Ngobuchule, jonga ukuFoto. Ifoto okanye ifoto ngumfanekiso owenziwe kukukhanya okuwela kumphezulu obuthathaka kukukhanya, ngokuqhelekileyo ifilimu yezithombe okanye i-electronic medium efana neCCD okanye iCMOS chip.
Uninzi lweefoto zenziwa kusetyenziswa ikhamera, esebenzisa ilens ukujolisa amaza okukhanya abonakalayo kwindawo ekuyo ukuze kuveliswe into ebonwa liliso lomntu. Inkqubo kunye nesenzo sokwenza iifoto kuthiwa yifoto.
Igama elithi "ifoto" layilwa ngo-1839 nguSir John Herschel kwaye lisekelwe kwisiGrike elithi φῶς (phos), elithetha "ukukhanya", kunye no-γραφή (graphê), elithetha "ukuzoba, ukubhala", kunye lithetha "ukuzoba ngokukhanya".
Kule posi siza kugubungela:
Ukutyhila intsingiselo yeFoto
Ifoto ayingomfanekiso olula othathwe yikhamera okanye i-smartphone. Luhlobo oluthile lobugcisa olubamba umzuzwana ngexesha, luvelisa umzobo wokukhanya orekhodwa kwindawo enefotoensitive. Igama elithi "photograph" livela kumagama esiGrike athi "phōs" athetha ukukhanya kunye ne "graphē" ethetha umzobo.
Iingcambu zokuFota
Iingcambu zokufota zinokulandelelwa emva phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1800 xa imifanekiso yokuqala yeefoto yenziwa kusetyenziswa ifilimu yeefoto. Namhlanje, ngokufika kwetekhnoloji yedijithali, iifoto zinokudalwa kusetyenziswa izinzwa zemifanekiso ye-elektroniki njengeCCD okanye iCMOS chips.
Imixholo yangoku kunye neeKhokelo zokuFota
Ukufota kuye kwavela ekubeni kukurekhodwa nje komfanekiso ukuya kuhlobo lobugcisa oluntsonkothileyo oluphonononga imixholo kunye neengqiqo ezahlukeneyo. Eminye imixholo yangoku kunye neengqikelelo zokufota ziquka:
- Umfanekiso (Portraiture): Ukubamba umongo womntu ngomfanekiso wakhe
- Imbonakalo-mhlaba: Ukuthatha ubuhle bendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo
- Ubomi obuqhubekayo: Ukubamba ubuhle bezinto ezingaphiliyo
- I-Abstract: ukuhlola ukusetyenziswa kombala, imilo, kunye nefom ukwenza umfanekiso owahlukileyo
Indima yeTekhnoloji kwiFoto
Itekhnoloji idlale indima ebalulekileyo kwinguquko yokufota. Ngokuziswa kweenkqubo zekhompyuter kunye neekhamera zedijithali, abafoti ngoku banokukhohlisa kwaye baphucule imifanekiso yabo ukuze benze imisebenzi yobugcisa ekhethekileyo neyothusayo.
Ukuphonononga ihlabathi elinomdla leentlobo zeFoto kunye neZimbo
Xa kuziwa ekufotweni, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeefoto onokuthi uzithathe. Nazi ezinye zeentlobo eziphambili zeefoto onokuthi uzithathele ingqalelo:
- Ukufota ngendalo: Olu hlobo lokufota lubandakanya ukufota ubuhle bendalo, kuquka imbonakalo yomhlaba, iintaba kunye nezilwanyana zasendle.
- Ukufota ngePortrait: Olu hlobo lokufota lubandakanya ukufota undoqo womntu okanye iqela labantu. Ingenziwa kwi-studio okanye ngaphandle, kwaye inokuba yinto esemthethweni okanye eqhelekileyo.
- Ifoto yobuGcisa obuLungileyo: Olu hlobo lokufota lumalunga nokudala into ekhethekileyo kwaye inamandla. Kuxhomekeke kubuchule bomfoti kunye nombono, kwaye inokubandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweendlela kunye neentlobo.
Izimbo ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zokuFota
Ukufota ngumxube weendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo. Nazi ezinye zeendlela ezidumileyo nezidumileyo kunye neentlobo zokufota:
- Ukufotwa koMhlaba: Olu hlobo lokufota lumalunga nokuthatha ubuhle bendalo, kuquka iintaba, amahlathi, kunye neelwandle. Ifuna ukuseta okuthile kunye neliso elibukhali leenkcukacha.
- Ukufota ezitalatweni: Olu hlobo lokufota lubandakanya ukubamba ubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Ifuna ukuziqhelanisa okuninzi kunye nokuqonda kakuhle iimpawu zekhamera yakho.
- Ukufota okuMnyama noMhlophe: Olu hlobo lokufota lumalunga nokusebenzisa ukukhanya kunye nesithunzi ukwenza umfanekiso onamandla nowodwa. Inika uluhlu olubanzi lweemilo kunye nemigca enokuguqula indawo elula ibe yinto engakholelekiyo.
Ukuvela kweFoto: Ukusuka eNiépce ukuya kuLuc
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, indoda engumFrentshi egama linguJoseph Nicéphore Niépce yaba nomdla wokufumana indlela yokuvelisa imifanekiso ehlala ihleli. Wazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka imizobo ye-lithographic kunye nemizobo eneoli, kodwa akukho namnye owaphumelela. Ekugqibeleni, ngoFebruwari 1826, wavelisa ifoto yokuqala esebenzisa indlela awayeyibiza ngokuba yiheliography. Wabeka ipleyiti yepewter eqatywe ngesisombululo esingeva lula kwikhamera waza wayibeka ekukhanyeni kangangeeyure eziliqela. Iindawo ezivezwe ekukhanyeni zaba mnyama, zishiya amacala angaphezulu epleyiti engachukunyiswa. U-Niépce emva koko wahlamba ipleyiti nge-solvent, eshiya umfanekiso oyingqayizivele, ochanekileyo wembono phambi kwekhamera.
I-Daguerreotype: Indlela yokuqala edumileyo yokuFota
Inkqubo kaNiépce yahlanjululwa ngumlingane wakhe, uLouis Daguerre, okubangelwa yi-daguerreotype, uhlobo lokuqala olusebenzayo lokufota. Indlela kaDaguerre yayiquka ukubeka ipleyiti yobhedu enesilivere ekukhanyeni, nto leyo eyenza umfanekiso oneenkcukacha owathi waphuhliswa ngomphunga wemekyuri. Idaguerreotype yaduma ngeminyaka yee-1840 kunye neyee-1850, kwaye iinkosi ezininzi zobugcisa zavela ngeli xesha.
Inkqubo ye-Wet Plate Collodion: Inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo
Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19, inkqubo entsha ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-wet plate collodion yaphuhliswa. Le ndlela yayiquka ukugquma ipleyiti yeglasi ngesisombululo esingagungqiyo ekukhanyeni, siyibeke esichengeni sokukhanya, size siphuhlise umfanekiso. Inkqubo ye-collodion yepleyiti emanzi iphucule kakhulu isakhono sokuvelisa iifoto kwizinga elikhulu kwaye yasetyenziswa ukubhala iMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika.
I-Digital Revolution
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukufotwa kwedijithali kwavela njengendlela entsha yokuvelisa iifoto. Oku kwakuquka ukusebenzisa ikhamera yedijithali ukuze kuthathwe umfanekiso, owawunokujongwa uze uhlelwe ekhompyutheni. Ukukwazi ukujonga kunye nokuhlela iifoto ngoko nangoko kuyitshintshe kakhulu indlela esithatha ngayo kunye nokwabelana ngemifanekiso.
isiphelo
Ke, yiloo nto ifoto. Umfanekiso othathwe ngekhamera, okanye ifowuni kule mihla, ethatha umzuzwana ngexesha kwaye wenze ubugcisa.
Unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokufota ngoku ukuba uyazazi iziseko, kwaye unokuhlala ujonga ezinye zeefoto ezinkulu eziye zasikhuthaza ngomsebenzi wazo. Ngoko musa ukuba neentloni kwaye uzame!
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.
