Ubumanzi besakhiwo bubukho bokufuma okungafunekiyo kwisakhiwo sesakhiwo, nokuba sisiphumo sokungena ngaphandle okanye ukuxinwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Ubungakanani obuphezulu beengxaki zokufuma kwizakhiwo zibangelwa kukujiya, ukungena kwemvula okanye ukufuma okunyukayo.
Kubalulekile ukwazi iimpawu kunye neempawu zokufuma kwisakhiwo ukuze uthathe amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukukhusela impilo yakho. Kweli nqaku, ndiza kuchaza ukuba yintoni, indlela yokuyichonga, kunye nendlela yokuyinyanga.
Kule posi siza kugubungela:
Indlela yokubona ubumanzi besakhiwo: Iimpawu kunye neempawu
Ubumanzi besakhiwo bunokubangela uluhlu lweempawu ezibonakalayo, kubandakanywa:
- Amabala ezindongeni, kwiisilingi naphantsi
- Ukupeyinta okanye ukugqabhuka kwepeyinti okanye iphepha lodonga
- Ukuwohloka kwe-plaster
- Udaka oluxekekileyo okanye oludilikayo phakathi kwezitena okanye amatye
- Ityuwa emhlophe, engumgubo idipozithi kumphezulu
Iziphumo kwiZakhiwo
Imiphumo yokufuma kwesakhiwo ingaba nzima kwaye ihlala ixesha elide. Eminye yemicimbi eqhelekileyo ibandakanya:
- Ukubola nokubola kwezakhiwo zamaplanga, kuquka imigangatho, iindawo zokuhlanganisa, namaplanga ophahla
- I-Corrosion of steel fasteners kunye nezinye izinto zetsimbi
- Ukuhlaselwa ngumbumba kunye nokungunda, okunokubangela iingxaki zempilo kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekutyatyekeni kwakhona okanye kwakhiwe kwakhona
- Umonakalo kwintembeko yesakhiwo sesakhiwo, esinokubangela ukuwa okanye ezinye iingozi zokhuseleko
Uthintelo kunye nonyango
Ngethamsanqa, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuthintela kunye nokuphatha ukufuma kwesakhiwo, kuquka:
- Ukukhusela amanzi ngokufanelekileyo kunye nobungqina obumanzi ngexesha lokwakha
- Ukugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa ukuze kuchongwe kwaye kulungiswe imiba enokubakho
- Ukufakwa kweenkqubo zokungenisa umoya ukunciphisa amanqanaba okufuma
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinokumelana nokungunda kunye neengubo
Abo babangela ubumanzi kwiZakhiwo
Ukujiya ngoyena nobangela uqhelekileyo wokufuma kwizakhiwo, ngakumbi ngeenyanga ezibandayo. Kwenzeka xa umoya ofudumeleyo, omanzi udibana nomhlaba obandayo, ubangele amanzi umphunga ukujiya ube kwimo engamanzi. Oku kufuma okugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela kuluhlu lweengxaki, kubandakanywa kubumba ukukhula, ukuxobula iphepha lodonga, kunye namabala afumileyo iindonga. Ukuthintela ukujiya, kubalulekile ukugcina umgangatho wokufuma wangaphakathi wesakhiwo uphantsi ngokuqinisekisa ukungena komoya okufanelekileyo kunye nokufudumeza.
Ukungenwa kwemvula: Umtyholi wangaphandle
Ukungena kwemvula ngomnye unobangela oqhelekileyo wokufuma kwizakhiwo. Kwenzeka xa amanzi aphuma ngaphandle kwesakhiwo efumana indlela yawo yokungena kwisakhiwo, ngokufuthi ngeentanda okanye iintanda kwiindonga okanye uphahla. Oku kunokubangela umonakalo kwisakhiwo sesakhiwo kunye nokudala amabala afumileyo kwiindonga. Ukuthintela ukungena kwemvula, kubalulekile ukuhlola umphandle wesakhiwo rhoqo kwaye wenze naluphi na ulungiso oluyimfuneko.
Ubumanzi obunyukayo: Umenzi weGround Up
Ukunyuka kokufuma kubangelwa ngamanzi ahambayo ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya kwiindonga zesakhiwo. Oku kunokwenzeka xa ikhosi yobungqina bokufuma yesakhiwo (i-DPC) yonakele okanye ingekho, nto leyo evumela amanzi ukuba aqhubeke nokunyuka kweendonga. Ukunyuka kokufuma kunokudala uluhlu lwemiba, kuquka ukukhula komngundo, umonakalo kwisakhiwo sesakhiwo, kunye namabala afumileyo kwiindonga. Ukuthintela ukufuma okunyukayo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba isakhiwo sine-DPC esebenzayo kunye nokwenza naluphi na ulungiso oluyimfuneko.
Ukufuma okuPhakamileyo: Umtyholi wasemoyeni
Amanqanaba aphezulu okufuma anokubangela ukufuma kwizakhiwo, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezingenamoya ophantsi. Oku kufuma okugqithisileyo kunokukhokelela ekukhuleni kokungunda, ukuxobula iphepha lodonga, kunye namabala afumileyo ezindongeni. Ukuthintela amaqondo okufuma aphezulu ekubangeleni ukufuma, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukungena komoya ngendlela eyiyo kunye nokusebenzisa izixhobo zokukhupha amanzi ukuba kuyimfuneko.
Ubumanzi besakhiwo kunye neziphumo zeMpilo eziNgxaki
Ubumanzi besakhiwo bubukho obungafunekiyo bokufuma okugqithisileyo kwizakhiwo, okudla ngokubangelwa kukungena kwamanzi, ukujiya, okanye ukufuma okunyukayo. Inokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwisakhiwo kunye nezixhobo zesakhiwo, kunye nobungozi obunokubakho kwimpilo yabantu kunye nezilwanyana zasekhaya.
Iinkxalabo ngeMpilo eNxulunyaniswe nobumdaka boLwakhiwo
Ubukho bobumanzi kwisakhiwo buvumela ukukhula kokungunda, iibhaktheriya kunye nefungi, ezinokukhokelela kuluhlu lweengxaki zempilo, kuquka:
- Imiba yokuphefumla: Ubumanzi bunokubangela ukugxilwa emoyeni kwembewu yokungunda, ethi xa ifakwe, ibangele i-asthma kunye nezinye izifo zokuphefumla.
- Isigulo se-Allergenic okanye i-immunological: Ukuvezwa kukungunda kunye nezinye izinto ezinxulumene nokufuma ezinxulumene nokungangeni kunokubangela ukuphazamiseka komzimba kunye nezigulo ze-immunological.
- Isigulo esingenachaphaza: Ubumanzi bunokubangela izigulo ezingaguqukiyo, njengentloko ebuhlungu, ukudinwa, nokucaphuka kwamehlo, impumlo, nomqala.
Indlela Ubumanzi boLwakhiwo obusibangela ngayo Isifuba
Ukuchukumiseka kweengolwane ezihlala kwindawo efumileyo, emanzi kwisakhiwo kunokubangela isifo sombefu. Izinambuzane zothuli sisixhobo esixhaphakileyo esidla ngokukhula kwiindawo ezifumileyo. Xa uphefumla, zinokubangela ukuba iimpawu ze-asthma zibe mandundu.
Umngcipheko weMiba yeMpilo yesibini
Ubumanzi besakhiwo buthanda ukubangela imiba yezempilo yesibini enokuthi ibe yingxaki njengeyokuqala. Ezi ziquka:
- Usulelo lwezinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo: Iindawo ezifumileyo zitsala izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo ezifana neempuku, izinambuzane kunye namangolwane anokubangela ingozi eyongezelelekileyo yempilo.
- Ukubola nokuwohloka kwezinto: Ubumanzi bunokubangela ukuba udaka, ipeyinti, iphepha lodonga nezinye izinto ziwohloke, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni umphezulu ube manzi, amabala, neetyuwa eziphazamisa umgangatho wesakhiwo.
- Umgangatho ophantsi womoya wangaphakathi: Ubumanzi bunokubangela ukuba umgangatho womoya ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo ube hlwempuzekileyo, okukhokelela kuluhlu lwemicimbi yezempilo.
Ukubona ubumanzi besakhiwo: Isikhokelo sokuchonga uMenzi
Ukuchonga ukufuma kwesakhiwo kubalulekile kuba kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwisakhiwo, kuchaphazela impilo yabantu abahlala kuyo, kwaye kunciphise ixabiso lepropati. Ubukho bobumanzi bunokukhokelela ekukhuleni kokungunda, okunokuthi kubangele iingxaki zokuphefumla, ukwaliwa, kunye neminye imiba yezempilo. Kwakhona kunokusenza buthathaka isakhiwo, nto leyo ephumela ekulungisweni okuxabisa imali eninzi. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuchonga unobangela wokufuma kwaye uthathe amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukukuthintela.
Oonobangela abaqhelekileyo bobumdaka besakhiwo
Ubumanzi besakhiwo bungenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zezona zizathu zixhaphakileyo ziquka:
- Ukujiya: Oku kwenzeka xa umoya ofudumeleyo nofumileyo udibana nomhlaba obandayo onje ngeendonga nophahla, nto leyo ebangela ukufuma kuhlangane kwenze amathontsi amanzi. I-Condensation yimbangela eqhelekileyo yokufuma kwiindonga zangaphakathi kwaye inokuncitshiswa ngokuphucula ukugquma kunye nokusebenza kwe-thermal.
- Ukungena: Amanzi emvula anokungena kwisakhiwo ngeentanda, izithuba, okanye uphahla olungasebenzi kakuhle, nto leyo ebangela ukufuma kwiindonga neesilingi. Ukufuma okuthe tyaba kunye nokuma nkqo kungabangelwa kukungena kwemvula.
- Ubumanzi obunyukayo: Oku kwenzeka xa amanzi avela emhlabeni enyuka ngeendonga kunye nemigangatho yesakhiwo. Ukunyuka kokufuma kuxhaphake kakhulu kwizakhiwo ezindala ezingenazo ikhosi yobungqina bokufuma okanye apho ikhosi ekhoyo yobungqina bokufuma iye yasilela.
- Ipokotho yokufuma: Ipokotho yokufuma inokwenzeka xa amanzi evaleleke ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo, okukhokelela ekufumeni kwiindawo ezithile.
Umahluko phakathi kobumdaka bangaphakathi nangaphandle
Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kokufuma kwangaphakathi nangaphandle ukuchonga isizathu esichanekileyo kunye nokuthintela umonakalo ongakumbi. Nazi ezinye iiyantlukwano phakathi kwezi zimbini:
- Ubumanzi bangaphakathi: Ubumanzi bangaphakathi buvela ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sesakhiwo kwaye kubangelwa ukujiya, ukunyuka komswakama, okanye ipokotho yokufuma.
- Ubumanzi bangaphandle: Ubumanzi bangaphandle bubangelwa kukungena kwemvula kwaye kuchaphazela iindonga zangaphandle kunye nophahla lwesakhiwo.
Ixabiso loBuchule ekuchongeni ubuMfumano boLwakhiwo
Ukuchonga unobangela wokufuma kwesakhiwo kufuna ubuchule kunye namava. Umhloli welizwe oqeqeshiweyo okanye umntu onamava angaqhuba uphando kwaye abonelele ngoncedo oluxabisekileyo ekufumaniseni unobangela wokufuma. Kubalulekile ukufuna uncedo lweengcali ukuchonga unobangela ochanekileyo kwaye uthathe amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukuthintela umonakalo ongakumbi.
Ukuthintela kunye nokuNyangwa kobumdaka beZakhiwo: IiNdlela eziPhambili kunye neenkcukacha
Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokuthintela ukufuma kwesakhiwo kukubonelela ngekhosi yobungqina bokufuma ngokusebenzisa i-membrane yobungqina bokufuma. Oku kubandakanya ukubeka umqobo, owenziwe ngemathiriyeli eyenziweyo okanye isileyiti, phakathi komhlaba kunye nekonkile, udaka, okanye udaka lweendonga zesakhiwo. I-membrane isebenza njengesithintelo sokuthintela amanzi ekuphakameni ngokusebenzisa ii-pores zezinto kunye nokungena kwisakhiwo.
Ezinye iinkcukacha ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni xa usebenzisa i-membrane yokuqinisekisa ubumanzi ziquka:
- Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo kunye nezifundo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno ezithile zesakhiwo kunye nomswakama okhoyo.
- I-porosity yezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa, ezinokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-membrane.
- Ukubekwa kwe-membrane, okufuneka ubuncinane ibe yi-15 cm ngaphezu komgangatho womhlaba ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokufuma okungena kwisakhiwo.
- Ukuxilongwa komswakama okhoyo kunye nonyango olufanelekileyo lokuzalisa naziphi na izikhewu okanye imingxuma kwi-membrane.
Unyango loMphezulu: Ukukhusela Umphandle
Enye indlela yokuthintela ukufuma kukuphatha umphandle wangaphandle wesakhiwo ngezinto zokugxotha amanzi. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukusebenzisa unyango lweekhemikhali, ezifana ne-sodium silicate, kumphezulu weendonga ukusabela nge-samente kwaye ugcwalise iipores. Iiwax nazo zingasetyenziselwa ukudala umqobo othintela amanzi ukuba angangeni kwisakhiwo.
Ezinye iinkcukacha ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni xa usebenzisa unyango olungaphezulu ziquka:
- Ukufaneleka kwonyango kwizinto ezithile ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha.
- Umgaqo wokuba unyango akufanele luthintele ii-pores zezinto eziphathekayo, njengoko oku kunokuchaphazela ukukwazi ukuphefumla kwezinto eziphathekayo kwaye kukhokelela ekufumeni okuqhubekayo.
- Isidingo sokugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe unyango ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwayo okuqhubekayo.
Ukwakhiwa kweendonga zeCavity: Ukudala isithuba soThintelo
Indlela yesithathu yokuthintela ukufuma kukusebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwendonga yodonga, olubandakanya ukwakha udonga olongezelelweyo lwangaphandle ukwenza umngxuma phakathi kweendonga zangaphakathi nangaphandle. Lo mgodi uvumela ukungena komoya kunye nokukhupha amanzi, okunokuthi kuthintele ukufuma ukungena kwisakhiwo.
Ezinye iinkcukacha ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni xa usebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwendonga yomngxunya ziquka:
- Uyilo lwecavity, okufuneka ubuncinane bube yi-50 mm ububanzi ukuvumela ukungena komoya okufanelekileyo kunye nokukhupha amanzi.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zodonga lwangaphandle, njengekhonkrithi yanamhlanje okanye izinto zokwenziwa, ukuthintela amanzi ukuba angangeni eludongeni.
- Isidingo sokwakhiwa ngononophelo kunye nengqalelo kwiinkcukacha zokuqinisekisa ukuba umngxuma uvalwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ukhuselwe ekufumeni.
Ukuqukumbela, ukuthintela kunye nokunyanga ubumanzi besakhiwo kufuna indlela ecingayo kunye nebanzi eqwalasela iimfuno ezithile zesakhiwo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha. Ngokusebenzisa i-membrane yobungqina bobumanzi, unyango olungaphezulu, okanye ukwakhiwa kwendonga yodonga, kunokwenzeka ukukhusela izakhiwo kwimiphumo eyingozi yokufuma kunye nokuqinisekisa ixesha elide kunye nokhuseleko.
isiphelo
Ke, yiloo nto ubumanzi bolwakhiwo. Yingxaki kwisakhiwo sesakhiwo sakho, esibangelwa kukufuma okugqithisileyo. Inokubangela ukungunda, iingxaki zempilo, kunye neengozi zokhuseleko, kodwa inokuthintelwa kwaye inyangwe. Ke, musa ukuyihoya imiqondiso kwaye uyifumane ijongwe yingcali. Awufuni ukugqiba ngesakhiwo esidilikayo ezandleni zakho!
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.
