Ii-pigments zi-ejenti zemibala ezinganyibilikiyo emanzini kodwa zinyibilika kwisinyibilikisi se-organic. Zidla ngokuba ngamasuntswana acolekileyo agalelwe a Umatshini ukwenza ukupeyinta okanye i-inki. Kukho ii-pigments zendalo kunye ne-synthetic pigments.
Kweli nqaku, ndiza kukuxelela konke malunga nabo. Ngoko, masiqalise! Sele ulungele? Nam ndilungile! Masingene ngaphakathi!
Kule posi siza kugubungela:
- Ukukhulula Amandla eePigments kwiiPaints kunye neeCoatings
- Ukuvela kweePigments kwiPayinti: Imbali enemibala
- Ihlabathi elinomdla lee-Biological Pigments kwiPaint
- Ukuphonononga iKhemistry yeePigments kwiPaint
- I-Pigments ebophelelayo: Isitshixo sokudala iipeyinti ezihlala ixesha elide
- Masithethe malunga nokuNgafihli kunye nokuFihla kwiPeyinti yePigments
- isiphelo
Ukukhulula Amandla eePigments kwiiPaints kunye neeCoatings
Ii-pigments zimibala enika iipeyinti kunye nezaleko imibala yazo eyahlukileyo. Zidla ngokuba ngamasuntswana anganyibilikiyo adityaniswe kakuhle kwaye afakwe kwipeyinti okanye kwi-coating formulation ukuze anike umbala, ubuninzi, okanye ipropati efunwayo yomzimba kunye neekhemikhali kwifilimu emanzi okanye eyomileyo. Ii-pigments zinokuba zendalo okanye zenziwe, kwaye ziza kuluhlu olubanzi lwemibala, ukusuka kumdaka womhlaba kunye nohlaza ukuya kubomvu obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nophuzi.
Indima yeePigments ekufakeni imibala
Ii-pigments zisebenza ngokubonakalisa okanye ukuhambisa ukukhanya ukudala umbono wombala. Xa ukukhanya kubetha i-pigment, enye ifunxa ngelixa enye ibonakaliswa okanye isasazwa. Umbala esiwubonayo sisiphumo sobude bamaza okukhanya okubonakala okanye okuhanjiswa sisibala. Yiyo loo nto ii-pigments zihlala zichazwa njengezineempawu zombala.
Ukubaluleka kokuKhetha iiPigments eziLungileyo
Ukukhetha ii-pigments ezifanelekileyo kubalulekile ekufezekiseni umbala ofunekayo kunye neempawu zokusebenza kwiipende kunye neengubo. Ezinye izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha i-pigments ziquka:
- Uhlobo lwepeyinti okanye i-coating esetyenziswayo
- Umbala ofunekayo kunye nokugqiba
- Iimpawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ezifunekayo
- Izinto zokugquma
- Iimeko zokusingqongileyo ziya kuboniswa
Ukuvela kweePigments kwiPayinti: Imbali enemibala
• Abantu bebesebenzisa ii-pigments ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40,000, njengoko kungqinwa yimizobo yangaphambili emqolombeni.
- Ii-pigments zantlandlolo zithathwe kwimithombo yendalo efana neeminerali, udongwe, kunye nemibala esekelwe kwizilwanyana.
- Ezi pigments zaculwa zaba ngumgubo ocolekileyo kusetyenziswa izixhobo zamandulo zaza zaxutywa nesibophelelo ukwenza ipeyinti.
- Imibala yokuqala eyaziwayo yayiyi-ocher ebomvu netyheli, i-sienna etshisiweyo kunye ne-umber, kunye netshokhwe emhlophe.
IiPigments zamandulo zaseYiputa kunye nezamaNdiya
• AmaJiphutha amandulo ayethanda ii-pigments eziluhlaza njengelapis lazuli necopper silicate.
- Amagcisa aseIndiya asebenzisa idayi yendalo evela kwizityalo nakwizinambuzane ukwenza imibala eqaqambileyo.
- Kumaxesha amandulo kwakusetyenziswa ibala elimhlophe elinelothe nelothe-tin emthubi.
Ukuphuhliswa kweePigments zokwenziwa
• Ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, oosokhemesti bafumanisa iindlela ezintsha zokwenza i-pigments eyenziwe ngebala, njenge-phthalo blue ne-anhydrous iron oxide.
- Ezi pigments kwakulula ukuzivelisa kwaye zize kuluhlu olubanzi lwemibala kunezinye zazo zendalo.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwee-pigments zokwenziwa kuvunyelwe ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezintsha zobugcisa, njengemibala ekhanyayo esetyenziswa nguVermeer.
Ihlabathi elinomdla lee-Biological Pigments kwiPaint
I-Biological pigments zizinto eziveliswa zizinto eziphilayo ezinombala ophuma ekufunxeni kombala okhethiweyo. Ezi pigments zifumaneka kwindalo kwaye zinokuveliswa zizityalo, izilwanyana, kunye nabantu. Zibizwa ngokuba zii-biological pigments kuba ziveliswa zizinto eziphilayo.
Ukuveliswa kwee-Biological Pigments
Imibala yebhayoloji iveliswa zizinto eziphilayo kwaye ifumaneka kwizinto ezininzi eziquka izityalo, izilwanyana, kunye namaplanga. Ziveliswa ngumzimba kwaye ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwindlela esebenza ngayo indalo. Ukuveliswa kwemibala yezinto eziphilayo kuhambelana neprotheni efunwa ngumzimba ukufezekisa umbala.
Ukuphonononga iKhemistry yeePigments kwiPaint
Ii-pigments zizinto ezimibalabala ezinika ipeyinti umbala wayo. Imichiza yee-pigments imisela umbala wazo, ukuqina, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ii-pigments zinokuba yi-organic okanye i-inorganic, kwaye uhlobo ngalunye luneempawu ezizodwa ezichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwipeyinti. Nazi ezinye ii-pigments eziqhelekileyo kunye nokwakheka kweekhemikhali zazo:
- I-pigments ye-Inorganic: Ezi pigments zihlala ziqaqambile kwaye zomelele ngakumbi kune-organic pigments. Ziquka:
– Titanium white: Esi pigment yenziwe ngetitanium dioxide kwaye idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiipeyinti, kwizinto zokuthambisa, nezinye iimveliso.
-Cadmium yellow: Le pigment yenziwe ngecadmium sulfide kwaye yaziwa ngombala wayo oqaqambileyo noshushu.
– Ultramarine blue: Le pigment yenziwe kwi-sodium aluminiyam sulfosilicate kwaye yadalwa ekuqaleni ngokusila ilitye elinqabileyo le-lapis lazuli.
– Burnt sienna: Esi pigment yenziwe nge sienna ekrwada ethe yafudunyezwa ukwenza mnyama, umbala obomvu-mdaka.
– Vermilion: Le pigment yenziwe ngemercuric sulfide kwaye ibisetyenziswa ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo kumbala wayo obomvu oqaqambileyo.
- I-Organic pigments: Ezi pigments zenziwe nge-carbon-based molecule kwaye zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala khona. Ziquka:
– Phthalo green: Le pigment yenziwe ngecopper phthalocyanine kwaye yaziwa ngombala wayo oqaqambileyo, obhlowu-luhlaza.
-Hansa yellow: Le pigment yenziwe kwiikhompawundi ze-azo kwaye isetyenziswa rhoqo kwizinto zokuthambisa kunye nezinye iimveliso.
– Phthalo blue: Le pigment yenziwe ngecopper phthalocyanine kwaye yaziwa ngombala wayo oqaqambileyo noluhlaza.
- I-Rose madder: Le pigment yenziwe kwiingcambu zesityalo se-madder kwaye isetyenziswe ngamagcisa ngeenkulungwane.
- Umhlophe waseTshayina: Le pigment yenziwe nge-zinc oxide kwaye iqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiipeyinti ze-watercolor.
Ii-Pigments zisetyenziswa njani kwiPeyinti
Imichiza yee-pigments imisela indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwipeyinti. Nazi ezinye iindlela ii-pigments ezisetyenziswa ngazo kwipeyinti:
- Funxa amaza okukhanya athile: Ii-pigments zifunxa amaza okukhanya athile zize zibonise okunye, nto leyo edala umbala esiwubonayo.
- Yenza umbala wesakhiwo: Ezinye ii-pigments, njenge-ultramarine blue, zenza umbala wesakhiwo ngokubonakalisa ukukhanya ngendlela ethile.
- Ukwahluka ngexesha lokumisa: Ezinye ii-pigments, njenge-titanium emhlophe, zome ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa ezinye, njenge-sienna etshisiweyo, zithatha ixesha elide ukuba zome.
- Yenza isisombululo: Ezinye ii-pigments, njenge-phthalo blue, zinyibilika emanzini kwaye zinokusetyenziswa kwiipeyinti zamanzi.
- Yenza uluhlu lwemibala: Ii-pigments zinokuxutywa kunye ukwenza uluhlu lwemibala, kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye neekhompawundi ezikhoyo.
- Yongeza umbala kwezinye iimveliso: Ii-pigments zisetyenziswa kuluhlu lweemveliso, eziquka izinto zokuthambisa, amalaphu, neeplastiki.
I-Pigments ebophelelayo: Isitshixo sokudala iipeyinti ezihlala ixesha elide
Izibophelelo zizinto ezibamba ii-pigments kunye kwipeyinti. Banoxanduva lokwenza ii-pigments zisebenziseke kunye nokudala ukuthungwa okufunwayo kunye nokugqiba kwepeyinti. Izibophelelo zenziwa ikakhulu ngezinto ezinzima, ezigudileyo ezinokuthoba ithoni yepeyinti kwaye zinike uluhlu oluninzi lwemibala.
Iindidi zezibophelelo
Kukho iindidi ezininzi zeedibanisi ezisetyenziswa ngamagcisa kwimizobo yazo. Ezinye zezona zidumileyo zezi:
- I-oyile: Esi sisibophelelo esicothayo esilungele ukudala iithoni ezityebileyo, ezinzulu kwimizobo. Lukhetho oludumileyo phakathi kwabapeyinti namhlanje kuba ivumela ixesha elide lokusebenza kwaye inokuphunyezwa ngeendlela ezininzi.
- Iqanda: Esi sisibophelelo esomisa ngokukhawuleza esilungele ukwenza ithoni egudileyo, nethowuni kwimizobo. Yayilukhetho oludumileyo phakathi kwabapeyinti bamandulo kwaye isasetyenziswa nanamhlanje ngamanye amagcisa.
- I-Tempera: Esi sisibophelelo esomisa ngokukhawuleza esilungele ukwenza imizobo emincinci, eneenkcukacha. Lukhetho oludumileyo phakathi kwamagcisa afuna ukwenza imizobo enenqanaba eliphezulu leenkcukacha.
Ukugaya iiPigments ngeeBinders
Ukwenza ipeyinti, ii-pigments ziyagutywa kunye nezibophelelo ukuze zenze ukugudiswa, okulinganayo. Inkqubo yokugaya inokuchaphazela umbala kunye nokuthungwa kwepeyinti, ngoko kubalulekile ukugaya i-pigments ngokuchanekileyo. Amanye amacebiso okugaya ii-pigments kunye nezibophelelo ziquka:
- Ukusebenzisa i-pigments yendalo: I-pigments yendalo kulula ukuyigaya kwaye yenze ukuthungwa okuhambelanayo kunee-synthetic pigments.
- Ukusebenzisa i-pigment emhlophe: Ukongeza i-pigment emhlophe kwi-pigment yomhlaba kunokunceda ukwenza ipeyinti esebenzisekayo ngakumbi.
- Ukudibanisa i-binders: Ukudibanisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubopha kunokunceda ukwenza ipeyinti efanelekileyo kubuchule obuthile bobugcisa.
Imida yezibophelelo
Ngelixa izibophelelo ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yepeyinti, zibonisa imida ethile. Eminye yale mida ibandakanya:
- Inkokeli: Ezinye izidibanisi zinelothe, enokuba yingozi kumagcisa asebenza nazo. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izibophelelo ezingenalo ilothe.
- Ixesha lokumisa: Ixesha lokumisa ipeyinti linokuchaphazeleka kwi-binder esetyenzisiweyo. Ezinye izibophelelo zoma ngokukhawuleza kunabanye, nto leyo enokwenza kube nzima ukusebenza ngepeyinti.
- Amachibi: Ezinye ii-pigments zichatshazelwa yi-binder esetyenzisiweyo, enokubangela ukuba ikhawuleze okanye ibambezele ixesha lokumisa ipeyinti.
Ukucebisa isibophelelo esichanekileyo sePigment
Ukukhetha i-binder echanekileyo ye-pigment iyimfuneko ukwenza ipeyinti efanelekile kubuchule obufunekayo bobugcisa. Ezinye iingcebiso zokucebisa isibophelelo esichanekileyo se-pigment ziquka:
- Ukuqonda iimpawu ze-pigment: Ukwazi iimpawu ze-pigment kunokunceda ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi i-binder eya kusebenza kakuhle ngayo.
- Ukuvavanya izibophelelo ezahlukeneyo: Ukuvavanya izibophelelo ezahlukeneyo nge-pigment kunokunceda ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi eyakudala ukuthungwa okufunwayo kunye nokugqiba.
- Ukufuna ulwazi kwimithombo ethe ngqo: Ukufuna ulwazi kwimithombo ethe ngqo, efana nomenzi webala lebala okanye isitudiyo esisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwibala lemibala, kunokunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokuba yeyiphi na into edibanisa i-pigment enokusetyenziswa.
Masithethe malunga nokuNgafihli kunye nokuFihla kwiPeyinti yePigments
Xa sithetha ngee-pigments ezicacileyo kwipeyinti, sibhekisa kwezo zivumela ukukhanya kudlule kuzo. Nazi ezinye izinto onokuzazi malunga nebala elibonakalayo:
- Ii-pigments ezicacileyo zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukudala iiglaze, eziziingqimba ezincinci zepeyinti ezivumela umbala ongaphantsi ukuba ubonakale.
- Ngenxa yokuba ii-pigments ezikhanyayo zivumela ukukhanya ukuba kudlule, zinokwenza umphumo oqaqambileyo kwimizobo.
- Ii-pigments ezicacileyo zihlala zincinci kunee-opaque pigments, oku kuthetha ukuba kunokuba nzima ukuzibona ngokwazo.
- Ezinye ii-pigments eziqhelekileyo ezicacileyo ziquka i-phthalo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-alizarin ebomvu, kunye ne-quinacridone magenta.
I-Opacity: Xa ukukhanya kuvaliwe
Kwelinye icala, i-opaque pigments ithintela ukukhanya ekudluleni kuzo. Nazi ezinye izinto ozaziyo malunga ne-opaque pigments:
- Ii-opaque pigments zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukufihla iimpazamo okanye ukudala iindawo eziqinileyo zombala.
- Ngenxa yokuba ii-opaque pigments zivimba ukukhanya, zinokwenza ukuqina ngakumbi, umphumo we-matte kwimizobo.
- I-opaque pigments ithande ukuba namandla ngakumbi kuneebala ezicacileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba kunokuba lula ukuzibona ngokwazo.
- Ezinye ii-pigments eziqhelekileyo ze-opaque ziquka i-titanium emhlophe, i-cadmium ebomvu, kunye ne-ultramarine eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Translucent: Kancinci kancinci kuzo zombini
Kukwakho nodidi lwesithathu lwee-pigments ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe: i-pigments translucent. Imibala ekhanyayo ikwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-transparent kunye ne-opaque, ivumela ukukhanya ukuba kudlule kodwa hayi konke. Ezinye ii-pigments eziqhelekileyo eziguquguqukayo ziquka i-sienna eluhlaza, i-sienna etshisiweyo, kunye ne-umber eluhlaza.
isiphelo
Ngoko ke, yiloo nto ii-pigments kunye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo umbala wepeyinti. Ziyinto eyongeziweyo kwisixhobo ukuguqula umbala wayo, ukumila, okanye ezinye iimpawu. Ii-pigments zisetyenziselwa iipeyinti, iingubo kunye nezinye izinto. Basetyenziselwa ukufaka imibala kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwiindonga ukuya kwiimpahla ukuya kwiimoto. Ke, khumbula ukuzisebenzisa kwaye ujabulele ubomi obunemibala!
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.
