatility yinkangeleko yokuba into ingumphunga okanye ibe ngumphunga. Inxulumene ngokusondeleyo kuxinzelelo lomphunga wolwelo, ongumlinganiselo wento etyekele kuyo into ukubalekela kwisigaba serhasi. Ukuguquguquka kolwelo kuxhomekeke kwinani lezinto, kubandakanywa ubungakanani kunye nokumila kweeathom ezizimeleyo, amandla okudityaniswa phakathi kweathom okanye amasuntswana angabamelwane, kunye namandla afunekayo ukuqhawula ezo bhondi kunye nokuvumela into ukuba itshintshe ukusuka kulwelo. kwirhasi.

Ukubaluleka koxinzelelo loMphunga

Uxinzelelo lomphunga ngumlinganiselo womlinganiselo wokuguquguquka kolwelo. Luxinzelelo olwenziwa ngumphunga wento kwisikhongozeli esivaliweyo kubushushu obunikiweyo. Ukuphakama koxinzelelo lomphunga, kokukhona ulwelo luguquguquka ngakumbi. Le propati ibalulekile ekumiseleni indawo yokubilisa yolwelo, kunye nokuthambekela kwayo ukuphuphuma.

Ukutsha kunye nokuguquguquka

Ukutsha kwezinto kuhambelana ngokusondeleyo nokuguquguquka kwayo. Ulwelo oluguquguqukayo olunendawo yokudanyaza esezantsi, iqondo lobushushu apho ulwelo lukhupha umphunga owaneleyo ukuze zenze umxube onokutsha nomoya, lugqalwa njengolunokutsha kakhulu. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuphatha ulwelo oluguquguqukayo ngononophelo kwaye ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yokhuseleko.

Usetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso yoLwalo oluguquguqukayo

Ulwelo oluguquguqukayo luqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso, ezifana nezi:

• Izinyibilikisi: zisetyenziselwa ukunyibilikisa ezinye izinto xa kusenziwa iimveliso ezahlukeneyo.
• Amafutha: asetyenziswa njengomthombo wamandla kwiinjini nakwabanye oomatshini.
• Iiarhente zokucoca: zisetyenziselwa ukucoca kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kumashishini.

Ukuqukumbela, ukuguquguquka kolwelo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo exhomekeke kwinani lezinto, kubandakanywa iipropathi zemolekyuli nganye, ubushushu, kunye nobukho bezinye izinto. Ukuqonda inzululwazi emva kokuguquguquka kubalulekile kwinani lamashishini, ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kwimveliso yamandla.

isiphelo

Ke, yiloo nto ulwelo. Ulwelo yimeko yento engafaniyo nezinto eziqinileyo, eziphawulwa ngomthamo osisigxina kunye nokumila kolwelo, kwaye kuquka phantse yonke into esiyibonayo esingqongileyo yonke imihla. 

Awunakuqonda ngokwenene ulwelo ngaphandle kokuqonda iimpawu zokudibanisa kunye nokunamathela, kwaye awukwazi ukuqonda ngokwenene abo bangaziqondi iimolekyuli kunye neeathom. Ke, ndiyathemba ukuba esi sikhokelo sikunike ukuqonda ngcono ukuba yintoni na ulwelo.

NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.