Yintoni isinyibilikisi? Izinyibilikisi zizinto ezinyibilikisa ezinye izinto, ezizenza zibe ngaphezulu utywala. Zisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kucoca iimveliso zokupeyinta kumayeza.
Kodwa wazi njani ukuba sisinyibilikisi? Makhe sijonge ukuba yintoni eyenza isinyibilikisi sibe sodwa.
Kule posi siza kugubungela:
Yazi izinyibilikisi: Isitshixo sokwenza izisombululo
Isinyibilikisi sisinyibilikisi esinyibilikisa isinyibiliki, esikhokelela kwisisombululo. Oku kuthetha ukuba isinyibilikisi siyinto enyibilikisayo, ngeli lixa isinyibiliki siyinto enyibilikiswayo. Izinyibilikisi zidla ngokuba lulwelo, kodwa zinokuba ziziqina, iirhasi, okanye ulwelo oluphezulu.
Amandla Amanzi njengesinyibilikisi
Amanzi sesinye sezona zinyibilikisi zisetyenziswa kakhulu ehlabathini ngenxa yesakhono sawo esisodwa sokunyibilikisa iindidi ezininzi zezinto. Oku kungenxa ye-polarity yayo ephezulu, evumela ukuba ihlukanise izibophelelo phakathi kwama-molecule kwaye ichithe ngokulinganayo kwisisombululo. Amanzi abuye abe yi-solvent ephezulu kwaye engathathi hlangothi, oku kuthetha ukuba inokudibaniswa noluhlu olubanzi lwe-solutes ngaphandle kokuchaphazela iimpawu zayo ezisisiseko.
Ukubaluleka kwezinyibilikisi kubomi bemihla ngemihla
Izinyibilikisi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwiimveliso zokucoca kunye nezinto zokhathalelo lomntu ukuya kumayeza kunye neenkqubo zemizi-mveliso. Umzekelo:
- Iswekile inyibilika emanzini ukwenza isisombululo esiswiti.
- Isisusi sepolisi yesikhonkwane sisebenzisa iacetone njengesinyibilikisi ukunyibilikisa ipolishi.
- Ipeyinti ebhityileyo isebenzisa umxube wezinyibilikisi ukunyibilikisa ipeyinti.
- Ipetroli isebenzisa umxube wezinyibilikisi ukwenza amafutha anokutshiswa enjinini.
Ihlabathi Elinomtsalane leSombulula
Xa sithetha ngezisombululo, sibhekisa kumxube wezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezisasazwa ngokulinganayo kwinqanaba lemolekyuli. Into ekhoyo ngesona sixa sikhulu ibizwa ngokuba sisinyibilikisi, ngelixa ezinye izinto zibizwa ngokuba yi-solutes. Ukunyibilikisa, kwelinye icala, kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa isinyibilikisi kwisinyibilikisi.
Ukubaluleka kokuSombulula kwiiNkqubo zeBhayoloji
Ukusombulula kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji, ngakumbi kubume kunye nokusebenza kweeproteni. Iiprotheyini zenziwe ngamatyathanga amade ee-amino acids ezigoqayo zibe kwimilo ethile. Ubume beprotheyini bumiselwa yintsebenziswano phakathi kwamatyathanga ecala le-amino acid kunye neemolekyuli ezinyibilikayo ezinyibilikayo. Ubukho beamolekyu zamanzi kwi-solvent budala indawo ye-hydrophilic (ethanda amanzi) enceda ukuzinzisa isakhiwo seprotheni.
Iziphumo zokuSombulula kwiSolutes
Ukukwazi kwesinyibilikisi ukunyibilika kwisinyibilikisi esithile kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka ukugqama kwesinyibilikisi, ubungakanani kunye nokumila kwayo. Ezinye izinyibilikisi, njengeswekile, ziphezulu kakhulu kwaye zinyibilika ngokulula emanzini. Ezinye, ezinje nge-hydrophobic (ezoyika amanzi) iikhompawundi njengeoyile, azinyibiliki kakuhle emanzini kodwa zinokunyibilika kwizinyibilikisi ezingapholiyo.
Indima yezinyibilikisi ekuSombululeni
Izinyibilikisi zinokuhlelwa ngokwepolarity yazo, kunye nezinyibilikisi zepolar ezifana namanzi anedielectric engaguquguqukiyo kunye nezinyibilikisi ezingaguqukiyo njengeoyile enedielectric engaguqukiyo. I-polarity ye-solvent idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuxazululeni ngenxa yokuba imisela amandla e-solvent ukwamkela okanye ukunikela ngee-electron. Izinyibilikisi kwincam yomhlaba zingcono ekusombululeni ii-ion kunye nezinyibiliki ezimhlophe, ngelixa izinyibilikisi ezingezizo ezimhlophe zingcono ekusombululeni izinyibiliki ezingezizo ezimhlophe.
Amandla okuSombulula kuYilo lweziyobisi
Ukusombulula yingqwalasela ebalulekileyo kuyilo lwechiza kuba luchaphazela ukunyibilika kunye ne-bioavailability yamachiza. Amachiza anyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini anokufunxwa ngumzimba, ngelixa amachiza anganyibiliki kakuhle anokufuna iidosi eziphezulu okanye ezinye iindlela zokuhambisa. Iipropathi zokusombulula iyeza zinokuchaphazela ukusebenzisana kwayo kunye neeprotheyini ezijoliswe kuzo kunye nezinye ii-biomolecules.
Ukuhlela izinyibilikisi: Isikhokelo sokuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo
Xa kuziwa ekuhleleni izinyibilikisi, i-polarity yinto ebalulekileyo. Izinyibilikisi ezikwincam yomhlaba zinesiphelo esilungileyo nesibi, ngoxa izinyibilikisi ezingezizo ezimhlophe zingenawo. Izinyibilikisi zinokuhlelwa ngokwepolarity yazo, izinyibilikisi zepolar zihlelwa njengeprotic okanye iprotic, kwaye izinyibilikisi ezingapholiyo zihlelwa njengezinto ezingaphiliyo okanye eziziphilayo.
Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zezinyibilikisi
Kukho iindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zezinyibilikisi, nganye kuzo ineempawu zayo ezithile kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo. Ezinye zezona ntlobo zixhaphakileyo zezinyibilikisi ziquka:
- Amanzi: Amanzi yi-solvent ye-polar ekwazi ukunyibilika uluhlu olubanzi lwee-compounds. Ithathwa njenge-protic solvent kwaye ine-dielectric constant constant.
- I-Ethanol: I-Ethanol yi-solvent ye-polar esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-biological and chemical applications. Ithathwa njenge-protic solvent kwaye ine-dielectric constant constant.
- I-acetone: I-acetone sisinyibilikisi se-polar esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwibhubhoratri. Ithathwa njenge-solvent ye-aprotic kwaye ine-dielectric constant constant.
- I-Hexane: I-Hexane sisinyibiliki se-nonpolar esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-organic chemistry. Ithathwa njenge-solvent ye-inorganic kwaye ine-dielectric constant ephantsi.
- I-Chloroform: I-Chloroform sisinyibilikisi se-polar esisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwilabhoratri. Ithathwa njenge-solvent ye-aprotic kwaye ine-dielectric constant ephantsi.
Amatyala aKhethekileyo: Izinyibilikisi ezintsonkothileyo
Ezinye izinyibilikisi zintsonkothile kakhulu kwaye azikwazi ukuhlelwa ngokulula ngokusekelwe kwi-polarity yazo, i-dielectric constant, i-boiling point, okanye i-flash point. Ezi zinyibilikisi ziquka:
- Iiswekile: Iiswekile zizinyibilikisi zepolar ezikwaziyo ukunyibilikisa uluhlu olubanzi lweekhompawundi. Zithathwa njengee-protic solvents kwaye zine-dielectric constant constant.
- Ulwelo lwe-Ionic: Ulwelo lwe-Ionic luhlawuliswa izinyibilikisi ezikhoyo kwimeko yolwelo kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Zinoluhlu olukhulu lwamanqaku okubilisa kwaye ziyakwazi ukutshabalalisa uluhlu olubanzi lwee-compounds.
- I-Metal Complexes: I-Metal complexes zizinyibilikisi eziqulethe into yentsimbi. Ziyakwazi ukuthwala iintlawulo zombane kwaye zithathwa njenge-solvents polar.
I-Multicomponent Solvents: Umxube oNxibeleleyo weZithako
Izinyibilikisi ezininzi luhlobo lwesinyibilikisi esibandakanya umxube weentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinyibilikisi. Ezi zinyibilikisi zikwabizwa ngokuba "zinyibilikisi zendalo yonke" ngenxa yokukwazi ukunyibilikisa uluhlu olubanzi lweekhompawundi. Izinyibilikisi ezininzi zenziwa zizinyibilikisi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezidityanisiweyo zenze isisombululo esinye. Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zezinyibilikisi ze-multicomponent ziquka:
- Acetate
- Xylene
- iToluene
- Ethanol
- UEthyl
- I-Butyl
- Acetone
- Cellosolve
- Mncinci
Kwenzeka ntoni xa i-Multicomponent Solvents yongezwa kwizinto?
Xa izinyibilikisi ze-multicomponent zongezwa kwizinto, izinto ezininzi zinokwenzeka ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko:
- Ukuba i-substance i-soluble kwi-solvent, iya kunyibilika ngokufanayo kwaye isasazwe kwisisombululo sonke.
- Ukuba i-substance ayinyibiliki kwi-solvent, iya kwenza isigaba esahlukileyo kwaye inokususwa ngokucoca okanye ezinye iindlela.
- Ukuba i-substance ibumba i-solvate kunye ne-solvent, i-compound entsha yenziwa eneempawu ezahlukileyo kuneyokuqala.
- Ukuba izinto ezongeziweyo kwi-solvent ye-multicomponent zisebenzisana kunye, i-emulsions okanye enye imixube eyinkimbinkimbi inokubumba.
Zeziphi ezinye ii-Real-World Applications ze-Multicomponent Solvents?
I-solvents ezininzi zineendlela ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwishishini lemichiza, kuquka:
- Iipeyinti kunye neengubo: I-solvents ezininzi zisetyenziswa njenge-thinners kunye ne-solvents kwipeyinti kunye ne-coating formulations.
- I-Pharmaceuticals: I-solvents ye-Multicomponent isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwamachiza ukunyibilika nokucoca iikhompawundi.
- Iimveliso zokucoca: Ii-solvents ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukucoca iimveliso zokunyibilikisa kunye nokususa ukungcola kunye nokungcola.
- Ukukhutshwa kwe-oyile kunye negesi: Izinyibilikisi ezininzi zisetyenziswa xa kutsalwa i-oyile negesi kumadama angaphantsi komhlaba.
I-solvents ye-Multicomponent ngumxube onzima wezithako ezinoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo kwihlabathi lemichiza. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zinyibilikisi ezisebenza ngayo kunye nendlela ezidibana ngayo nezinto ezahlukeneyo kubalulekile kuye nabani na osebenza kwishishini lemichiza.
isiphelo
Ke, yiloo nto isinyibilikisi esiyiyo – into enyibilikisa enye into. Izinyibilikisi zisetyenziselwa ukucoca, ukukhathalela umntu, kunye neemveliso zamayeza, kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.
Awunakukwazi ukuziphepha, ngoko ke kubalulekile ukwazi iimpawu zezinyibilikisi kunye nendlela ezichaphazela ngayo izinto ezizingqongileyo. Ke, ungoyiki ukuphonononga ilizwe lezinyibilikisi kwaye ufunde ngakumbi ngazo!
NdinguJoost Nusselder, umseki weZixhobo zeGqirha, umthengisi womxholo, kunye notata. Ndiyathanda ukuzama izixhobo ezitsha, kwaye kunye neqela lam ndiye ndenza amanqaku ebhlog anzulu ukusukela ngo-2016 ukunceda abafundi abathembekileyo ngezixhobo kunye neengcebiso zokwenza.
