I-adhesive into ehlanganisa izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ndawonye. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni, ekuhlanganiseni izincwadi, ngisho nakwezobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla. Kodwa kuyini ngempela? Ake sibheke incazelo kanye nomlando wokunamathela. Futhi, ngizokwabelana ngamaqiniso ajabulisayo mayelana nezinto ezinamathelayo.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokunamathisela, kodwa zonke zinento eyodwa efanayo: ziyanamathela. Kodwa inamathela kangakanani ngokwanele? Futhi ukukala kanjani ukunamathela? Ngizongena kulokho kulo mhlahlandlela.
Ngakho, yini ingcina? Ake sithole.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
- Inamathiselwe ku-Adhesive: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele
- Ukuvela Kwezinto Ezinamathelayo: Umlando Onamathelayo
- Ukunamathela: Isayensi Enamathelayo Ngemuva Kokubopha
- Izinto Ezinamathelayo: Iqiniso Elinamathelayo
- Ukuhlanganisa Konke: Ukusebenzisa Izinamathiselo
- I-Adhesive Yakho Ingahlala Isikhathi Esingakanani? I-Shelf Life of Adhesives
- Isiphetho
Inamathiselwe ku-Adhesive: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele
Ingcina, eyaziwa nangokuthi iglue, into esetshenziswa endaweni eyodwa noma zombili zezinto ezimbili ezihlukene ukuze zihlanganiswe ndawonye futhi zimelane nokuhlukana kwazo. Yimpahla engeyona eyensimbi eza ngezindlela nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ekuklanyweni kwesimanje kanye namasu okwakha. Ama-Adhesive atholakala ngezinhlobo ezingamakhulu, ngayinye inezici zayo ezihlukile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Ezinye zezinhlobo eziyinhloko zokunamathisela zihlanganisa:
- Izinamatheliso zemvelo: Lezi yizinto ezinamathelayo ezikhiqizwa ngezinto zemvelo ezifana nesitashi, amaprotheni, nezinye izingxenye zezitshalo nezilwane. Zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-glue" futhi zihlanganisa imikhiqizo efana neglue yesikhumba sezilwane, iglue ye-casein, nokunamathisela isitashi.
- Ama-Synthetic Adhesives: Lezi yizinto ezinamathelayo ezikhiqizwa ngokucubungula nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Kuhlanganisa imikhiqizo efana ne-polymer adhesives, ingcina encibilikayo eshisayo, nezinamatheliso ezisekelwe emanzini.
- Izinamatheliso ezisekelwe ku-solvent: Lezi yizinto ezinamathelayo ezinikezwa ngendlela ewuketshezi futhi zidinga ukuthi kusetshenziswe isincibilikisi. Ihlanganisa imikhiqizo efana nosimende ohlangene nosimende wenjoloba.
- Izinto ezinamathelayo eziqinile: Lezi yizinto ezinamathelayo ezinikezwa ngendlela eqinile futhi zidinga ukushisa, ukucindezela, noma amanzi ukuze zisebenze. Zihlanganisa imikhiqizo efana nezinti zeglue ezishisayo kanye ne-epoxy.
I-Adhesive Ilungiswa Kanjani?
Indlela yokulungiselela i-adhesive iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lokunamathisela olukhiqizwayo. Nokho, ezinye izinyathelo ezivamile zihlanganisa:
- Ukuhlanganisa izinto zokwakha ndawonye ngezilinganiso ezifanele
- Kucutshungulwa ingxube ukuze udale ukungaguquguquki okufunayo nombala
- Ukuvumela okunamathelayo ukuthi kome noma kwelaphe kuze kufike ezingeni lalo lokuqala lamandla
- Ukupakisha ingcina ukuze ithengiswe
Yiziphi izici ze-Adhesive?
I-Adhesive inenani lezinto ezibalulekile eziyenza ibe yinto ewusizo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ezinye zalezi zakhiwo zihlanganisa:
- Ukunamathela: Ikhono le-adhesive ukunamathela endaweni
- Ukubumbana: Ikhono le-adhesive ukuzibamba ndawonye
- I-Tack: Ikhono le-adhesive ukubamba endaweni ngokushesha
- Isikhathi sokusetha: Isikhathi esithathayo ukuze ingcina yome ngokuphelele noma ilapheke
- Impilo yeshelufu: Ubude besikhathi okunamathelayo kungagcinwa ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukuwohloka
- Ukuzwela amanzi, ukushisa, noma ezinye izici zemvelo: Ezinye izinto ezinamathelayo zizwela kakhulu kulezi zici kunezinye
- Amandla okubamba: Ikhono le-adhesive ukumelana nokuhlukana uma isisetshenzisiwe
Ukuvela Kwezinto Ezinamathelayo: Umlando Onamathelayo
Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka abantu besebenzisa izinto zokunamathisela. Ubufakazi bezinto ezifana neglue buye batholakala ezindaweni zasendulo ezisukela enkathini ye-Pleistocene, eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-40,000 edlule. Abavubukuli bathole ubufakazi bezinto zokunamathisela ezisetshenziswa abantu ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
- I-Birch bark tar: Ingcina endala eyaziwayo, eyaqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-200,000 edlule, yatholwa e-Italy. Yayakhiwe ngamagxolo e-birch nomlotha, kuxutshwe ndawonye futhi kushiswe ukuze kukhiqizwe inhlanganisela enamathelayo.
- Ubumba: Abantu basendulo babesebenzisa ubumba ukuze bahlanganise izingxenye zamathuluzi nezikhali zabo.
- Ingcina yezinyosi: AmaGreki namaRoma ayesebenzisa ingcina yezinyosi ukuze ahlanganise izingxenye zokhuni zeminsalo yawo.
- I-Ocher: Lesi sombala semvelo saxutshwa namafutha ezilwane ukuze kwakhiwe unamathisela osetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinto zobuciko eNkathini Yamatshe Ephakathi.
- I-Gum: Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo babesebenzisa inhlaka yezihlahla zomtholo njengento enamathelayo yokwakha.
Ukuthuthukiswa Kokukhiqiza Okunamathelayo
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu banweba uhla lwabo lwezinto zokunamathisela futhi bathuthukisa inqubo yokuyidala. Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa:
- Ingcina yezilwane: Le nto yokunamathisela yenziwa ngokubilisa amathambo ezilwane, isikhumba, nemisipha ukuze kukhiqizwe uketshezi olungasetshenziswa njengeglu. Yayivame ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinkuni kanye nokuhlanganisa izincwadi.
- Udaka lwe-lime: AmaGreki namaRoma asebenzisa udaka lwe-lime ukuhlanganisa amatshe nezitini ekwakheni.
- Iglue eliwuketshezi: Ngekhulu lama-20, kwasungulwa izingcina eziwuketshezi, okwenza kube lula ukufaka izinto ezinamathelayo endaweni engaphezulu.
Iqhaza Lesayensi Ekuthuthukisweni Kwezinto Ezinamathelayo
Njengoba isayensi ithuthuka, kwaba kanjalo nokwakhiwa kwezinto zokunamathisela. Ososayensi baqala ukutadisha izici zamakhemikhali ezinamathelayo futhi bahlola izithako ezintsha ukuze bakhiqize imikhiqizo eqinile nesebenza kangcono. Ezinye zentuthuko eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa:
- Izinamatheliso zokwenziwa: Ngekhulu lama-20, izinto zokunamathisela zokwenziwa zathuthukiswa, ezingahle zenziwe zivumelane nezinhlelo ezithile zokusebenza futhi zibe namakhono athuthukisiwe okubopha.
- Izinamatheliso ezincibilikayo ezishisayo: Lezi zinto ezinamathelayo ziqinile ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni kodwa zingancibilika futhi zifakwe endaweni engaphezulu. Zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukupakisha nokusebenza ngokhuni.
- Izinamatheliso ze-epoxy: Izinamatheliso ze-epoxy zaziwa ngamandla azo okuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ezihlanganisa insimbi, ipulasitiki, nokhuni.
Ukunamathela: Isayensi Enamathelayo Ngemuva Kokubopha
Ukunamathela yikhono le-adhesive ukunamathela endaweni. Kuhilela ukwakheka kwezibopho zamakhemikhali nezomzimba phakathi kwe-adhesive kanye ne-adherend. Amandla esibopho ancike emandleni e-intermolecular phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili.
Iqhaza Lama-Interface Forces
Amandla ahlanganayo adlala indima ebalulekile ekunamatheleni. Lawa mandla ahlanganisa amandla e-adsorption, mechanical, ngokomzimba, kanye namakhemikhali. I-Adsorption ihilela ukukhangwa kwezinhlayiya endaweni, kuyilapho amandla emishini ehlanganisa ukuthintana ngokomzimba phakathi kwe-adherend kanye ne-adherend. Amandla amakhemikhali ahlanganisa ukwakheka kwezibopho ezihlangene phakathi kwe-adherend kanye ne-adherend.
Izindlela Zokunamathela
Ukunamathela kuhilela izindlela eziningana, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukumanzisa: Lokhu kuhilela ikhono lokunamathela ukuze lisakazeke phezu kwendawo enamathelayo.
- Amandla angaphezulu: Lokhu kubhekisela kumandla adingekayo ukuze kuhlukaniswe okunamathelayo kokunamathelayo.
- I-engeli yokuxhumana: Lena i-engeli eyakhiwe phakathi kwe-adhesive kanye ne-adherend endaweni yokuxhumana.
- Umngcele wokusanhlamvu: Lena indawo lapho izinhlamvu ezimbili zihlangana khona endaweni eqinile.
- Isakhiwo se-polymer: Lokhu kubhekisela ekuhlelweni kwama-molecule ku-adhesive.
Ukubaluleka Kokunamathela Ekubopheni
Ukunamathela kuyisici esibalulekile enqubweni yokubopha. Inquma ikhono le-adhesive ukwenza umsebenzi walo oyifunayo. Izinga lokunamathela elidingekayo lincike ohlotsheni lwezinto ezihlanganiswayo, ukwakheka kwelunga, kanye nokusebenza okudingekayo.
Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezinto Ezinamathelayo
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokunamathisela, kuhlanganise:
- Izinamatheliso zamakhemikhali: Lezi yizinto ezinamathelayo ezakha isibopho samakhemikhali ne-adherend.
- Izinto ezinamathelayo ezibonakalayo: Lezi yizinamathiselo ezithembele emandleni e-intermolecular ukuze zihlangane ne-adherend.
- Izinamatheliso zemishini: Lezi yizinto ezinamathelayo ezithembele emandleni emishini ukuze ahlangane ne-adherend.
Amasu Ayinhloko Asetshenziswa Ekunamatheleni
Izindlela eziyinhloko ezisetshenziselwa ukunamathela zihlanganisa:
- Ukulungiswa kwendawo: Lokhu kuhilela ukulungisa ingaphezulu le-adherend ukuqinisekisa ukunamathela okuhle.
- I-Adhesive application: Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisa i-adhesive ebusweni be-adherend.
- Idizayini ehlangene: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuklama okuhlangene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukunamathela okuhle.
Ezinye Izindlela Zokunamathela
Kukhona ezinye izindlela zokunamathela, ezihlanganisa:
- Ukushisela: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuncibilika kwensimbi ukuze kwakheke ibhondi.
- I-Soldering: Lokhu kuhilela ukusebenzisa i-alloy yensimbi ukuhlanganisa izinsimbi ezimbili ndawonye.
- Ukuqiniswa kwemishini: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izikulufu, amabhawodi, noma ezinye izibophelelo zemishini ukuze uhlanganise izingxenye ezimbili.
Izinto Ezinamathelayo: Iqiniso Elinamathelayo
- Izinto zokunamathisela zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ezemvelo nezokwenziwa.
- Izinamathiselo zemvelo zikhiqizwa ngezinto eziphilayo, kuyilapho izinamathiselo zokwenziwa zenziwe ngamakhemikhali.
- Izibonelo zezinto ezinamathelayo zemvelo zifaka iglue eyenziwe ngamaprotheni ezilwane, ingcina esekelwe isitashi, nezinamatheliso ezenziwe ngenjoloba yemvelo.
- Izinamatheliso zokwenziwa zihlanganisa izinto zokunamathisela ezisekelwe ku-polymer, izinto zokunamathisela ezincibilikayo ezishisayo, nezinamatheliso ezisekelwe ku-solvent.
Isitoreji kanye Nempilo Yeshelufu Lezinto Ezinamathelayo
- Izinto ezinamathelayo kufanele zigcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile ukuze zingabomi noma zinamathele kakhulu.
- Impilo yeshelufu yezinto ezinamathelayo izoncika ekubunjweni kwayo kanye nendlela ecutshungulwe ngayo.
- Ezinye izinto zokunamathisela, ezifana nezinamatheliso ezincibilikayo ezishisayo, zineshelufu elifushane kunezinye futhi zingadinga ukusetshenziswa phakathi nesikhathi esithile ngemva kokukhiqizwa.
- Ngokuvamile, izinto zokunamathisela ezigcinwa isikhathi eside zingadinga ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe noma ukuxutshwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zisafaneleka ukusetshenziswa.
Ukuhlanganisa Konke: Ukusebenzisa Izinamathiselo
Uma kuziwa ekukhetheni i-adhesive efanele yohlelo oluthile, kunezici ezimbalwa okufanele zicatshangelwe. Lokhu kubandakanya:
- Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziyahlanganiswa
- Izinga elifunekayo lamandla okubopha
- Ubukhulu kanye nendawo yebhondi
- Amandla ashukumisayo isibopho esizowadinga ukumelana nawo
- Impilo yeshelufu oyifunayo yezingxenye eziboshiwe
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokunamathisela zenzelwe ukusebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukukhetha efanele umsebenzi. Ezinye izinhlobo ezivamile zokunamathisela zihlanganisa:
- Izinamathiselo eziqinile, ezisetshenziswa esimweni esincibilikisiwe bese ziqina njengoba zipholile
- Izinamathiselo eziwuketshezi, ezisetshenziswa esimweni esimanzi bese zisethwa noma zelashwe ukuze zakhe isibopho
- Izinamatheliso ezizwela ukucindezela, eziklanyelwe ukubopha lapho zithintana nendawo engaphezulu
- Izinamatheliso zokuthintana, ezisetshenziswa kuzo zombili izindawo bese zivunyelwa ukuba zome ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganiswe ndawonye
- Izinamatheliso ezincibilikayo ezishisayo, ezincibilika bese zifakwa endaweni eyodwa ngaphambi kokuba zihlanganiswe kwenye
Ukusebenzisa ama-Adhesives
Uma usukhethe ingcina efanele yesicelo sakho, yisikhathi sokuyisebenzisa. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zivame ukulandelwa lapho kufakwa ama-adhesives:
1. Lungiselela izindawo ezingaphezulu: Izindawo ezizohlanganiswa kufanele zihlanzeke, zome, futhi zingabi nakungcola okungase kuvimbele okokunamathelayo ekuhlanganeni kahle.
2. Faka i-adhesive: I-adhesive kufanele isetshenziswe ngokulandela imiyalelo yomkhiqizi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuyisakaza ngokulinganayo endaweni eyodwa, ukuyisebenzise ngephethini ethile, noma ukuyisebenzisela kuzo zombili izindawo.
3. Hlanganisa izindawo ezingaphezulu: Izingxenye ezimbili kufanele zihlanganiswe ndawonye ngenkathi okunamathelayo kusemanzi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuwaqondanisa ngokucophelela noma ukusebenzisa ingcindezi ukuze kuqinisekiswe isibopho esiqinile.
4. Vumela i-adhesive ukuthi isethe: I-adhesive kufanele ivunyelwe ukusetha noma ukwelapha ngokuvumelana neziqondiso zomenzi. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukuyishiya yome ngokwemvelo noma ukusebenzisa ukushisa noma amandla ukusheshisa inqubo.
Ukuhlola Ukusebenza Kwe-Adhesive
Uma i-adhesive isisetshenzisiwe futhi ivunyelwe ukusetha, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukusebenza kwayo. Lokhu kungase kuhilele ukulinganisa amandla ebhondi, ukuhlola amandla ayo okumelana namandla ashukumisayo, noma ukuhlola ikhono layo lokuvimbela ukugcwaliswa (ukusakazeka kokunamathela ngaphezu komugqa webhondi oyifunayo).
Kunezindlela eziningi ezingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukusebenza kwe-adhesive, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-tensile, okulinganisa amandla adingekayo ukunqamula isibopho
- Ukuhlolwa kwe-Shear, okulinganisa amandla adingekayo ukuze kuhlukanise izingxenye eziboshiwe
- Ukuhlolwa kwepeel, okulinganisa amandla adingekayo ukuze kucwecwe izingxenye eziboshiwe
- Ukuhlola okunamandla, okulinganisa ikhono lebhondi lokumelana nezingcindezi eziphindaphindiwe nezinkinga
I-Adhesive Yakho Ingahlala Isikhathi Esingakanani? I-Shelf Life of Adhesives
Kunezici eziningana ezingathinta impilo yeshalofu ye-adhesives, kuhlanganise:
- Izimo zokugcina: Izinto ezinamathelayo kufanele zigcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile ukuze kuvinjelwe izinguquko ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali. Ukuchayeka kumswakama, ukushisa, noma elangeni eliqondile kungabangela izinto ezinamathelayo ukuba ziwohloke ngokushesha.
- Ukwakheka kwezinto: Ukwakheka kwe-adhesive kungathinta impilo yayo yeshalofu. Amanye ama-adhesive aqukethe ama-antioxidants noma ama-UV stabilizers ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Ukuguga: Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinto ezinamathelayo zingaguga futhi zilahlekelwe izici zazo ezingokomzimba, njengokuvumelana nezimo noma amandla. Ukuguga kungasheshiswa ngokuchayeka ekushiseni, kumswakama, noma kumakhemikhali.
- Izinga lokushisa: Izinamathiselo zingazwela ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu angabangela izinto ezinamathelayo ukuba ziqine kakhulu noma zibe mncane kakhulu, kuthinte ikhono lazo lokuhlangana.
- Ukuhlola: Abakhiqizi benza izifundo ukuze bathole impilo yeshalofu yezinamatheliso zabo. Lezi zifundo zibandakanya ukuhlola amandla ebhondi enamathelayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi iqala nini ukwehla.
Idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi kanye nokusetshenziswa okunconyiwe
Ngokuvamile abakhi banikeza idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwezinamatheliso zabo, ngemva kwalokho okunamathelayo akufanele kusetshenziswe. Kubalulekile ukulandela imihlahlandlela enconyiwe yokusebenzisa kanye nokulahla ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi i-adhesive ihlala izinzile futhi iphephile ngamakhemikhali. Ukusebenzisa izinto ezinamathelayo eziphelelwe yisikhathi kungaholela esibophweni esibuthakathaka noma ngisho nokwehluleka kwesibopho ngokuphelele.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke, yilokho okunamathelayo nokuthi asebenza kanjani. Ziyinto ewusizo kakhulu ukuba nazo, futhi kufanele wazi okwengeziwe ngazo manje.
Ungasebenzisa izinto ezinamathelayo kuyo yonke into kusukela ekwakhiweni kuya ekuhlanganiseni izincwadi, ngakho ungesabi ukuzisebenzisa. Vele uqiniseke ukuthi usebenzisa uhlobo olufanele lomsebenzi futhi uzolunga.
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
