I-Aluminium: Izimpawu zayo, Ikhemistri, Nezehlakalo Zemvelo

I-Aluminium noma i-aluminium iyingxenye yensimbi emsulwa enenombolo ye-athomu engu-13. Yaziwa ngamandla ayo kanye nezakhiwo ezingasindi, okuyenza ibe yinto efunwa kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla.

Yiziphi Izinsiza Eziyinhloko Ze-Aluminium?

I-Aluminium inezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa, okuhlanganisa:

• Ukwakhiwa: I-Aluminium ivame ukusetshenziswa embonini yezokwakha ngenxa yamandla ayo nokuqina.
• Amandla kagesi: I-Aluminium isetshenziswa ezintanjeni zikagesi nasezintanjeni ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo okuphezulu.
• Izitsha nezitsha zasekhishini: I-Aluminium ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izitsha zasekhishini, izitsha, namathini ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala.
• Ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri nokulula: I-Aluminium iyingxenye ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni amabhethri nezilayishi ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezingasindi.

Ingakanani I-Aluminium Ekhiqizwayo?

I-Aluminium iyimpahla ekhiqizwa kakhulu, enezigidi zamathani akhiqizwa unyaka ngamunye yizinkampani emhlabeni jikelele.

I-Aluminium Ifika Ngamaphi Amafomu?

I-Aluminium iza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa amashidi, amapuleti, imigoqo, namashubhu. Ingabuye itholakale kumafomu akhethekile njengama-extrusions nama-forgings.

I-Aluminiyamu Idlala yiphi indima Emvelweni?

I-Aluminium inomthelela ophansi endaweni ezungezile uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinsimbi, njengoba ingagaywa kabusha futhi isetshenziswe kabusha. Lokhu kuyenza ibe into evamile kububanzi bemikhiqizo emisha ehlose ukunciphisa udoti nokukhuthaza ukusimama.

Ukuthola Umzimba Nge-Aluminium

• I-Aluminium iyinsimbi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-esiliva ezinze kakhulu ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo se-athomu.
• Inenombolo ye-athomu engu-13 futhi ingenye yezinto eziyinhloko ezikhona eMhlabeni.
• Ukucushwa kwe-athomu kwe-aluminium ngu-2, 8, 3, okusho ukuthi inama-electron amabili ezingeni lokuqala lamandla, ayisishiyagalombili kwesibili, namathathu asezingeni elingaphandle lamandla.
• Ama-electron angaphandle e-aluminium abelwe phakathi kwama-athomu, okunomthelela ekuxhumaneni kwayo kwensimbi futhi kuyenze isebenze kakhulu.
• I-Aluminium inesakhiwo sekristalu eyi-cubic kanye nerediyasi ecishe ibe ngu-143 pm.
• Inephuzu lokuncibilika elingu-660.32°C kanye nephuzu lokubila elingu-2519°C, okuyenza ikwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
• Ukuminyana kwe-aluminium kuphansi, kusuka ku-2.63 kuye ku-2.80 g/cm³, kuye ngengxubevange ethile.
• I-Aluminium icishe ithambile njengegolide futhi iyinsimbi yesibili ethambile, ilandela isiliva.
• Iphinde ibe yi-ductile ephezulu, okusho ukuthi ingadonswa ezintambo ezincane ngaphandle kokuphuka.
• Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinsimbi, i-aluminium inesisindo esiphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, enesisindo esingaba ngu-26.98 kuya ku-28.08 g/mol, kuye nge-isotopu.

Izici Physical

• I-Aluminium iyisici esivamile esitholakala kuqweqwe loMhlaba, lapho ngokuvamile ikhona ngesimo se-bauxite.
• Ikhiqizwa ngokuhlanganisa i-bauxite ne-sodium hydroxide bese i-electrolyzing ingxube ewumphumela.
• I-aluminium ehlanzekile iyinsimbi emhlophe ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kancane epholishwe kakhulu futhi inokukhanya okuncane.
• I-Aluminium imelana kakhulu nokugqwala, iyenza ifaneleke ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene lapho izovezwa khona ezintweni.
• Ine-conductivity ephezulu ye-thermal, okusho ukuthi ingadlulisela ukushisa ngokushesha nangempumelelo.
• I-Aluminium futhi ayinabo ubuthi, ayiyona i-magnetic, futhi ayishisi, iyenze ibe yinto eguquguqukayo kakhulu.
• Kuye nge-alloy, i-aluminium ingahluka ukusuka kokuthambile nokuthambile kuye kokuqina futhi kuqine.
• I-Aluminium ifaneleka kakhulu ukusakaza, ukukhanda, nokwenza, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okudumile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza.
• Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i-aluminium isiphenduke into ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezibonakalayo kanye nokukhululeka okungakhiqizwa futhi kucwengisiswe ngayo.
• Ngokwethebula le-periodic, i-aluminium iyisici esiphakathi nendawo, futhi izinze kakhulu ngenxa yokucushwa kwayo kwe-electron kanye nezakhiwo zokubopha.
• Amandla e-ionization e-aluminium aphakeme kakhulu, okusho ukuthi kudinga inani elikhulu lamandla ukuze kukhishwe i-electron ku-athomu ye-aluminium noma i-ion.
• I-Aluminium iyakwazi ukwenza ama-isotopes anhlobonhlobo, asukela ku-21Al kuya ku-43Al, enamandla asuka ku-0.05 MeV kuya ku-9.6 MeV.
• Izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ze-aluminium ziyenza ibe yinto eguquguqukayo kakhulu elungele uhla olubanzi lwezicelo, kusukela ekwakhiweni nasekuthuthweni kuya kugesi kanye nokupakishwa.

I-Aluminium: I-Chemistry Behind the Metal

• I-Aluminium yatholwa ngo-1825 ngusokhemisi waseDenmark uHans Christian Oersted.
• Kuyinsimbi yangemva kwenguquko enophawu u-Al kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-13.
• I-Aluminium iqinile ezingeni lokushisa legumbi futhi ine-valence yokuthathu.
• Inobubanzi obuncane be-athomu kanye ne-electronegative kakhulu, okuyenza ihlangane ngokuqinile nezinye izakhi ukwenza izinhlanganisela.
• Izici ze-aluminium zifaka phakathi ukuba yikhondatha enhle kagesi nokushisa, ukuba nokuminyana okuphansi, nokumelana nokugqwala.
• Ibalulekile empilweni yanamuhla futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zokwakha, ezokuthutha, nokupakisha.

Ukukhiqizwa Nokucwengisiswa Kwe-Aluminium

• I-Aluminium ikhiqizwa inqubo ye-Hall-Héroult, ehlanganisa i-electrolysis ye-alumina (Al2O3) ku-cryolite encibilikisiwe (Na3AlF6).
• Le nqubo idinga amandla futhi iyabiza, kodwa i-aluminium itholakala kabanzi futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa.
• Ikhono lokukhiqiza i-aluminium ngobuningi futhi ngenani eliphansi kakhulu lenze insimbi evamile emphakathini wanamuhla.
• Inqubo yokucwenga ibandakanya ukwengeza ezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-magnesium ukukhiqiza ama-alloys anezakhiwo ezithile.

I-Aluminium Emvelweni kanye ne-Aqueous Chemistry yayo

• I-Aluminium iyinsimbi eningi kakhulu oqweqweni loMhlaba, kodwa ayitholakali ngesimo sayo esimsulwa.
• Ivame ukutholakala kumaminerali afana ne-bauxite nobumba.
• I-Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) iyinhlanganisela evamile eyakha lapho i-aluminium iphendula nezixazululo ezinamanzi njenge-potassium hydroxide (KOH).
• Lapho kukhona amanzi, i-aluminium yakha ungqimba oluncane lwe-oxide ebusweni bayo, oluyivikela ekugxumeni okuqhubekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kanye nezicelo ze-Aluminium

• I-Aluminium inohlu olukhulu lokusebenzisa ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo, okuhlanganisa ukuba yilula, iqinile, futhi kulula ukusebenza ngayo.
• Ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni nasekwakheni, ezokuthutha, ukupakisha, kanye ne-electronics.
• I-aluminium ifanele ukwenza izingcezu ezincane, njenge-foil, nezingcezu ezinkulu, njengamafreyimu wokwakha.
• Ikhono lokuxuba i-aluminium nezinye izinsimbi livumela ukukhiqizwa kwama-alloys anezakhiwo ezithile, njengamandla nokumelana nokugqwala.
• Izinduku ze-Aluminium zivame ukusetshenziswa ezintambo zikagesi ngenxa ye-conductivity yazo enhle.

Umsuka we-Aluminium: Indlela Eyenzeka Ngayo Ngokwemvelo

• I-Aluminium iyisici sesithathu esitholakala ngobuningi obukhulu oqweqweni Lomhlaba, yenza cishe u-8% wesisindo sayo.
• Iyingxenye yenombolo ye-athomu ephansi kakhulu, enophawu u-Al kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-13.
• I-Aluminium ayitholakali esimweni sayo esihlanzekile emvelweni, kodwa kunalokho ihlanganiswa nezinye izakhi nezinhlanganisela.
• Kwenzeka ezinhlobonhlobo zamaminerali, kuhlanganise ne-silicates nama-oxides, kanye nesimo se-bauxite, ingxube ye-hydrated aluminium oxides.
• I-Bauxite iwumthombo oyinhloko we-aluminium, futhi itholakala ngobuningi emazweni athile, okuhlanganisa i-Australia, iGuinea, neBrazil.
• I-Aluminium iphinde yenzeke emadwaleni avuthayo njengama-aluminosilicates ku-feldspars, feldspathoids, nama-micas, futhi emhlabathini otholakala kuwo njengobumba.
• Ngokuqhubeka kwesimo sezulu, kubonakala njenge-bauxite ne-iron-rich lateite.

Isayensi Engemuva Kokwakhiwa Kwe-Aluminium

• I-Aluminium idaleka ku-nucleus yezinkanyezi ngokuhlangana kwe-fusion, futhi ikhishelwa emkhathini lapho lezi zinkanyezi ziqhuma njenge-supernovae.
• Ingabuye ikhiqizwe ngamanani amancane ngokushiswa kwezinto ezithile, njenge-magnesium, lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo.
• I-Aluminium iyinto ezinzile, futhi ayibhidliki kalula noma yonakaliswe ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.
• Inamandla ngokwedlulele futhi ayisindi, iyenza ibe yimpahla ebalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Ze-Aluminium Emvelweni

• I-aluminium ingaba khona ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngezimo etholakala kuzo.
• Ngendlela yayo eyinsimbi, i-aluminium iyinsimbi eqinile, edonsayo, futhi ethambile evame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo.
• Ingase ibe khona ngesimo sezinhlanganisela, njenge-aluminium oxide (Al2O3), eyaziwa ngokuthi i-corundum noma i-ruby.
• I-aluminium yomdabu, lapho i-elementi etholakala isesimweni sayo esimsulwa, ayivamile kakhulu futhi itholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezimbalwa emhlabeni jikelele, okuhlanganisa iNingizimu Melika neGreenland.
• I-Aluminium ingabuye ihlanganiswe nezinye izakhi, njenge-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo, ukuze yakhe izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) ne-aluminium oxide (Al2O3).

Ukusuka Emayini Kuya Ekwenziweni: Uhambo Lokukhiqiza Aluminium

• I-Bauxite iyinto eyinhloko esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni i-aluminium
• Itholakala ngobuningi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika, e-Afrika nase-Australia
• I-Bauxite iyidwala le-sedimentary eliqukethe ingxube yamaminerali, kuhlanganise ne-aluminium hydroxide, i-iron oxide, ne-silica.
• Ukuze kukhishwe i-bauxite, ochwepheshe basebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-blasting, ehilela ukusebenzisa iziqhumane ukuze kukhishwe inhlabathi engaphezulu nomhlaba ukuze kufinyelelwe ezindaweni ezinothile ezitholakala ngaphansi.
• I-bauxite embiwa ibe isigcinwa futhi ithuthelwe endaweni yokuhluzwa

Ukucwenga i-Bauxite ukuze Uthole i-Alumina

• Inqubo yokucwenga iqala ngokuhlanzwa kwe-bauxite ukuze kukhishwe noma ikuphi ukungcola, njengobumba nezinhlamvu zensimbi nezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo.
• I-bauxite ehlanziwe ibe isichotshozwa ibe izingcezu ezincane futhi yomiswe ukuze yakhe impushana eyomile
• Le mpushana ifakwa ethangini elikhulu, lapho ixutshwa khona nohlobo oluthile lwe-caustic soda futhi ifudunyezwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi
• Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okuwumphumela kukhiqiza into ebizwa ngokuthi i-alumina, into emhlophe, eyimpuphu
• I-alumina ibe isigcinwa futhi ithuthelwe endaweni yokuncibilikisa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokucubungula

Ukuncibilikisa I-Alumina Ukukhiqiza I-Aluminiyamu

• Inqubo yokuncibilikisa ihlanganisa ukuguqula i-alumina ibe insimbi ye-aluminium
• Indlela yamanje esetshenziswa emazweni amaningi ihilela inqubo ye-Hall-Heroult, enezinyathelo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuncishiswa kwe-alumina ibe i-aluminium oxide kanye ne-electrolysis ye-aluminium oxide ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi ye-aluminium.
• Ukwehliswa kwe-alumina ibe yi-aluminium oxide kuhilela ukufudumeza i-alumina nge-ejenti yokunciphisa, njengekhabhoni, ukuze kukhishwe umoya-mpilo futhi kukhiqizwe i-aluminium oxide.
• I-aluminium oxide ibe isincibilika ku-electrolyte encibilikisiwe bese ifakwa ngaphansi kwamandla kagesi ukuze kukhiqizwe insimbi ye-aluminium.
• Inqubo yokuncibilikisa idinga inani elikhulu lamandla futhi ivamise ukutholakala eduze nemithombo kagesi eshibhile, njengezitshalo zamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi.
• Umphumela wenqubo yokuncibilikisa imikhiqizo ye-aluminium yezinga eliphezulu esetshenziswa ezimbonini eziningi, ezihlanganisa ezokwakha, ezokuthutha, nokupakisha.

I-Aluminium: I-Versatile Metal Yohlelo Olubanzi Lwezinhlelo Zokusebenza

I-Aluminium iyinsimbi esetshenziswa kabanzi enohlu lwezinhlelo zokusebenza kuzo zonke izimboni ezahlukahlukene. Kuyinto engasindi, eqinile, futhi ehlala isikhathi eside okulula ukusebenza ngayo, okwenza kube ukukhetha okudumile ezinhlelweni eziningi. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene kwe-aluminium nezici eziyenza ibe yinto eguquguqukayo.

Izicelo Zokwakha Nokwakha

I-Aluminium iyinketho ethandwayo yokwakha nokwakhiwa ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezingasindi futhi zimelana nokugqwala. Ezinye zezicelo eziyinhloko ze-aluminium ekwakheni nasekwakheni zihlanganisa:

• Uphahla, i-cladding, nama-facade
• Amafasitela, iminyango, nezindawo zezitolo
• Hardware Architectural kanye balustrading
• Amasistimu wokudonsa amanzi kanye nama-drainage
• I-treadplate kanye ne-industrial flooring

I-Aluminiyamu iphinde isetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zemidlalo, njengezinkundla nezinkundla, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezingasindi futhi ezihlala isikhathi eside.

Izicelo Kwezokukhiqiza Nezimboni

I-Aluminium isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yokukhiqiza kanye nezimboni ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zemishini namakhemikhali. Ezinye zezicelo eziyinhloko ze-aluminium ekukhiqizeni nasembonini zifaka:

• Izintambo zikagesi kanye nezingxenye
• Ukwenziwa kwamathini eziphuzo nokudla
• Izitsha nezinto zokupheka
• Izingxenye zemboni yezokuthutha, okuhlanganisa izitimela nezimoto
• Ama-alloys okusebenza okuhlukahlukene kwezimboni, okuhlanganisa ama-catalyst nezinto ezimelana nokugqwala

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I-Aluminium iphinde isetshenziswe ngokujwayelekile njenge-foil yokupakisha kanye nokwahlukanisa ngenxa yekhono layo lokuguqula ukushisa kanye nokumelana kwayo namanzi nokomisa.

Aluminiyamu Alloys kanye nezicelo zabo

Ama-alloys e-aluminium akhiqizwa ama-alloying agents afana nethusi, i-zinc, ne-silicon ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zensimbi namakhemikhali. Ezinye ze-aluminium alloys ezivame kakhulu kanye nezicelo zazo zifaka:

• Ama-alloys asetshenzisiwe- asetshenziswa ekwenziweni kwezingxenye ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu kanye nokuhleleka okuhle
• Ama-Cast alloys- asetshenziswa ekwenzeni izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuphonswa emimoyeni eyinkimbinkimbi
• I-Kynal- umndeni wama-alloys athuthukiswe yiBritish Imperial Chemical Industries asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni izintambo zikagesi kanye nezingxenye

I-Global Market ye-Aluminium

I-Aluminium ingenye yezinsimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, enohlu lwezinhlelo zokusebenza kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene. Imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-aluminium ibalulekile, kanti iningi lokukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium livela eChina, lilandelwa yiRussia neCanada. Isidingo se-aluminium kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubeke nokukhula, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zezimoto nezokwakha, njengoba sikhula isidingo sezinto ezingasindi nezihlala isikhathi eside.

Ukusebenza nge-Aluminium: Amasu namathiphu

Uma kuziwa ekusebenzeni nge-aluminium, kukhona amasu namathiphu ambalwa angenza inqubo ibe lula futhi isebenze kahle:

• Ukusika: I-Aluminium ingasikwa kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amasaha, amashekeli, ngisho nomsiki webhokisi olula. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa ithuluzi elifanele lomsebenzi futhi uqikelele ukuthi ungalimazi impahla ngesikhathi senqubo.

• Ukugoba: I-Aluminium iyinsimbi ethambile uma kuqhathaniswa, eyenza kube lula ukugoba nokulolongwa kube izinhlobo ezahlukene. Nokho, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa indlela efanele ukuze ugweme ukubangela umonakalo noma ukushiya amamaki angabonakali.

• Ukujoyina: I-Aluminiyamu ingahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa ukushisela, ukubhinca, nokunamathisela. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo siqu kanye nebubi, kuye ngokuthi isicelo esithile.

• Ukuqeda: I-Aluminium ingaqedwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukupholisha, ukugcotshwa kwe-anodizing, nokudweba. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo ezihlukile futhi ingasetshenziswa ukudala ukubukeka nokuqeda okuhlukahlukene.

Izicelo

I-Aluminium isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi:

• Ukwakhiwa: I-Aluminium iyinketho ethandwayo yezinto zokwakha ngenxa yamandla ayo, ukuqina, kanye nezakhiwo ezingasindi.

• Ukupheka: I-Aluminium ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezitsheni zokupheka ngenxa yekhono layo lokuphatha ukushisa ngokushesha nangokulinganayo.

• Ukuxhumana kwesifunda namabhuloki: I-Aluminium ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukuxhumana kwesifunda namabhulokhi ngenxa yekhono layo lokuqhuba ugesi.

• Ukupakisha: I-Aluminium isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto zokupakisha ezihlukene, okuhlanganisa amathini, ucwecwe, ngisho namabhokisi amaqanda.

Impembelelo yemvelo

Nakuba i-aluminium iyinto ehlukahlukene kakhulu futhi ewusizo, kubalulekile ukucabangela umthelela wayo kwemvelo. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-aluminium kudinga amandla amakhulu futhi kungabangela umonakalo omkhulu endaweni ezungezile uma kungenziwanga ngendlela efanele. Kodwa-ke, kunezinhlobonhlobo zamasu nezinqubo ezingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-aluminium.

I-Environmental Impact of Aluminium Production

I-Aluminiyamu ikhemikhali enobuthi engaba nemiphumela eyingozi ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini. Uma ikhishelwa emanzini, ingabangela ukulahlekelwa kwe-plasma- kanye ne-hemolymph ions ezinhlanzi nezilwane ezingenamgogodla, okuholela ekuhlulekeni kwe-osmoregulatory. Lokhu kungaholela ekulahlekeni kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, okuholela ekwehleni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukwengeza, ukukhishwa kokukhishwa kwesibabule ngesikhathi kukhiqizwa i-aluminium kungaholela emvuleni ene-asidi, ephinde ilimaze imvelo yasemanzini.

I-Terestrial Ecosystems

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Aluminium nakho kunomthelela omkhulu kuma-ecosystem asemhlabeni. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kuvuleke indawo izitshalo ezikhiqiza i-aluminium, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwendawo yokuhlala kwezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane. Ukudedelwa kokungcola emoyeni kungalimaza impilo yemiphakathi eseduze nezilwane zasendle. Ukungcoliswa komhlaba kungenye indaba, njengoba amakhemikhali asetshenziswa ohlelweni lokukhiqiza angangena emhlabathini futhi alimaze impilo yezitshalo.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke usunayo, ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-aluminium nokuthi kungani iyinto ewusizo kangaka. Kuyinsimbi engasindi enamandla amakhulu, okuyenza ilungele ukwakha, ukuthutha, nokupakishwa. Futhi, ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayiyona i-magnetic, ngakho-ke kuphephile ukuyisebenzisa. Ngakho ungesabi ukuyisebenzisa! Ungakwazi ukuyisebenzise kabusha uma usuqedile ngayo.

Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.