Ipulasitiki ikhona yonke indawo. Kusukela ebhodleleni lamanzi ophuza kulo kuya ocingweni olisebenzisayo ukufunda lesi sihloko, wonke enziwe ngohlobo oluthile lwepulasitiki. Kodwa ziyini ngempela?
Amapulastiki yizinto ezenziwe ngabantu ezithathwe kuma-organic polymers, ikakhulukazi amakhemikhali e-petrochemicals. Ngokuvamile zibunjwa zibe izimo ezihlukahlukene nosayizi futhi zisetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene. Ayisindi, aqinile, futhi amelana nokugqwala namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Ake sibheke konke okumele ukwazi ngamapulasitiki.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
Ipulasitiki: Izakhiwo Zokwakha Impilo Yanamuhla
Ipulasitiki yizinto ezenziwe ngama-polymers, okungamaketanga amade ama-molecule. Lawa ma-polymer akhiwe ezingxenyeni ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-monomers, ngokuvamile ahlinzekwa ngamalahle noma igesi yemvelo. Inqubo yokwenza amapulasitiki ihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa lawa ma-monomers ndawonye bese uwadlulisela ezigabeni ezimbalwa ezihlukene ukuze aguqule abe yimpahla eqinile. Le nqubo ilula futhi ingenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okusho ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zamapulasitiki laphaya.
Izici Zepulasitiki
Enye yezinto eziyinhloko zamapulasitiki yikhono lawo lokubunjwa kunoma yikuphi ukuma. Amapulasitiki nawo amelana kakhulu nogesi futhi avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvikela izintambo zikagesi ezithwala ugesi. Amapulastiki anamathele kancane, okusho ukuthi angasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa izithako ezahlukene ndawonye. Amapulasitiki nawo amelana kakhulu namanzi, okuwenza alungele ukusetshenziswa ezitsheni zokugcina. Okokugcina, amapulasitiki alula, okusho ukuthi kulula ukuwathwala nokuyigcina.
Umthelela Wezemvelo Wepulasitiki
Ipulasitiki inomthelela omkhulu emvelweni. Amapulastiki awaboli, okusho ukuthi awabhidliki ngokwemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amapulasitiki angahlala emvelweni amakhulu noma izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ipulasitiki ingaba yingozi ezilwaneni zasendle, njengoba izilwane zingase zenze iphutha lezingcezu zepulasitiki njengokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulasitiki angakhipha amakhemikhali ayingozi endaweni ezungezile lapho eshiswa.
I-Etymology Ethakazelisayo Yegama elithi “Plastiki”
Kwezesayensi nokukhiqiza, igama elithi “ipulasitiki” linencazelo yezobuchwepheshe. Kubhekiselwa ezintweni ezingabunjwa noma zibunjwe kusetshenziswa amasu afana ne-extrusion noma ukucindezela. Ipulasitiki ingenziwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezinto zemvelo ezifana ne-cellulose kanye Isakhi izinto ezifana polyethylene.
Ukusetshenziswa “kwePlastiki” Ekwenziweni
Amapulasitiki asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zokukhiqiza, kusukela ezintweni zokupakisha kuya ezingxenyeni zezimoto. Enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ipulasitiki ukukhiqizwa kwamabhodlela neziqukathi. Amapulasitiki nawo asetshenziswa embonini yezokwakha, njengoba engasindi, aqinile, futhi amelana nokugqwala.
Amapulastiki angahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezintweni zawo ezingokwenyama namakhemikhali, kanye nesakhiwo nokucubungula kwawo. Nazi ezinye zezigaba ezivame kakhulu zamapulasitiki:
- Amapulasitiki ezimpahla: Lawa amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kakhulu futhi asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza. Ngokuvamile zakhiwe ngezakhiwo ezilula ze-polymer futhi zikhiqizwa ngevolumu ephezulu.
- Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela: Lawa mapulasitiki asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile futhi ngokuvamile akhiwa izakhiwo ze-polymer eziyinkimbinkimbi. Banokumelana okuphezulu kwe-thermal namakhemikhali kunamapulasitiki wempahla.
- Amapulasitiki akhethekile: Lawa mapulasitiki asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile akhiwa izakhiwo ze-polymer ezihlukile. Banokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-thermal namakhemikhali kuwo wonke amapulasitiki.
- Izinto eziqinile ze-amorphous: Lawa mapulasitiki anesakhiwo samangqamuzana esiphazamisekile futhi ngokuvamile asobala futhi ayaphuka. Zinezinga lokushisa eliphansi lokushintsha kwengilazi futhi zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukupakisha kanye nezimpahla ezibunjiwe.
- Izinto eziqinile ze-Crystalline: Lawa mapulasitiki anesakhiwo samangqamuzana a-odiwe futhi ngokuvamile awaboni futhi aqinile. Zinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokushintsha kwengilazi futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ezimpahleni ezincintisana nezinsimbi.
Yazi Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zepulasitiki
Amapulasitiki ezimpahla yizinhlobo zamapulasitiki ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ziyaziwa ngokuhlukahluka kwazo futhi zisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo yansuku zonke. Lawa mapulasitiki enziwe ngezinto ze-polymer futhi asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukwenza imikhiqizo esetshenziswa kanye. Ezinye zezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zepulasitiki zihlanganisa:
- I-Polyethylene: Le thermoplastic iyipulasitiki ethengiswa kakhulu emhlabeni, ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 akhiqizwa ngonyaka. Isetshenziswa emikhiqizweni eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa izikhwama zepulasitiki, amabhodlela amanzi, kanye nokupakisha ukudla.
- I-Polypropylene: Le polyolefin yaziwa ngendawo yayo ephezulu yokuncibilika futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni, ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi, nasezimotweni. Ibuye isetshenziswe emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yasendlini, okuhlanganisa iziqukathi zokudla, izitsha, namathoyizi.
- I-Polystyrene: Le pulasitiki yempahla isetshenziswa ezintweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukupakisha, ukwakhiwa, kanye nensizakalo yokudla. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukwakha imikhiqizo yegwebu, njengezinkomishi zekhofi nezinto zokupakisha.
Ipulasitiki yobunjiniyela: Ukukhetha Okuphezulu Kwezicelo Zobuchwepheshe
Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela ayisinyathelo esikhuphukayo sisuka kumapulasitiki ezimpahla ngokwezakhiwo zawo zobuchwepheshe. Zisetshenziswa kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene ezidinga ukusebenza okuphezulu, njengokwakhiwa kwezimoto nemishini kagesi. Ezinye zepulasitiki zobunjiniyela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- I-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS): Le thermoplastic yaziwa ngokumelana nomthelela omkhulu futhi ijwayele ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezinto zikagesi, izingxenye zezimoto, namathoyizi.
- I-Polycarbonate: Lepulasitiki yobunjiniyela yaziwa ngamandla ayo aphezulu futhi ijwayele ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwamalensi, izingxenye zemoto, nezinto zikagesi.
- I-Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Le thermoplastic ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amabhodlela neminye imikhiqizo yokupakisha ukudla.
I-Specialty Plastics: Okunye Kwezinto Zomdabu
Amapulasitiki akhethekile ayiqembu elihlukahlukene lamapulasitiki asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo. Zivame ukuthandwa ngaphezu kwezinto zendabuko, njengokhuni nensimbi, ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo eziyingqayizivele. Ezinye zepulasitiki ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zihlanganisa:
- Ama-Polyurethanes: Lawa mapulasitiki ahlukene ngamakhemikhali asetshenziswa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yegwebu, okokunamathela, nezinamatheliso.
- I-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Le pulasitiki ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni amapayipi, izintambo zikagesi, kanye nokubeka phansi.
- I-Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) kanye ne-Polycarbonate Blend: Le ngxube yepulasitiki ihlanganisa izici ze-ABS ne-polycarbonate ukuze kwakhe into eqinile, ehlala isikhathi eside, futhi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amakesi edivayisi ye-elekthronikhi nezingxenye zezimoto.
Ukuhlonza Ipulasitiki: Izisekelo Zokuhlonza Ipulasitiki
Amapulasitiki akhonjwa ngekhodi egxilwe kunxantathu omncane emkhiqizweni. Le khodi isiza ukuhlonza uhlobo lwepulasitiki esetshenziswa emkhiqizweni futhi isiza ngemizamo yokuvuselela kabusha. Nawa amakhodi ayisikhombisa kanye nezinhlobo zamapulasitiki abawahlanganisayo:
- Ikhodi 1: I-Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
- Ikhodi 2: I-High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
- Ikhodi 3: I-Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
- Ikhodi 4: I-Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
- Ikhodi 5: I-Polypropylene (PP)
- Ikhodi 6: I-Polystyrene (PS)
- Ikhodi 7: Amanye amaPlastiki (kuhlanganisa amapulasitiki akhethekile, afana ne-polycarbonate ne-ABS)
I-Plastic Fantastic: Uhla Olubanzi Lwezicelo Zepulasitiki
Ipulasitiki ingenye yezinto ezinkulu nezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, ezinohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziye zaba yingxenye yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Nazi izindlela ezimbalwa ezisetshenziswa amapulasitiki:
- Ukupakisha: Amapulastiki asetshenziswa kakhulu ekupakisheni, kusukela ezitsheni zokudla kuye ezintweni zokuthumela. Ukuqina nokuguquguquka kwamapulasitiki kuwenza alungele ukuvikela imikhiqizo ngesikhathi sokuthutha nokugcinwa.
- Izindwangu: Imicu yokwenziwa eyenziwe ngamapulasitiki isetshenziswa ezindwangu ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ezingutsheni kuya ku-upholstery. Lezi zinto zilula, ziqinile, futhi azikwazi ukuguga.
- Izimpahla zabathengi: Ipulasitiki isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezimpahla zabathengi, kusukela kumathoyizi kuya ezintweni zikagesi zasekhishini. Ukuguquguquka kwepulasitiki kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bakhe imikhiqizo esebenzayo futhi ejabulisa ngobuhle.
Ezokuthutha Nezogesi: Ipulasitiki Emshinini Nobuchwepheshe
Amapulasitiki nawo abalulekile embonini yezokuthutha ne-elekthronikhi, lapho izici zawo ezihlukile ziwenza alungele ukusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene:
- Ezokuthutha: Amapulastiki asetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezimoto neyomkhathi, lapho izakhiwo zawo ezingasindi futhi ezihlala isikhathi eside zizenza zilungele ukusetshenziswa kuyo yonke into kusukela ezingxenyeni zemoto kuya ezingxenyeni zendiza.
- I-Electronics: Ipulasitiki isetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini kagesi, kusukela kuma-smartphone kuya kumakhompyutha. Izakhiwo zokuvikela amapulasitiki ziwenza alungele ukuvikela izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezintekenteke emonakalweni.
Ikusasa Lepulasitiki: Izinto Ezintsha Nokusimama
Njengoba umhlaba uqaphela kakhulu umthelela wemvelo wamapulasitiki, kunokugxila okukhulayo ekuthuthukiseni ezinye izindlela ezisimeme. Nazi ezinye zezindlela imboni yepulasitiki esebenza ngayo ukudala ikusasa elisimeme:
- I-Bioplastics: I-Bioplastics yenziwe ngezinsiza ezivuselelekayo ezifana nesitashi sombila nomoba, futhi iyakwazi ukubola noma ivundiswe.
- Ukugaywa kabusha: Ukugaywa kabusha kwamapulasitiki kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba izinkampani eziningi nohulumeni betshala imali kubuchwepheshe obusha ukuze benze ukugaywa kabusha kusebenze kahle futhi kuphumelele.
- Ukuqamba okusha: Imboni yepulasitiki ihlale isungula izinto ezintsha, ngezinto ezintsha nezindlela zokukhiqiza ezithuthukiswayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lezi zindlela ezintsha zisiza ukudala ikusasa elizinzile lamapulasitiki.
Ipulasitiki kanye Nemvelo: Ubudlelwane Obunobuthi
Ipulasitiki, nakuba izinto eziwusizo neziguquguqukayo, zinamandla okulimaza imvelo. Inkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ayisiyintsha futhi ibilokhu ikhathaza ososayensi nezazi zemvelo iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Nazi ezinye zezindlela amapulasitiki angalimaza ngayo imvelo:
- Amapulasitiki akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali ayingozi nezinhlanganisela ezifana nama-phthalates ne-BPA angangena emvelweni futhi abangele ukulimala empilweni yomuntu.
- Lapho elahlwa, amapulasitiki angathatha amakhulu eminyaka ukubola, okuholela ekunqwabeleni kukadoti wepulasitiki ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu nolwandle.
- Imfucumfucu yepulasitiki ingalimaza izindawo zokuhlala futhi yehlise ikhono lemvelo lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okuthinta ngokuqondile izigidi zendlela yokuphila yabantu, amandla okukhiqiza ukudla, kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi.
- Imikhiqizo yabathengi eyenziwe ngamapulasitiki afana namathoyizi, ukupakishwa kokudla, namabhodlela amanzi ingaba namazinga ayingozi e-phthalates ne-BPA, angabangela izinkinga zempilo ezifana nomdlavuza, izinkinga zokuzala, nezinkinga zokukhula.
Izixazululo Ezingenzeka Enkingeni Yokungcoliswa Kwepulasitiki
Nakuba inkinga yokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ingase ibonakale ingaphezu kwamandla, zikhona izindlela umphakathi ongasebenza ngazo ukuze unciphise umonakalo obangelwa amapulasitiki. Nazi ezinye izixazululo ezingaba khona:
- Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye njengotshani, izikhwama, nezitsha.
- Khulisa imizamo yokuvuselela kabusha futhi ukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki angaboli.
- Khuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela ezisimeme esikhundleni sepulasitiki.
- Sekela izinqubomgomo nemithethonqubo ekhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ayingozi ekukhiqizeni ipulasitiki.
- Fundisa abathengi ngemiphumela eyingozi yamapulasitiki futhi ukhuthaze ukusetshenziswa okufanele.
Isiphetho
Ipulasitiki iyimpahla eyenziwe umuntu esetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. Zenziwe ngama-polymers okwenziwa, futhi asetshenziswa kuyo yonke into kusukela ekufakweni kuya ekwakhiweni.
Ngakho-ke, ungesabi amapulasitiki! Abalulekile ezintweni eziningi, futhi awanawo amakhemikhali ayingozi. Qaphela izingozi futhi ungazisebenzisi ngokweqile.
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
