ISilicone: IsiKhokelo esiGqibeleleyo kwiMbali, kwiKhemistri kunye noKhuseleko

Ii-Silicone zi-polymers ezibandakanya nayiphi na i-inert, zokwenziwa ikhompawundi eyenziwe ngeeyunithi eziphindaphindayo ze-siloxane, liqela elisebenzayo le-athomu ezimbini ze-silicon kunye ne-athomu ye-oksijini enye ehlala idityaniswa nekhabhoni kunye / okanye i-hydrogen. Ngokuqhelekileyo ziyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu kwaye zifana nerabha, kwaye zisetyenziswa kwizitywini. izinamatheliso, izinto zokuthambisa, amayeza, izinto zokupheka, kunye nokugqunywa kwe-thermal nombane.

Kweli nqaku, siza kugubungela iipropati ze-silicone kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa.

Yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga neSilicone

I-Silicone yimathiriyeli yepolymer eyenziwe ziimolekyuli ezibizwa ngokuba zii-siloxanes. Yinto ekhethekileyo eyenziwa yi-silicon, into yendalo efumaneka kwisanti kunye namatye, kunye ne-oxygen. Xa ezi zinto zimbini zidityanisiwe, zenza ikhompawundi equlathe amatyathanga amade e-monomers ephinda-phindayo, edityaniswayo ukwenza imveliso yokugqibela.

Iveliswa njani iSilicone?

I-silicone iveliswa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuxuba i-silicon ecocekileyo kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ukwenza ikhompawundi ye-silicone. Ikhompawundi ke igqithiswe kuthotho lweenkqubo zenzululwazi ukwenza imveliso yokugqibela eyenziwe ngamatyathanga amade okuphinda-phinda iimonomers. La matyathanga adityaniswe kunye ukuze enze i-polymer eyaziwa ngokuba yi-silicone.

Zeziphi iindlela eziphambili zokusetyenziswa kweSilicone?

I-Silicone sisixhobo esithandwayo esisetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zezona zinto ziqhelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-silicone ziquka:

• Ukudala ii-sealants kunye ne-adhesives ezingasetyenziselwa ukudibanisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye.
• Ukuvelisa izithambiso ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukunciphisa ukukhuhlana phakathi kweendawo ezihambayo.
• Ukudala ukugquma kwe-thermal kunye nombane okunokuthi kusetyenziswe ukukhusela izixhobo ezibuthathaka kubushushu kunye nombane.
• Ukwenza izinto zokupheka kunye nezinye iimveliso zasekhitshini ezingenayo ityhefu kwaye zixhathisa ubushushu.
• Ukudala izixhobo zonyango kunye nokufakelwa kwezinto ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo kwizigulane.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kweSilicone kunye neSilicone?

I-Silicone yinto enye, ngelixa i-silicones liqela lezinto ezenziwe nge-silicone. I-Silicones ngokuqhelekileyo inzima kwaye iqinile kune-silicone, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimveliso ezifuna umgangatho ophezulu womgangatho kunye nokusebenza.

Ukuvela kweSilicone: Ukusuka kwiCrystalline Silicon ukuya kwiMveliso yale mihla

Ngomnyaka we-1854, uHenry Sainte-Claire Deville wafumana i-silicon ye-crystalline, eyona nto yayifunyenwe kakhulu kwihlabathi lezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo. I-silicon yikhemikhali enophawu uSi kunye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-14. Yikristale eqinile, enqabileyo eqinileyo kunye ne-blue-grey metallic lustre, kwaye yi-tetravalent metalloid kunye ne-semiconductor. I-silicon yinto yesibhozo eqhelekileyo kwindalo yonke ngobunzima, kodwa ayifumaneki ngendlela ecocekileyo kwindalo.

Ukuzalwa kweeSilicones: UPhando lukaHyde kunye nokuQanjwa kweKipping

Kwi-1930, uJF Hyde waqhuba uphando lokuqala ukuvelisa i-silicones yorhwebo. Kamva, ngo-1940, isazi samachiza esiNgesi, uFrederich Stanley Kipping, esebenzisa uphando lukaHyde, wanika loo mathiriyeli igama elithi “silicones” kuba “yayibubumdaka obuncangathi”. U-Kipping wayenguvulindlela kwintsimi ye-organic chemistry kwaye waziwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe kwi-chemistry ye-silicones. I-Silicones liqela leepolima zokwenziwa ezenziwe ngamacandelo aphinda-phindayo e-siloxane, eyityathanga le-silicon etshintshanayo kunye ne-athomu ze-oksijini kunye namaqela e-organic adityaniswe kwii-athomu ze-silicon.

IKhemistry yeSilicones: Ulwakhiwo kunye nePolymer Chains

Ii-Silicones ngokuyimfuneko ziipolima ezineyunithi ephinda-phindayo ye-siloxane. Iyunithi ye-siloxane iqulethe i-athomu ye-silicon edityaniswe kwii-athomu ezimbini ze-oksijini, ezithi zifakwe kumaqela e-organic. Amaqela e-organic anokuba yi-methyl, ethyl, phenyl, okanye amanye amaqela. Iiyunithi ze-siloxane zinokudityaniswa kunye ukuze zenze amatyathanga anqamlekileyo okanye amatyathanga e-branched. Amatyathanga anokuthi adityaniswe ngokunqamlezileyo ukwenza inethiwekhi enemigangatho emithathu. Izinto ezibangelwayo ziyi-polymer ye-silicone eneentlobo ezininzi zeempawu.

Imveliso yangoku yeeSilicones: iCorning, iDow, kunye neHydrolysis

How to strip wire fast

Share

Watch on

Imveliso yanamhlanje ye-silicone ibandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kodwa indlela eqhelekileyo isekelwe kwi-hydrolysis ye-silicon compounds. Iikhompawundi ze-silicon ezifana ne-silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) okanye i-dimethyldichlorosilane (CH3) i-2SiCl2 iphendulwa ngamanzi ukuvelisa i-siloxanes. I-siloxanes ke ipholymerized ukwenza iipolima ze-silicone. Inkqubo inokuthi iqhutywe ngokusebenzisa iindidi ze-catalysts, kuquka i-acids ezifana ne-HCl okanye iziseko ezifana ne-NaOH.

Iipropati zeSilicone: Ezomeleleyo, eziNxina ngaManzi, kunye nezokugquma koMbane

I-Silicones inoluhlu olubanzi lweepropati, kuxhomekeke kumaqela e-organic afakwe kwii-athomu ze-silicon kunye nobude beentambo ze-polymer. Ezinye zeempawu ze-silicone ziquka:

• Yomelele kwaye yomelele
• Iyawakhaba amanzi
• Ukufakelwa kombane
• Ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu naphantsi
• Inert ngokwekhemikhali
• Iyahambelana

I-Silicones isetyenziswa kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kubandakanya:

• Ii-sealants kunye ne-adhesives
• Izinto zokuthambisa kunye neengubo
• Izixhobo zonyango kunye nokufakelwa
• Ukufakwa kombane kunye neebhodi zeesekethe
• Izithuthi kunye nezixhobo ze-aerospace
• Iimveliso zokhathalelo lomntu kunye nezithambiso

Umahluko phakathi kweeSilicones kunye nezinye iiPolymers

Ii-Silicones zahlukile kwezinye iipolima ngeendlela ezininzi:

• Iyunithi ephindaphindayo kwi-silicones i-siloxane, ngelixa ezinye iipolymers zineeyunithi eziphindaphindayo ezahlukeneyo.
• Ibhondi ye-silicon-oksijeni kwi-siloxane yomelele kune-carbon-carbon bond kwezinye iipolymers, ezinika ii-silicones iimpawu zabo ezizodwa.
• Ii-Silicones ziyakwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kunye nokuphantsi kunezinye iipolima.
• Ii-Silicones ziyakwazi ukumelana namanzi kunezinye iipolima.

Ikamva leSilicones: UPhando oluPhezulu kunye neeMveliso eziNtsha

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-silicones kuyaqhubeka nokukhula, kwaye iimveliso ezintsha ziphuhliswa ngamaxesha onke. Eminye yemimandla yophando oluphambili kwi-silicones ibandakanya:

• Ukuphuhliswa kwee-catalysts ezintsha ze-polymerization ye-siloxanes
• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-silyl acetates kunye nezinye iikhompawundi zokuguqula iimpawu ze-silicone
• Ukusetyenziswa kwe-asidi kunye nesiseko se-catalyzed reactions ukuvelisa iintlobo ezintsha ze-silicone polymers
• Ukusetyenziswa kweepolima ze-silicone ekubunjweni kweglasi kunye nezinye izinto

Igama elithi "i-silicones" lihlala ligama eliqhelekileyo elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezisekelwe kwi-silicone, kunye neempawu zezi zinto ziqhubeka zihlolisiswa kwaye ziqondwe.

Ukusuka kwiSanti ukuya kwiSilicone: Inkqubo enomdla yokuVelisa iSilicone

I-Silicone yipolymer esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiifom ezahlukeneyo kunye neemveliso. Inkqubo yokufezekisa iifom ezifunwayo ze-silicone ibandakanya uchungechunge lwamanyathelo afuna izinto ezifanelekileyo kunye neebhloko zokwakha. Nanga amacandelo kunye namanyathelo abandakanyekayo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa:

• I-Silicon: Ibhloko yokuqala yokwakha ye-silicone yi-silicon, enye yezona zinto zixhaphakileyo emhlabeni. Ibekwe yodwa ngokusila isanti yequartz kwaye igalele ubushushu kuyo, ifikelele kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kuma-2000 degrees celcius.

• I-Methyl Chloride: I-silicon ixutywe ne-methyl chloride, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-chloromethane. Le mpendulo ivelisa i-chlorosilane, eyona nto ingundoqo kwimveliso ye-silicone.

• Ukufudumeza: I-chlorosilane ifudunyezwa ukuze yenze i-dimethyldichlorosilane, eyisandulela kwi-silicone. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukusebenzisa ukushisa kumxube, ovuselela ukusabela kunye nokususa i-hydrochloric acid.

• I-Polymer Processing: I-dimethyldichlorosilane iye ixutywe namanzi ukwenza i-polymer. Le polymer inokuphinda iqhubekele phambili ukufezekisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ze-silicone, ezifana ne-elastomers, ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwenzeni iimveliso zerabha.

Ukubaluleka koLawulo loMgangatho kwiMveliso yeSilicone

Ukuveliswa kwe-silicone kufuna umgangatho ophezulu wokulawula umgangatho wokuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ihlangabezana nemigangatho efunekayo. Abavelisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba amacandelo afanelekileyo asetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuvelisa kwaye inkqubo iqhutywa phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Nazi ezinye zezinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngabavelisi:

• Ubushushu: Inkqubo yokuvelisa ifuna ukushisa okuphezulu, okunokuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso yokugqibela. Abavelisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba ubushushu bulawulwa ngononophelo ukukhusela nawuphi na umonakalo kwi-silicone.

• Ukwahlula uMqulu: Inkqubo yokuvelisa ibandakanya ukwahlula umthamo wokuphendula ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungakanani obufanelekileyo be-silicone iveliswa. Oku kufuna ukubekwa esweni ngononophelo kunye nolawulo lokusabela.

• I-Crosslinking: Ezinye iifom ze-silicone zifuna ukudibanisa ukufezekisa iipropati ezifunwayo. Oku kubandakanya ukudibanisa amakhonkco e-polymer kunye nokwenza into eyomeleleyo.

Iifom eziqhelekileyo zeSilicone kwiMarike

I-Silicone ifumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu lweemveliso, ukusuka kwizinto zasekhitshini ukuya kwizixhobo zonyango. Nazi ezinye zeendlela eziqhelekileyo ze-silicone kwimarike:

• I-Silicone ye-Low-Density Silicone: Olu hlobo lwe-silicone lusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwenzeni i-sealants kunye ne-adhesives.

• Elastomers: Ezi ziqhele ukusetyenziswa xa kusenziwa iimveliso zerabha, ezifana neegaskets kunye neO-rings.

• I-Silicone yobushushu obuphezulu: Olu hlobo lwe-silicone lusetyenziswa kwizicelo ezifuna ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, njengakwishishini le-aerospace.

IKhemistry yeSilicone: Ukuphonononga iiPropati kunye noLwakhiwo lwale Mathiriyeli eNxulumene neNgxaki

I-Silicone yimathiriyeli yokwenziwa eyenziwe ngesilicon, ioksijini, ikhabhoni, kunye neathom zehydrogen. Luhlobo lwepolymer, oku kuthetha ukuba yenziwe ngamatyathanga amade eemolekyuli ezenziwe ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yipolymerization. I-Silicone yenziwa ngendlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-hydrolysis, ebandakanya ukusabela kwiikhompawundi ze-silicon ngamanzi ukuvelisa i-siloxanes.

IKhemistry yeSiloxanes kunye neSilicone Polymers

I-Siloxanes ziibhloko zokwakha ze-silicone polymers. Zenziwa ngokusabela kweekhompawundi ze-silicon ngamanzi, ezivelisa ikhonkco le-silicon kunye ne-athomu ze-oxygen. Ikhonkco le-siloxane elibangelwayo linokuguqulwa ngakumbi ngokudibanisa amaqela e-organic, njenge-methyl okanye amaqela e-phenyl, ukuvelisa iindidi ezininzi ze-silicone polymers.

Enye yeepolymers ze-silicone eziqhelekileyo yi-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), eyenziwa ngokudibanisa amaqela e-methyl kwikhonkco ye-siloxane. I-PDMS iqinile, i-crystalline brittle solid and blue-grey metallic luster, kwaye ililungu leqela le-14 kwitafile ye periodic. Luhlobo lwe-silicone olusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimveliso yeesekethe ze-elektroniki kunye nezinye iimveliso ezifuna into eyomeleleyo, engenamanzi.

Iipropati zeSilicone kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo okuqhelekileyo

I-Silicone inenani leempawu ezizodwa ezenza ukuba ibe yinto eyaziwayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo. Ezinye zeempawu eziphambili ze-silicone ziquka:

• Ukuzinza okuphezulu kwe-thermal
• Ukumelana kwamanzi
• Ityhefu esezantsi
• Iimpawu ezilungileyo zokugquma umbane
• Ukugqithiswa kwerhasi ephezulu

Ezi zakhiwo zenza i-silicone ibe yinto eyaziwayo kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo, kuquka:

• Izixhobo zonyango
• Indawo zeMoto
• Izinto zombane
• Ii-sealants kunye ne-adhesives
• Iimveliso zokhathalelo lomntu

Ikamva leMveliso yeSilicone kunye noPhuhliso

Imveliso ye-silicone kunye nophuhliso luhlala luyindawo esebenzayo yophando kwiikhemisti kunye nenzululwazi yezinto. Iindlela ezintsha zokuvelisa iipolymers ze-silicone zicetywayo kwaye zivavanywa, kubandakanywa nokusetyenziswa kwe-ketone kunye ne-silyl acetates kwinkqubo ye-polymerization. Njengoko iipolima ezintsha ze-silicone ziphuhliswa, zinokuthi zifumane usetyenziso olutsha kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zamashishini kunye neemveliso.

Ukusetyenziswa kweSilicone ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo

I-Silicone sisithako esibalulekileyo kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswa kumacandelo okwakha kunye nezoshishino. Ukukwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nobushushu obuphantsi, ukumelana neekhemikhali kunye neoyile, kwaye uhlale uzinzile phantsi kweemeko ezigqithisileyo kwenza kube yinto ebalaseleyo yoluhlu lwezicelo, kubandakanya:

• Iingubo kunye ne-adhesives
• Iinsulators kunye izigcwalisi (nantsi indlela yokusebenzisa ezifanelekileyo)
• Izithambisi zeenjini zeemoto kunye nezixhobo
• Iioli ezikhethekileyo kunye neemveliso zokugqiba
• Ukucwenga kunye nokugqiba izinto

I-Electronics kunye ne-Aerospace Industries

Ii-Silicones zikwaqhele ukusetyenziswa kumashishini ombane kunye ne-aerospace ngenxa yeepropathi zazo ezizodwa, kubandakanya:

• Ukufakelwa okusebenzayo kunye nokuchasana nokushisa okuphezulu kunye neekhemikhali
• Ukukwazi ukuzalisa izithuba kunye nokubonelela nge-cushioning kumacandelo athambileyo
• Ukusebenza okuzinzile kunye nexesha elide kwiindawo ezigqithiseleyo

Izicelo zonyango kunye neZithambiso

Ijeli ye-silicone iyisithako esibalulekileyo kwiimveliso zonyango kunye ne-cosmetic ngenxa ye-biocompatibility ephezulu kunye nokukwazi ukulinganisa iimpawu zezicubu zomntu. Olunye usetyenziso olukhethekileyo lubandakanya:

• Ukufakelwa kwebele, ukufakelwa kwesende, kunye nokufakelwa kwe-pectoral
• Iibhanti kunye nokugqoka
• Iilensi zokujonga
• Unyango lwesiva kunye neemveliso zokhathalelo lwenxeba

Izicelo ezizodwa

I-Silicone ikwasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo ezizodwa, kubandakanya:

• Ukuveliswa kwerabha kunye ne-resin
• I-Microfluidis kunye namanye amacandelo achanekileyo
• Iimveliso zoshishino lwe-oyile kunye negesi
• I-adhesives esebenzayo kunye nexesha elide

Ikamva lezicelo zeSilicone

Njengoko itekhnoloji kunye neendlela zokucubungula ziqhubeka ziqhubela phambili, uluhlu lwezicelo ze-silicone luya kuqhubeka lukhula kuphela. Ukusuka ekuphuhliseni izinto ezintsha kunye neekhompawundi ukuyila iinxalenye ezithile kunye nezakhiwo, i-silicone iya kuhlala iyisithako esibalulekileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso kunye namashishini.

Kutheni iSilicone iluKhetho oluKhuselekileyo noluLungelelekileyo

I-Silicone lukhetho oludumileyo kwiimveliso ezininzi ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokhuseleko. Nazi ezinye izizathu zokuba:

• Akukho zi-Phthalates: Iiphthalates ziikhemikhali ezifumaneka rhoqo kwiiplastiki kwaye zinokuba yingozi kwimpilo yabantu. I-Silicone ayinayo i-phthalates, iyenza ibe yindlela ekhuselekileyo kuneplastiki.
• Akukho BPA: I-Bisphenol A (BPA) yenye ikhemikhali efumaneka kwiiplastiki ezinokuthi zibe nemiphumo emibi yempilo. I-Silicone ikhululekile kwi-BPA, iyenza ibe yindlela enempilo yokugcina ukutya kunye nokupheka.
• Impilo yaseKhanada ivunyiwe: Impilo yaseKhanada ithathe i-silicone yebanga lokutya ikhuselekile ekuphekeni nasekugcineni ukutya. Ayisebenzi ngokutya okanye iziselo, iyenza ibe lukhetho olukhuselekileyo lokusetyenziswa kwekhitshi.

Ukuqwalaselwa kwendalo

I-Silicone ayikhuselekanga kuphela ebantwini, kodwa ikwalukhetho olulungele ukusingqongileyo. Nasi isizathu:

• Ihlala ixesha elide: I-Silicone yinto ehlala ixesha elide enokuhlala iminyaka, ukunciphisa imfuno yokutshintshwa rhoqo kunye nenkunkuma.
• Inokuphinda isetyenziswe: I-Silicone inokuphinda isetyenziswe, inciphisa impembelelo yayo kokusingqongileyo.
• Ubuthi obuphantsi: I-Silicone yinto enetyhefu ephantsi, oku kuthetha ukuba ayikhuphi iikhemikhali ezinobungozi kwindawo engqongileyo ngexesha lokuvelisa okanye ukulahlwa.

ISilicone vs iPlastiki: Yeyiphi enye indlela eNgcono?

I-Silicone kunye neplastiki ziintlobo ezimbini zezinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Iplastiki zizinto zemveli eziye zasetyenziswa amashumi eminyaka, ngelixa i-silicone iyikhompawundi entsha ethe yafumana ukuthandwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Zombini izixhobo zineempawu zazo ezizodwa kunye nokusetyenziswa, kodwa kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwazo.

Umahluko kwiiPropati

Enye yeeyantlukwano eziphambili phakathi kwe-silicone kunye neplastiki yindlela eveliswa ngayo. I-Silicone iveliswa kwi-silicon, into eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, ngelixa iplastiki yenziwe kwiikhompawundi zokwenziwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-silicone ineempawu ezithile ezingenazo iplastiki, ezifana nokuba yinto ehlala ixesha elide kunye nobushushu. I-Silicone inokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kuneplastiki, iyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa ekuphekeni nakwizixhobo zokubhaka.

Ukufana kunye noMahluko kwimilo kunye nokuMoldability

Ngelixa i-silicone yomelele kuneplastiki, ayifani nokuguquguquka. Ayinakubunjwa ibe ziimo ezahlukeneyo njengetoti yeplastiki. Nangona kunjalo, i-silicone inokubunjwa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemilo, okwenza kube lukhetho oludumileyo lwempahla kunye nezixhobo zasekhitshini. Iplastiki isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwimpahla kunye nezixhobo zasekhitshini, kodwa ayihlali njenge-silicone.

Ukhuseleko kunye neePropati zoMbane

I-Silicone yaziwa nangokukhuseleka kwayo kunye neempawu zombane. Yinto engeyotyhefu engakhuphi iikhemikhali eziyingozi xa ishushubezwa, iyenza ikhuseleke ekuphekeni nasekubhakeni. Ikwasisithinteli sombane esilungileyo, sisenza ukuba silungele ukusetyenziswa kwizixhobo zombane. Iplastiki yona iyakwazi ukukhupha iikhemikhali eziyingozi xa ishushubezwa, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukupheka nokubhaka.

Ukucoca kunye nokuGcina

Xa kuziwa ekucoceni nasekugcinweni, i-silicone kunye neplastiki inezinye izinto ezifanayo kunye nokungafani. Zombini izixhobo zinokucocwa kwi-dishwasher, kodwa i-silicone yomelele kwaye inokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu. Iplastiki inokujika kwaye inyibilike kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, okwenza ukuba ingabikho ixesha elide kune-silicone.

isiphelo

Ke, i-silicone yimathiriyeli eyenziwe ngesilicon kunye neoksijini, kwaye isetyenziselwa izinto ezininzi. 

Uyabona ukuba kutheni ithandwa kangaka ngoku, akunjalo? Ngoko, musa ukoyika ukubuza imibuzo ukuba akuqinisekanga ngento ethile. Ungasoloko ucela uncedo kumhlobo wakho. 

Kwaye ungalibali ukujonga isikhokelo sethu ngolwazi olungakumbi malunga ne-silicone.

NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.