Umhlwa: Yintoni kwaye Uzigcina njani izixhobo zakho zikhuselekile

Umhlwa yi-iron oxide, ngokuqhelekileyo i-oxide ebomvu eyenziwa yi-redox reaction ye-iron kunye ne-oxygen phambi kwamanzi okanye umoya wokufuma. Iintlobo ezininzi zerusi ziyakwazi ukwahlula ngokubonakalayo kunye ne-spectroscopy, kwaye zenziwe phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Kweli nqaku, ndiza kugubungela iziseko zomhlwa, kubandakanywa izizathu kunye nokuthintela.

Yintoni idyasi eFlekwe? Ukuqonda Umhlwa Noonobangela Bayo

Umhlwa ligama elisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuchaza i-oxidation yentsimbi okanye intsimbi. Ngokobuchwephesha, umhlwa yi-iron oxide, ngokukodwa i-iron e-hydrated (III) oxide eyenziwa xa i-iron isabela nge-oksijini kunye namanzi phambi komoya. Oku kusabela kwaziwa njengokurusa kwaye kwenzeka xa isinyithi sisesichengeni somoya kunye nokufuma kangangexesha elide, nto leyo ekhokelela ekwakhekeni kwedyasi emhlophe ebomvu-bumdaka.

Kwenzeka Njani Umhlwa?

Xa i-iron okanye intsimbi idibana neoksijini kunye namanzi, ukusabela kwenzeka okukhokelela ekubunjweni kwe-iron oxide. Oku kusabela kubangelwa kubukho bamanzi okanye ukufuma komoya, obangela ukuba isinyithi sidle kwaye senze i-hydrous iron(III) oxides kunye nentsimbi(III) oxide-hydroxide. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-coat flaky ebangelwayo inokusasazeka kwaye ibangele i-pitting okanye ukubunjwa kwe-cavity kwiintsimbi ezingakhuselekanga, ukunciphisa amandla abo.

Ngaba Unokuthintelwa Umhlwa?

Ngelixa umhlwa uyinto engenakuphepheka kwiminyaka, inokuthintelwa ngokulula okanye iphathwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya:

• Ukufaka isambatho esikhuselayo kwindawo yesinyithi ukunciphisa ukubonakaliswa komoya kunye nomswakama.
• Ukucoca rhoqo kunye nokumisa iindawo zetsimbi ukunciphisa ubukho beediphozithi kunye nomswakama.
• Ukuphepha izithuba ezivalelekileyo, iintanda, kunye nezikhewu apho ukufuma kunokuqokelelana kuze kubangele ukuba umhlwa usasazeke ngokukhawuleza.
• Ukusebenzisa isinyithi esingenasici okanye ezinye iintsimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nomhlwa kwiindawo apho ukurusa kuyingxaki eqhelekileyo.

Ziziphi iimpembelelo zeRust?

Umhlwa unokuba neziphumo ezininzi kwimigangatho yesinyithi, kuquka:

• Ukunciphisa amandla kunye nokuqina kwesinyithi.
• Ukudala imingxuma emxinwa okanye enzulu enokuthi isasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye ibangele umonakalo ongakumbi.
• Ukwenza umphezulu wesinyithi ube banzi kwaye ube ne-porous, nto leyo inokukhokelela ekunyuseni ukugqwala.
• Ukudala intanda okanye umsantsa onokuthi ubambe ukufuma kwaye wenze ukuba umhlwa usasazeke ngokukhawuleza.
• Ukufaka isandla ekubunjweni komgodi okanye ukubunjwa komgodi kwiinsimbi ezingakhuselekanga.

Iintshukumo zemichiza: iNzululwazi eNgemva kokuRusa

Ukurusa yinkqubo yemichiza eyenzeka xa i-iron isesichengeni somoya nokufuma. Le nkqubo yokurusa ibangelwa kuthotho lwemichiza edibanisa intsimbi, ioksijini neemolekyuli zamanzi. Eyona khemikhali isabelayo eyenzeka ngexesha lokurusa yi-oxidation yentsimbi, evelisa i-iron oxide.

Indima yeOxygen kunye nokufuma

Ioksijini kunye nokufuma zizinto eziphambili ezibangela ukurusa ukuba kwenzeke. Xa intsimbi isesichengeni somoya, idibana neoksijini yenze i<em>iron oxide. Amanzi nawo ayafuneka ukuze kubekho umhlwa kuba athwala ioksijini kunye neminye imixube eyimfuneko ukuze kwenzeke imichiza.

Ukusabeleka kwemichiza yokurusa

Ukusabela kweekhemikhali zokurusa kuku: 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3. Oku kuthetha ukuba iiathom ezine zentsimbi zidibana neemolekyuli ezintathu zeoksijini ukuze zivelise iimolekyuli ezimbini zeiron oxide. Inkqubo yokurusa iqala xa i-iron ifakwa kwi-iron (II) ion ngeoksijini. I-iron (II) ion emva koko idibanisa kunye neemolekyuli zamanzi ukwenza i-iron hydroxide. Le khompawundi emva koko i-oxidize ngakumbi ukwenza i-iron oxide, ebonakala njengesikali esibomvu-ntsundu esiqhele ukunxulumana nomhlwa.

Iimpembelelo zokurusa kwintsimbi

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Ukurusa kunokuba neziphumo ezibi kwisinyithi, kubandakanya ukugqabhuka, ukubola, kunye nokuncipha kwesakhiwo. Ukurusa kwenzeka xa i-iron isesichengeni somoya nokufuma, yaye i<em>iron oxide ephumayo iba yinto ebuthathaka nerhabaxa enokugqabhuka lula. Oku kunokubangela ukuba isinyithi sibe buthathaka kwaye ekugqibeleni singaphumeleli. Kwimeko yebhulorho okanye esinye isakhiwo, ukurusa kunokuba yinkxalabo enkulu yokhuseleko.

Ukuthintela ukurusa

Ukuthintela ukurusa kufuna ukususa ubukho bokufuma kunye neoksijini. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokugcina intsimbi yomile kwaye uyigqume ngoluhlu olukhuselayo, njengepeyinti okanye ioli. Enye indlela yokuthintela ukurusa kukusebenzisa intsimbi ekungenakwenzeka ukuba ivuthe, njengentsimbi engatyiwayo okanye intsimbi ecocekileyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Umhlwa

Ukuqonda utshintsho lwemichiza eyenzeka ngexesha lokurusa kubalulekile ekuthinteleni nasekunyangeni umhlwa. Ukurusa yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya indibaniselwano yeekhompawundi ezininzi kunye neempendulo ze-electrochemical. Ngokuqonda imiba ephambili kunye neempendulo ezibandakanyekayo ekugruseni, sinokuthintela ngcono kwaye siphathe umhlwa kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.

Kutheni umhlwa uyiNgozi yoKhuseleko kunye nendlela yokuyiNqanda

Umhlwa ayingomcimbi wokuthambisa nje kuphela, unokubeka iingozi ezinzulu zokhuseleko kulwakhiwo nakwizixhobo. Nasi isizathu:

• Umhlwa wenza buthathaka ubume besakhiwo sentsimbi, ibeka esichengeni abasebenzisi abaqhelekileyo kunye nabadlula ngendlela.
• Izixhobo ezinamalungu anomhlwa zinokwaphuka okanye zingasebenzi kakuhle, zibangele ukwenzakala okumandundu okanye nokufa.
• Umhlwa unokungcolisa kwaye wonakalise iimveliso, nto leyo ekhokelela kwilahleko yemali kubavelisi kunye nabathengi ngokufanayo.

Imingcipheko yeMpilo yomhlwa

Umhlwa ayisiyongozi nje yasemzimbeni, unokubangela umngcipheko empilweni ngenxa yezi zizathu zilandelayo:

• Umhlwa unokugcina iintsholongwane, kuquka ukuqina kwesibindi, ezinokubangela izifo ezinzulu ukuba zingena emzimbeni ngenxeba lokuhlatywa, elifana nesikhonkwane esinomhlwa.
• Iindawo ezinokukhula komhlwa, ezinje ngaphandle okanye kwindawo ezifumileyo, zinokuba yingozi kubantu abanemiba yokuphefumla njengoko umhlwa yinto yeoksidi enokuba yingozi xa uphefumlelwa.

Ukuthintela umhlwa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko

Ukuthintela umhlwa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, la manyathelo alandelayo anokuthathwa:

• Iinkqubo zokuhlola rhoqo kufuneka zibekho ukuchonga nokujongana nokukhula komhlwa kulwakhiwo nakwizixhobo.
• Umthetho kufuneka ubekhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavelisi banoxanduva lokuvelisa iimveliso ezikhuselekileyo nezingenayo irusi.
• Ukusebenzisa iimveliso ezinceda ukuthintela umhlwa, njenge-rust inhibitors kunye ne-coatings, kunokuba luncedo ekunqandeni ukukhula komhlwa.
• Ukudityaniswa kweekhemikhali, umoya kunye nokufuma zezona zinto zibangela umhlwa, ngoko ke ukugcina izinto zetsimbi zomile kwaye zicocekile kunokuthintela umhlwa.

Lumka! Ezi Mathiriyeli Zithanda Ukuba nomhlwa

Intsimbi ngumxube wentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni, nto leyo eyenza kube lukhetho oludumileyo kulwakhiwo kunye nokuveliswa. Nangona kunjalo, intsimbi yenye yezona ntsimbi zibalulekileyo ezirusayo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintsimbi, intsimbi irusila ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi xa ibekwe emanzini nakwioksijini. I-Steelcast kunye ne-ironwrought ziindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi ezinokurusa.

Intsimbi yokuphosa: Ayinamandla kangako xa ichasene nomhlwa

I-iron yi-alloy equlethe i-iron, ikhabhoni kunye nezixa-mkhondo zezinye izinto. Yenza xa intsimbi etyhidiweyo igalelwa kwi-cast, ngoko ke igama. I-cast iron yaziwa ngokumelana nokuguga nokukrazuka, kodwa ayomelele kangako xa ithelekiswa nomhlwa. Izinto ezenziwe ngentsimbi zinokurusa rhoqo, ngakumbi xa zisemanzini nakwioksijini.

Intsimbi eQiweyo: Irusa Ngaphantsi kunentsimbi kunye nentsimbi yokuphosa

Intsimbi eyotyiweyo luhlobo olusulungekileyo lwentsimbi enekhabhoni encinci kakhulu. Iyaziwa ngokuchasa i-rust kunye ne-corrosion, iyenza ibe lukhetho oludumileyo kwifenitshala yangaphandle kunye nezinto zokuhombisa. Intsimbi ekhandiweyo iyarusa ngaphantsi kwentsimbi kunye nentsimbi etyhidiweyo, kodwa isafuna ukukhuselwa emanzini nakwioksijini.

Intsimbi engatyiwayo: Ikhaka elichasene nomhlwa

Intsimbi estainless yialloyi equlethe i-iron, ichromium, kunye nezixa-mkhondo zezinye izinto. Ukudityaniswa kwezi zinto zenza umaleko okhuselayo okhusela isinyithi kwi-rust kunye ne-corrosion. Intsimbi engatyiwayo iphantse ingakwazi ukugqwala, nto leyo eyenza ibe lolona khetho luthandwayo kwizixhobo zasekhitshini, izixhobo zonyango, kunye nefenitshala yangaphandle.

Indlela Yokuthintela Umhlwa

Ukuthintela umhlwa kufuna ukusebenzisa ikhaka okanye ukhuseleko kwintsimbi. Nanga amanye amacebiso okuthintela umhlwa:

• Sula rhoqo ukoma nayiphi na isinyithi evezwe emanzini.
• Susa naziphi na iindawo zerusi ngokuzisula ngomxube wamanzi kunye neviniga.
• Faka idyasi yepeyinti kwintsimbi ukuyikhusela emanzini nakwioksijini.

Khumbula, kuphela i-iron kunye ne-alloys ezine-iron ezinokurusa. Ngoko ke, ukuba ufuna ukuphepha umhlwa, khetha iintsimbi ezifana nentsimbi engatyiwayo okanye intsimbi ekhandiweyo.

Izinyithi ezihlala zikhazimla: Isikhokelo seMpahla eNgadumbi

Umhlwa ngumhlwa kwizinto ezininzi zentsimbi, ezibangela ukuba zigqwese kwaye zithobeke ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kodwa ngaba ubusazi ukuba kukho iintsimbi ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa nomhlwa? Kweli candelo, siza kuphonononga iimpawu zezi ntsimbi kwaye kutheni zikwazi ukuhlala zimenyezela kwaye zikhangeleka zintsha nasemva kweminyaka zisetyenziswa.

Izinyithi ezingadusi

Nazi ezinye zesinyithi ezaziwa ngokuxhathisa kwazo umhlwa kunye nomhlwa:

• Insimbi engagqwali: Olu hlobo lwentsimbi luqulethe ichromium, edibana neoksijini ukuze yenze umaleko okhuselayo kumphezulu wesinyithi. Lo maleko ukhusela intsimbi ekudlekeni ngakumbi kwaye uyinceda ikwazi ukumelana nomhlwa.

• Ialuminiyam: Njengentsimbi engatyiwayo, ialuminiyam yenza umaleko okhuselayo weoksidi xa ibekwe emoyeni. Olu luhlu luncinci kwaye luyabonakala, ngoko aluchaphazeli ukubonakala kwesinyithi. I-Aluminiyam ikwakhaphukhaphu kwaye kulula ukusebenza nayo, iyenza ibe lukhetho oludumileyo kwizicelo ezininzi.

• Ubhedu: Ikhopha yintsimbi yendalo echasene nomhlwa edla ngokusetyenziswa kwiintambo zombane kunye nemibhobho yamanzi. Xa ibonakaliswe emoyeni nasemanzini, ubhedu lwenza ipatina eluhlaza ekhusela isinyithi ekungcoleni ngakumbi.

• Ubhedu: Ubhedu ngumxube wobhedu nezinc, kwaye luhlelwa “njengesinyithi esimthubi.” Ubhedu luxhathisa ukubola kunye nokonakala, kwaye luhlala lusetyenziswa kwizinto zokuhombisa kunye nezixhobo zomculo.

• Ubhedu: Ubhedu luxutywe nobhedu nezinye izinto, njengenkcenkce, ialuminiyam, okanye nickel. Iyaziwa ngokomelela kwayo kunye nokuxhathisa umhlwa, kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kwimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, iintsimbi, kunye nezinye izinto ezivezwe kwimozulu.

• Igolide kunye nePlatinam: Ezi zinyithi zixabisekileyo zixhathisa kakhulu ekudlekeni kwaye zingcoliswe, zizenza zilungele ubucwebe kunye nezinye izinto zokuhombisa.

Indlela Iintsimbi Zokuxhathisa Umhlwa

Ke, yintoni ngezi zinyithi ezivumela ukuba zixhathise umhlwa kunye nomhlwa? Nazi ezinye zezinto eziza kudlala:

• Iileya ezikhuselayo: Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, iintsimbi ezifana nentsimbi engatyiwa kunye nealuminiyam zenza umaleko okhuselayo xa zisemoyeni nasemanzini. Ezi maleko zikhusela intsimbi ekudlekeni ngakumbi kwaye ziyinceda ikwazi ukumelana nomhlwa.

• Ukunqongophala kwe-Iron: Umhlwa kwakheka xa i-iron idibana neoksijini kunye namanzi ukwenza i-iron oxide. Iintsimbi ezinentsimbi encinci okanye ezingenazo azifane zikwazi ukurusa.

• I-Chemical Reactivity: Ezinye iintsimbi zisebenza kancinci kunezinye, nto leyo ethetha ukuba mancinci amathuba okuba zenze iikhompawundi zeekhemikhali ezikhokelela kumhlwa kunye nomhlwa.

• Ukudityaniswa kwezinto: Ezinye iintsimbi, ezifana nobhedu, ziyakwazi ukuxhathisa umhlwa kuba ziyindibaniselwano yezinto ezahlukeneyo. Lo mxube udala intsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa kunawo nawaphi na amacandelo ayo.

Iindlela Zokudala Izinto Ezixhathisa Umhlwa

Ukuba ufuna ukwenza izinto ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa kunye nokubola, nazi ezinye iindlela zokuqwalasela:

• Ukugalela intsimbi: Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukwaleka into yentsimbi ngomaleko we-zinc, osebenza njengekhaka lomhlwa kunye nomhlwa.

• Imozulu: Ezinye iintsimbi, ezifana nobhedu kunye nobhedu, ziphuhlisa ipatina ekhuselayo ekuhambeni kwexesha xa zisesichengeni. Le patina isebenza njengekhaka ngokuchasene nomhlwa ongakumbi.

• Intsimbi engatyiwayo: Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, intsimbi engatyiwayo ayixhathisi kakhulu kumhlwa kunye nokudleka. Ukusebenzisa intsimbi engatyiwayo kwizinto eziza kuboniswa emanzini okanye ukufuma yindlela ekhawulezayo nelula yokuqinisekisa ukuba zihlala zingenamhlwa.

• ULondolozo lwarhoqo: Nezinyithi ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa kunye nomhlwa zifuna ugcino oluthile ukuze zihlale zikwimo ephezulu. Ukugcina izinto zicocekile kwaye zomile, kwaye uzigcine kude nokufuma, kunokunceda ukwandisa ubomi bazo.

Iindlela zokugcina umhlwa eBay

Enye yeendlela zokuthintela umhlwa kukugcina iimveliso zentsimbi ngokufanelekileyo. Nanga amanye amacebiso ekufuneka uwakhumbule:

• Gcina iindawo zentsimbi okanye iimveliso kwindawo enobumanzi obuphantsi okanye ngaphakathi kwindawo elawulwa yiqondo lobushushu kunye nokufuma ukuze uthobe umhlwa.
• Sebenzisa i-desiccant drying agents kwindawo yokugcina ukunciphisa amanqanaba omswakama.
• Sula rhoqo imiphezulu yesinyithi ukususa nakuphi na ukufuma okunokuba kuqokelelene.
• Gcina iziqwenga zentsimbi kwilaphu elomileyo okanye uzibophe ngeplastiki ukuze uzigcine zomile.

Isefu

I-galvanizing yinkqubo yokwambathisa intsimbi okanye intsimbi kwi-zinc ukuyikhusela kumhlwa. I-Zinc ixhathisa kakhulu kwi-corrosion, kwaye xa idibanisa nentsimbi okanye intsimbi, idala i-coating ekhuselayo ekhusela i-rust ekwenzeni. I-galvanizing yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokuthintela umhlwa, ngakumbi kwizincedisi zangaphandle okanye iintsimbi ezivuzayo ezisebenza kakhulu kwioksijini nakumanzi.

Ulondolozo rhoqo

Ukunyamekela iimveliso zentsimbi kubalulekile ukuze kuthintelwe ukuvela komhlwa. Nazi ezinye iindlela zokunciphisa umngcipheko womhlwa:

• Khulula nawuphi na umhlwa ngokukhawuleza xa ubonakala ukuthintela ukuba unganwenwi.
• Gcina imiphezulu yentsimbi yomile kwaye ugweme ukudibana neendawo ezimanzi.
• Sebenzisa umgangatho ophezulu we-rust-resistant-resistant okanye umaleko we-oxide okhuselayo ukunika ukhuseleko oluphezulu kumhlwa.
• Zihlole rhoqo iimveliso zentsimbi xa kukho imikrwelo, iintanda, okanye ezinye iimpawu zomonakalo ezinokubamba ukufuma kwaye zibangele ukuba kubekho umhlwa.
• Sebenzisa isinyithi esingenasici okanye ezinye iintsimbi ezixhathisayo ukunika ukhuseleko oluphezulu kumhlwa.
• Iimveliso zetsimbi eziqengqelekayo zenza ukuthungwa komphezulu okugudileyo okubambisa kwaye kubambe ukufuma okuncinci, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokwakheka komhlwa.

Ezinye iindlela zoThintelo

Nazi ezinye iindlela ezongezelelweyo zokuthintela umhlwa ukuba ungenzi:

• Sebenzisa iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo ezingasebenziyo kancinci kwioksijini nasemanzini, njengechromium okanye intsimbi engatyiwa.
• Ziqulathe iimveliso zetsimbi kwindawo eyomileyo ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokufuma ofikelela kumphezulu.
• Sebenzisa iimveliso zokuthintela umhlwa ezifumanekayo, ezifana nezithinteli zerust okanye iicoatings ezikhuselayo, ukunika umaleko owongezelelweyo wokhuseleko kumhlwa.
• Gcina iimveliso zetsimbi kude neendawo ezishushu okanye ezibandayo ezinokubangela ukuqina kwe-condensation kwaye kwandise umngcipheko wokwakheka komhlwa.

Khumbula, uthintelo lungundoqo xa kuziwa kumhlwa. Ngokuthatha amanyathelo ayimfuneko ukukhusela iimveliso zakho zentsimbi, unokuqinisekisa ukuba zihlala zingenamhlwa kwaye zikwimeko engcono kakhulu kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ukunyanga umhlwa: Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuguqula kunye nokukhusela isinyithi sakho

Xa kufikwa ekuphatheni umhlwa, kukho iindidi ezininzi zabaguquli abakhoyo kwimarike. Nazi ezona zixhaphakileyo:

• Iziguquli ezisekelwe kwi-Acid: Ezi ntlobo zeziguquli khemikhali ziguqula irusi ibe yiokside engasebenziyo. Ziqulethe i-asidi ye-phosphoric njengesithako sokuqala kwaye ziyaziwa ngesantya sokusabela ngokukhawuleza. Ukongeza, bathoba i-pH yomhlwa, ekhawulezisa ukusabela. Iziguquli ezisekelwe kwi-Acid zisetyenziswe kakuhle kwiindawo ezincinci zokuhlwa kwaye zifumaneka kwi-aerosol okanye iifom ezitshizwayo.

• Iziguquli ezisekelwe kwi-tannic acid: Ezi ziguquli ziqulethe i-tannic okanye i-asidi ye-ferric, eguqulela umhlwa ngokwekhemikhali ibe ngumaleko ozinzileyo, obomvu-bumdaka. Ziye zisetyenziswe kakuhle kwiindawo ezinkulu zerusi kwaye zifumaneka kwi-quart okanye i-gallon ubukhulu.

• Iziguquli ezisekelwe kwi-polymer ye-Organic: Ezi ntlobo zoguqulo ziqulethe uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwepolymer esebenza njenge-arhente evimbela ukurusa. Banika umaleko oqinileyo, owomileyo, kunye noluqilima olukhuselayo ngokuthe ngqo kumphezulu wesinyithi. Iziguquli ezisekelwe kwi-polymer ye-organic ziyafumaneka kuzo zombini iifom ze-aerosol kunye ne-sprayable.

Ukuphucula ukuKhuselwa komhlwa ngePeyinti

Ngelixa abaguquli be-rust banika umaleko okhuselayo, ukongeza ipeyinti kunokuphucula ngakumbi ukhuseleko. Nazi izinto ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni:

• Sebenzisa ipeyinti ekumgangatho ophezulu eyenzelwe ngokukodwa imiphezulu yesinyithi.

• Faka ipeyinti emva kokuba isiguquli somile ngokupheleleyo.

• Ukuba upeyinta kwakhona indawo endala, qiniseka ukuba uxobula nayiphi na ipeyinti evulekileyo kwaye usasaze umphezulu ngaphambi kokufaka isiguquli kunye nepeyinti.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, umhlwa yikhemikhali eyenzeka xa intsimbi idibana neoksijini namanzi. Yingxaki eqhelekileyo, kodwa ungayinqanda ngokuphatha isinyithi sakho ngokufanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, ungalibali ukugcina isinyithi sakho somile kwaye sicocekile! Uzakulunga. Enkosi ngokufunda!

NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.