Iiplastiki zikho kuyo yonke indawo. Ukusuka kwibhotile yamanzi osela kuyo kwifowuni oyisebenzisayo ukufunda eli nqaku, zonke zenziwe ngolunye uhlobo lweplastiki. Kodwa ziyintoni kanye kanye?
Iiplastiki zizinto ezenziwe ngabantu ezivela kwi-organic polymers, uninzi lweepetrochemicals. Zihlala zibunjwa zibe ziimilo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu kwaye zisetyenziselwa usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo. Zikhaphukhaphu, zomelele, kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nomhlwa kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Makhe sijonge kuyo yonke into ekhoyo malunga neeplastiki.
Kule posi siza kugubungela:
IiPlastiki: Iibhloko zoKwakha zoBomi bale mihla
Iiplastiki zizinto ezenziwe kwiipolymers, eziyimixokelelwane emide yeemolekyuli. Ezi polima zakhiwe kwiindawo ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba zii-monomers, eziqhele ukubonelelwa ngamalahle okanye igesi yendalo. Inkqubo yokwenza iiplastiki ibandakanya ukuxuba ezi monomers kunye kwaye zigqithise kwizigaba ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo ukuze zijike zibe yinto eqinileyo. Le nkqubo ilula ngokwentelekiso kwaye inokwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kukho iindidi ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo zeeplastiki phaya.
Iipropati zePlastiki
Enye yezinto eziphambili zeplastiki kukukwazi ukubunjwa kuyo nayiphi na imilo. Iiplastiki nazo ziyakwazi ukumelana nombane kwaye zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela iintambo zombane ezithwala umbane. Iiplastiki zincangathi kancinane, nto leyo ethetha ukuba zinokusetyenziselwa ukudibanisa izithako ezahlukeneyo. Iiplastiki nazo zixhathisa kakhulu emanzini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwizikhongozeli zokugcina. Ekugqibeleni, iiplastiki zikhaphukhaphu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kulula ukuthutha nokugcina.
Impembelelo yokusiNgqongileyo yePlastiki
Iiplastiki zinempembelelo enkulu kwindalo. Iiplastiki azikwazi ukubola, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ayiqhekeki ngokwendalo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiplastiki zinokuhlala kwimo engqongileyo amakhulu okanye namawaka eminyaka. Iplastiki inokuba yingozi kwizilwanyana zasendle, njengoko izilwanyana zisenokuphosisa amasuntswana eplastiki kukutya. Ukongeza, iiplastiki zinokukhupha iikhemikhali eziyingozi kwindawo engqongileyo xa zitshiswa.
I-Etymology enomdla yegama elithi "iPlastiki"
Kwinzululwazi kunye nemveliso, igama elithi "iplastiki" linenkcazo yobugcisa obungakumbi. Ibhekisa kwinto enokubunjwa okanye ibunjwe kusetyenziswa ubuchule obunje nge-extrusion okanye ucinezelo. Iiplastiki zingenziwa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa izinto zendalo ezifana neselulosi kunye zokwenziwa izinto ezifana polyethylene.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe "Plastiki" kwiMveliso
Iiplastiki zisetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zokuvelisa, ukusuka kwizinto zokupakisha ukuya kwiindawo zeemoto. Enye yezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kweplastiki kukuveliswa kweebhotile kunye nezikhongozeli. Iiplastiki zikwasetyenziswa kushishino lokwakha, njengoko zikhaphukhaphu, zihlala ixesha elide, kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nokudleka.
Iiplastiki zinokuhlelwa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zabo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali, kunye nokwakheka kunye nokusebenza kwazo. Nazi ezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuhlelwa kweeplastiki:
- Iiplastiki zempahla: Ezi zezona plastiki zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngezakhiwo ezilula zepolymer kwaye ziveliswa ngomthamo ophezulu.
- Iiplastiki zobuNjineli: Ezi plastiki zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo kwaye ngokwesiqhelo zenziwe ngolwakhiwo oluntsonkothileyo lwepolymer. Banokumelana okuphezulu kwe-thermal kunye neekhemikhali kuneeplastiki zempahla.
- Iiplastiki ezikhethekileyo: Ezi plastikhi zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwe ngezakhiwo ezizodwa zepolymer. Banokumelana okuphezulu kwe-thermal kunye neekhemikhali kuzo zonke iiplastiki.
- Izinto eziqinileyo ze-Amorphous: Ezi plastiki zinesakhiwo semolekyuli ephazamisekileyo kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ziselubala kwaye zine-brittle. Zinobushushu obuphantsi beglasi yokutshintsha kwaye ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwipakethe kunye neempahla ezibunjiweyo.
- Izinto eziqinileyo zeCrystalline: Ezi plastiki zinesakhiwo esicwangcisiweyo semolekyuli kwaye ziqhelekile ukuba zingabonakali kwaye zihlala ixesha elide. Zinobushushu obuphezulu beglasi yokutshintsha kwaye ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiimpahla ezikhuphisana nesinyithi.
Yazi iindidi ezahlukeneyo zePlastiki
Iiplastiki zemveliso zezona ntlobo zeplastiki zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ehlabathini. Ziyaziwa ngokuguquguquka kwazo kwaye zisetyenziselwa uluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso zemihla ngemihla. Ezi plastiki zenziwe ngezinto zepolymer kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iimveliso ezisetyenziselwa enye. Ezinye zeeplastiki eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo ziquka:
- I-Polyethylene: Le thermoplastic yeyona plastiki ithengiswa kakhulu emhlabeni, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-100 lezigidi zeetoni ziveliswa ngonyaka. Isetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya iingxowa zeplastiki, iibhotile zamanzi, kunye nokupakishwa kokutya.
- I-Polypropylene: Le polyolefin yaziwa ngokuba yindawo yayo ephezulu yokunyibilika kwaye iqhele ukusetyenziswa kulwakhiwo, umbane, kunye nosetyenziso lweemoto. Ikwasetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zasekhaya, kubandakanya izitya zokutya, izitya kunye nezinto zokudlala.
- I-Polystyrene: Le mpahla yeplastiki isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukupakishwa, ukwakhiwa, kunye nenkonzo yokutya. Ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza iimveliso ze-foam, ezinjengeekomityi zekofu kunye nezinto zokupakisha.
IiPlastiki zobuNjineli: UKhetho oluPhakamileyo lwezicelo zobuGcisa
Iiplastiki zobunjineli zilinyathelo elinyukayo ukusuka kwiiplastiki zemveliso ngokweempawu zazo zobugcisa. Zisetyenziswa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo ezifuna ukusebenza okuphezulu, njengokwakhiwa kwezithuthi kunye nezixhobo zombane. Ezinye zezona ziqhelekileyo zisetyenziswa iiplastiki zobunjineli ziquka:
- I-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS): Le thermoplastic iyaziwa ngokuxhathisa impembelelo ephezulu kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwakhiweni kwezixhobo zombane, iinxalenye zemoto, kunye namathoyizi.
- I-Polycarbonate: Le plastiki yobunjineli yaziwa ngamandla ayo aphezulu kwaye iqhele ukusetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kweelensi, iinxalenye zezithuthi, kunye nezixhobo zombane.
- I-Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Le thermoplastic isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso yeebhotile kunye nezinye iimveliso zokupakisha ukutya.
IiPlastiki eziKhethekileyo: Ezezinye iiMathiriyeli zeMveli
Iiplastiki ezikhethekileyo liqela elihlukeneyo leeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Zihlala zikhethwa ngaphezu kwezinto eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nemithi kunye nesinyithi, ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezizodwa. Ezinye zeeplastiki eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka:
- Iiplastiki zePolyurethanes: Ezi plastiki zinemichiza eyohlukeneyo zisetyenziswa kwizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuveliswa kweemveliso zogwebu, ukwambathisa, nezinto zokuncamathelisa.
- I-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Le plastiki idla ngokusetyenziswa xa kusakhiwa imibhobho, iintambo zombane, kunye nomgangatho.
- I-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) kunye ne-Polycarbonate Blend: Lo mxube weplastiki udibanisa iimpawu ze-ABS kunye ne-polycarbonate ukudala izinto ezomeleleyo, ezihlala zihleli, kunye nokumelana nokushisa. Isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso yeemeko zesixhobo sombane kunye neendawo zemoto.
Ukuchonga iiPlastiki: Iziseko zokuchongwa kwePlastiki
Iiplastiki zichongwa ngekhowudi egxininiswe kunxantathu omncinci kwimveliso. Le khowudi inceda ekuchongeni uhlobo lweplastiki esetyenziswa kwimveliso kwaye inceda ngemizamo yokuhlaziya. Nazi iikhowudi ezisixhenxe kunye neentlobo zeeplastiki abazigubungelayo:
- Ikhowudi 1: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- IKhowudi 2: I-Polyethylene yoXinano oluPhezulu (HDPE)
- Ikhowudi 3: I-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- IKhowudi 4: I-Polyethylene yoXinano oluPhantsi (LDPE)
- Ikhowudi 5: Polypropylene (PP)
- IKhowudi 6: Ipolystyrene (PS)
- IKhowudi 7: Ezinye iiPlastiki (zibandakanya iiplastiki ezikhethekileyo, ezifana ne-polycarbonate kunye ne-ABS)
IPlastiki Emangalisayo: Uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zePlastiki
Iplastiki yenye yezona zinto zinkulu kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi, ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo eziye zaba yinto ebalulekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Nazi iindlela ezimbalwa zokusebenzisa iiplastiki:
- Ukupakishwa: Iiplastiki zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukupakisha, ukusuka kwizikhongozeli zokutya ukuya kwizinto zokuthumela. Ukuqina kunye nokuguquguquka kweeplastiki kubenza balungele ukukhusela iimveliso ngexesha lokuthutha kunye nokugcinwa.
- Ilaphu: Iintsinga ezenziwe ngeplastiki zisetyenziswa kwiimpahla ezilukiweyo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka empahleni ukuya kwi-upholstery. Ezi mathiriyeli zikhaphukhaphu, zomelele, kwaye azikwazi ukunxiba nokukrazuka.
- Impahla yabathengi: Iiplastiki zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwempahla yabathengi, ukusuka kwizinto zokudlala ukuya kwizixhobo zasekhitshini. Ukuguquguquka kweeplastiki kuvumela abavelisi ukuba benze iimveliso ezisebenzayo kunye nezithandekayo.
UThutho kunye ne-Electronics: iiPlastiki kuMatshini kunye neTekhnoloji
Iiplastiki zikwabalulekile kumashishini othutho kunye ne-electronics, apho iimpawu zabo ezizodwa zibenza bafaneleke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo:
- Ezothutho: Iiplastiki zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso yeemoto kunye ne-aerospace, apho iimpawu zazo ezikhaphukhaphu nezihlala zihleli zizenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka kumalungu emoto ukuya kwizinto zenqwelomoya.
- I-Electronics: Iiplastiki zisetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezixhobo zombane, ukusuka kwii-smartphone ukuya kwiikhompyuter. Iipropathi zokugquma iiplastiki zizenza zilungele ukukhusela izinto ezibuthathaka zombane emonakalweni.
Ikamva lePlastiki: Izinto ezintsha kunye noZinzo
Njengoko ihlabathi liba nolwazi ngakumbi ngempembelelo yokusingqongileyo yeeplastiki, kukho ugxininiso olukhulayo ekuphuhliseni ezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo. Nazi ezinye iindlela ishishini leplastiki elisebenza ngayo ukudala ikamva elizinzileyo:
- I-Bioplastics: I-Bioplastics yenziwe kwimithombo ehlaziyiweyo efana nesitatshi sombona kunye nommoba, kwaye i-biodegradable okanye i-compostable.
- Ukurisayikilisha: Ukurisayikilishwa kwakhona kweeplastiki kuya kubaluleka kakhulu, iinkampani ezininzi noorhulumente batyala imali kubuchwepheshe obutsha ukwenza ukurisayikilisha kusebenze ngakumbi kwaye kusebenze.
- Utshintsho: Ishishini leplastiki lihlala livelisa izinto ezintsha, kunye nezixhobo ezintsha kunye neendlela zokuvelisa ziphuhliswa ngalo lonke ixesha. Olu tshintsho lunceda ukudala ikamva elizinzileyo kwiiplastiki.
Iiplastiki kunye nokusiNgqongileyo: Ubudlelwane obuyityhefu
Iiplastiki, ngelixa izinto eziluncedo kunye neziguquguqukayo, zinamandla okwenza umonakalo kwindalo. Ingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki asiyonto intsha yaye ibisoloko ixhalabisa izazinzulu neengcali ngemekobume ngaphezu kwenkulungwane. Nazi ezinye zeendlela iiplastiki ezinokonakalisa okusingqongileyo:
- Iiplastiki zenziwa kusetyenziswa iikhemikhali ezinobungozi kunye neekhompawundi ezifana ne-phthalates kunye ne-BPA ezinokungena kwindalo kwaye zidale ingozi kwimpilo yabantu.
- Xa zilahliwe, iiplastiki zinokuthatha amakhulu eminyaka ukubola, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqokeleleni inkunkuma yeplastiki kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma naselwandle.
- Inkunkuma yeplastiki inokwenzakalisa iindawo zokuhlala kwaye icuthe amandla e-ecosystem ukuqhelana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izigidi zabantu, amandla okuvelisa ukutya, kunye nentlalontle.
- Iimveliso zabathengi ezenziwe ngeeplastiki ezifana namathoyizi, ukupakishwa kokutya, kunye neebhotile zamanzi zinokuqulatha amanqanaba ayingozi e-phthalates kunye ne-BPA, enokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezifana nomhlaza, imiba yokuzala, kunye neengxaki zophuhliso.
Izisombululo ezinokwenzeka kwiNgxaki yoNgcoliseko lwePlastiki
Nangona ingxaki yongcoliseko lweplastiki isenokubonakala inzima, zikho iindlela uluntu olunokusebenza ngazo ukunciphisa umonakalo obangelwa ziiplastiki. Nazi izisombululo ezinokubakho:
- Nciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezisetyenziswa kanye ezifana neendiza, iingxowa, kunye nempahla.
- Yandisa iinzame zokurisayikilisha kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezinokubola.
- Ukukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezinye iindlela ezizinzileyo kwiiplastiki.
- Ukuxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemimiselo ethintela ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezinobungozi kwimveliso yeplastiki.
- Ukufundisa abathengi malunga nemiphumo eyingozi yeeplastiki kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.
isiphelo
Iiplastiki zizinto ezenziwe ngumntu ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iintlobo ezininzi zeemveliso. Zenziwe ngeepholima zokwenziwa, kwaye zisetyenziswa kuyo yonke into ukusuka ekupakelweni ukuya kulwakhiwo.
Ngoko, musa ukoyika iiplastiki! Ziyinto enkulu kwizinto ezininzi, kwaye azinayo imichiza eyingozi. Qaphela nje iingozi kwaye ungazisebenzisi kakhulu.
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.
