Isitini siyimpahla yokwakha encane, engunxande. Kodwa futhi kuningi kakhulu kunalokho. Kuyingxenye ebalulekile yemboni yezokwakha futhi sekunezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ngakho ake sibheke ukuthi siyini isitini nokuthi sisetshenziswa kanjani.
Isitini ibhulokhi noma iyunithi eyodwa yenhlabathi egxotshiwe enobumba, isihlabathi nomcako, noma impahla kakhonkolo, eqiniswe umlilo noma yomiswe emoyeni, esetshenziswa ekwakheni amatshe. Izitini ezingasindi (ezibizwa nangokuthi amabhlogo angasindi) zenziwe ngenhlanganisela yobumba enwetshiwe.
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
Izitini: Ngaphezu Kwezibhulokhi Zokwakha Nje
Izitini ziwuhlobo lwempahla yokwakha ebilokhu isetshenziselwa ukwakha kusukela kudala. Ngokuyinhloko zakhiwe ngobumba, kodwa futhi zingenziwa ngezinye izinto noma amabhlogo wokwakha alashwe ngamakhemikhali. Izitini ziza ngosayizi abahlukahlukene, kodwa usayizi ojwayelekile cishe u-2.25 x 3.75 x 8 amayintshi.
Isitini Sesimanje
Nakuba igama elithi “isitini” ngokuyinhloko libhekisela entweni eyakhiwe ngobumba, izitini zesimanje zingenziwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namabhulokhi asimende namakhemikhali. Lezi zinto ezisetshenziswayo ezintsha zinikeza amandla amakhulu nokuqina, kodwa zingafika ngentengo ephezulu.
Amasayizi nezitini zezitini
Osayizi bezitini bangahluka kuye ngokuthi isifunda kanye nohlobo lokwakha. NgeSpanishi, izitini zibizwa ngokuthi “bloque” noma “ladrillo,” kuyilapho ngesiPutukezi zibizwa ngokuthi “tijolo.” Izitini zaseTurkey zaziwa ngokuthi "tuğla," futhi ngesiFulentshi zibizwa ngokuthi "brique." Ezinye izilimi zinamagama azo ezitini, okuhlanganisa isiCatalan, Dutch, Arabic, Czech, Danish, Indonesian, Thai, Vietnamese, Malay, German, Norwegian, Korean, Ukrainian, Italian, Russian.
Izitini zingaphinda zibe nokwakheka okuhlukene, okuhlanganisa unxande, isikwele, ngisho nokugobile. Angahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa udaka lukasimende, oluyingxube usimende, isihlabathi namanzi.
Ukuvela Kokwenza Izitini: Ukusuka Ezitini Zodaka Ezilula ukuya Ezinto Zokwakha Zesimanjemanje
Izitini bezikhona izinkulungwane zeminyaka, nezibonelo zakuqala ezisukela ku-7000 BC. Lezi zitini zatholakala eningizimu yeTurkey, endaweni yasendulo eduze nedolobha laseJeriko. Izitini zokuqala zazenziwa ngodaka futhi zomiswa elangeni, okwenza zibe yimpahla yokwakha elula nengokwemvelo eyayitholakala kalula ezindaweni ezifudumele.
I-Standalization of Brick Production
Njengoba ukwenza izitini kwanda kakhulu, izindinganiso zaqala ukuvela. Izitini zazikhiqizwa ngosayizi nezimo ezijwayelekile, futhi inqubo yokukhiqiza yaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, eRoma lasendulo, izitini zazikhiqizwa ngobukhulu nezimo ezihlukahlukene, futhi zazisetshenziselwa ukwakha yonke into kusukela ezindongeni kuya emiseleni yamanzi.
Iqhaza Lobungcweti Ekwenzeni Izitini
Ukwenza izitini kwakungeyona nje indaba yokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi nobuciko. Abakhi bezitini abanekhono bakwazi ukukhiqiza izitini ezibukeka kahle, ezinemimo evamile kanye nezindawo ezibushelelezi. Kwezinye izimo, izitini zazipendwe ngisho noma zihlotshiswe ukuze zengeze ebuhleni bazo.
Ukusuka kuClay kuya esitini: Inqubo Yokukhiqiza
Inqubo yokwenza izitini ihilela izinyathelo eziningana, kuqala ngokulungiswa kwezinto. Izinto ezidingekayo ekwenzeni izitini zihlanganisa ubumba, itshe eliphansi, umlotha wamakhoba elayisi, nomlotha wempukane. Ubumba olusetshenziselwa ukwenza izitini ngokuvamile luyinhlabathi enobumba, olubunjwa futhi lushiswe ngendlela eshiwo. Izithasiselo zingase zisetshenziselwe ukuguqula izici zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zobumba ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-iron oxide ingafakwa obumba ukuze lube nombala obomvu.
Ukuxuba kanye Ukubunjwa
Uma izinto sezikhona, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuxuba nokubumba. Ubumba luxutshwa namanzi ukuze lube ungqimba lwepulasitiki, bese lubunjwa lube uhlobo olufiselekayo. Inqubo yokubumba ingenziwa ngesandla noma ngokusebenzisa imishini. Isisindo sibe sesishiywa ukuze some, okungathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa kuye ngezinga lomswakama emoyeni.
Ukomisa Nokudubula
Ngemva kokuba izitini sezibunjiwe, ziyekwa ukuze zome elangeni noma eziko. Inqubo yokomisa ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izitini aziqhekeki ngesikhathi sokudubula. Uma izitini zomile, zishiswa kuhhavini lapho izinga lokushisa liphezulu. Inqubo yokudubula ihilela ukushisa izitini kuhhavini, okungathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa. Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nesikhathi sokudubula kuncike ohlotsheni lobumba olusetshenziswayo kanye nezakhiwo ezifunwayo zezitini.
Izithasiselo Neqhaza Lazo
Izithasiselo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni izitini. Bangasiza ekulondolozeni umhlaba wezolimo ngokusebenzisa udoti onjengomlotha werayisi nomlotha wokundiza. Lezi zinto zingashintsha ukuziphatha kobumba phakathi nenqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwenqwaba yepulasitiki nokunciphisa imiphumela emibi yezici zomzimba namakhemikhali.
Ukubaluleka Kwezinqubo Zokukhiqiza
Izinqubo zokukhiqiza izitini ziye zashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo lapho konke ukubumba kwenziwa ngesandla kuya ezinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi yokukhiqiza etholakalayo namuhla. Ukukhethwa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kusekelwe ekucatshangelweni okuningana, okuhlanganisa izinga lokuzenzekelayo elidingekayo, ubukhulu besizinda, kanye nohlobo lwezitini ezikhiqizwayo. Inqubo yokukhiqiza iyisici esibalulekile sokukhiqizwa kwezitini, njengoba inquma izici zomzimba namakhemikhali omkhiqizo wokugcina.
Izitini Ezixoshiwe Nezicelo Zazo
Izitini ezishisiwe zinikeza ukusebenza okuhle kwezobunjiniyela bomphakathi kanye nezicelo zokwakha. Zinezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswayo, ezihlanganisa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, izindonga nezinsika zesango. Izici ezingokomzimba namakhemikhali ezitini ezibasiwe zizenza zilungele ukusetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kokugeleza kwamanzi, njengalapho kwakhiwa amasistimu okukhipha amanzi.
Yenza ngezitini: Ukusetshenziswa Okuningi Kwezitini
Izitini zisetshenziselwe ukwakhiwa amakhulu eminyaka futhi ziyaqhubeka zikhethwa abakhi namuhla. Nazi ezinye zezindlela izitini ezisetshenziswa ngazo ekwakheni:
- Izindonga zokwakha: Izitini zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha izindonga kuzo zombili izakhiwo zokuhlala nezohwebo. Ziqinile, zihlala isikhathi eside, futhi zingamelana nesimo sezulu esibi.
- Ukugandaya: Izitini nazo zisetshenziselwa ukwakha ama-pavements nama-walkways. Ziyinketho ethandwayo yezikhala zangaphandle ngoba azikwazi ukumelana nokushelela futhi zingakwazi ukumelana nethrafikhi yezinyawo ezinzima.
- Iziko: Izitini ziyinketho enhle kakhulu yokwakha iziko ngoba azikwazi ukumelana nomlilo futhi ziyakwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Materials
Izitini ngokuyinhloko zakhiwe ngobumba, kodwa zingenziwa futhi ngezinye izinto ezifana nalezi:
- Ukhonkolo: Izitini zikakhonkolo zenziwa ngengxube kasimende, isihlabathi namanzi. Aqinile futhi ahlala isikhathi eside, okuwenza abe yinketho ethandwayo kumaphrojekthi wokwakha.
- Umlotha womlotha: Izitini zomlotha wempukane zenziwe ngengxube yomlotha wezimpukane, isihlabathi namanzi. Ayisindi futhi anobungani nemvelo, okuwenza abe yinketho edumile kumaphrojekthi wokwakha asimeme.
- Itshe: Izitini zamatshe zenziwe ngamatshe emvelo futhi zivame ukusetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuhlobisa. Ziqinile futhi zingangeza ukuthinta okuyingqayizivele kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo.
izinhlobo
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezitini ezitholakalayo, ngasinye sinezici zayo ezihlukile. Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zezitini:
- Izitini ezivamile: Lezi ziwuhlobo oluyisisekelo kakhulu lwesitini futhi zisetshenziselwa izinhloso zokwakha jikelele.
- Izitini ezibhekene: Lezi zisetshenziselwa ingaphandle lezakhiwo futhi zenzelwe ukujabulisa ngobuhle.
- Izitini zomlilo: Lezi zenzelwe ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu futhi zisetshenziselwa izindawo zokubasa nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezishisa kakhulu.
- Izitini zobunjiniyela: Lezi ziqine ngokwedlulele futhi zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zisetshenziselwa amaphrojekthi wokwakha asindayo.
Yakha
Ukwakha ngezitini kudinga ikhono nokunemba. Nazi ezinye zezinyathelo ezihilelekile ekwakheni ngezitini:
- Ukubeka isisekelo: Isinyathelo sokuqala sokwakha ngezitini ukubeka isisekelo. Lokhu kuhilela ukumba umsele nokuthela ukhonkolo ukuze kwakhiwe isisekelo esizinzile.
- Ukuxuba udaka: Udaka lusetshenziselwa ukubamba izitini ndawonye. Yenziwa ngengxube yesihlabathi, usimende namanzi.
- Ukubeka izitini: Izitini zibekwe ngendlela ethile ukuze kwakhiwe isakhiwo esiqinile nesiqinile. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokunaka imininingwane.
- Ukuqeda ukuthinta: Uma izitini sezisendaweni, isinyathelo sokugcina siwukwengeza noma yikuphi ukuthinta kokuqeda njengokukhomba nokuvala.
Amayunithi Ahlanganisiwe
Izitini zakhiwe ngamayunithi angawodwana adizayinelwe ukuthi alingane ngaphandle komthungo. Nazi ezinye zezimpawu zamayunithi ezitini:
- Usayizi: Izitini ziza ngosayizi abahlukahlukene, kodwa usayizi ovame kakhulu ngu-2 1/4″ x 3 3/4″ x 8″.
- Ukuthungwa: Izitini zingaba nokuthungwa okubushelelezi noma okumaholo, kuye ngenqubo yokukhiqiza.
- Umbala: Izitini zingenziwa ngemibala ehlukahlukene, ehlanganisa obomvu, onsundu, nompunga.
- Ukuma: Izitini zingaba unxande noma isikwele, kuye ngokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe.
Chaza Ngokungakahleleki
Nakuba igama elithi “isitini” ngokwesiko lichaza iyunithi ngokuyinhloko eyakhiwe ngobumba, manje selisetshenziswa ngokwethukela ukuchaza amayunithi enziwe ngezinye izinto noma ezinye izingqimba zokwakha ezilashwe ngamakhemikhali. Nazi izibonelo:
- Izitini zikakhonkolo: Lezi zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “izitini zikakhonkolo” nakuba zingenziwanga ngobumba.
- Amabhulokhi engilazi: Lezi ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi "izitini zengilazi" nakuba zingenziwanga ngezinto ezivamile zezitini.
- Amabhulokhi amagwebu: Lezi ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa ngokuthi "izitini zegwebu" nakuba zingenziwanga ngobumba noma ezinye izitini zendabuko.
Uhlangothi Olungaqinile Lwezitini
Izitini beziyimpahla yokwakha edumile amakhulu eminyaka, kodwa ziza nokulinganiselwa okufanele kucatshangelwe. Nansi eminye yemikhawulo okufanele uyikhumbule lapho usebenzisa izitini ekwakheni:
- Izitini azinamandla njengezinye izinto ezifana netshe noma insimbi, ezingakhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezakhiwo noma ezindaweni ezinomsebenzi ophezulu wokuzamazama komhlaba.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezitini kudinga ukupulasiteleka ukuze kuqedelwe iphrojekthi engakhuphula izindleko zokwakha.
- Isitini simunca amanzi azodala umswakama kanye nomonakalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
- Izitini azihlali isikhathi eside uma ziqhathaniswa netshe, okusho ukuthi zingase zingahlali isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezithile.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezitini okungaqinisiwe akufanelekile ezindaweni ezithandwa ukuzamazama komhlaba, futhi ukwakhiwa kwezitini eziqinisiwe kungase kungavikeleki njengezinye izinto uma kwenzeka ukuzamazama komhlaba.
- Izinhlobo ezithile zezitini zingaqukatha izakhi ezingafanele izinhlobo ezithile zokwakha noma amaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela.
Iqhaza Lokukhiqiza kanye Nezithako
Izinga lezitini lingahluka kuye ngokuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza kanye nezithako ezisetshenzisiwe. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzicabangele:
- Izitini ezishile zihlala isikhathi eside futhi zaziwa ngamandla azo, okwenza kube yisinqumo esithandwayo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nokwakhiwa.
- Izitini ezingashisiwe noma ezomiswe ngelanga ziwusizo ezingxenyeni ezithile zomhlaba lapho izinkuni zokubasa ziyindlala, kodwa aziqinile futhi aziqinile njengezitini ezishile.
- Izitini zomlotha ziwuhlobo olusha lwesitini olukhiqizwa kusetshenziswa umlotha wempukane, okuwumkhiqizo wezitshalo zamandla aphehlwa ngamalahle. Lezi zitini zinezinzuzo ezithile ngaphezu kwezitini zendabuko, kufaka phakathi ukufana okungcono ngosayizi kanye nesiphetho esibushelelezi.
- Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ekwenzeni izitini zingadlala indima enkulu emandleni nasekuqineni kwazo. Ngokwesibonelo, izitini ezenziwe ngesihlabathi esiqinile zingase zingabi namandla njengezo ezenziwe ngesihlabathi esicolekile.
Ukubaluleka Kokuqeda Nokugcina Izitini Zomile
Ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokuqina kwezakhiwo zezitini, kubalulekile ukucabangela inqubo yokuqeda nokugcina izitini zomile. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzikhumbule:
- Ukwakhiwa kwezitini kudinga ukupulasiteleka ukuze kuqedelwe iphrojekthi engakhuphula izindleko zokwakha.
- Izitini kufanele zilungiswe kahle ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi zisezingeni elihle futhi zilungele inhloso ehlosiwe.
- Izitini kufanele zigcinwe zomile ukuvimbela umswakama kanye nokulimala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokusebenzisa inkambo yokuvikela umswakama noma ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi umhlabathi ozungeze isakhiwo uhlelwe kahle ukuze kuvinjwe amanzi ukuthi angahlangani eduze kwesisekelo.
Ikilasi Lezitini kanye Nokusetshenziswa Kwazo Ekwakhiweni Kwezakhiwo
Izitini zihlukaniswa ngokusekelwe kunqubo yazo yokukhiqiza namandla azo. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzazi mayelana namakilasi ahlukene ezitini:
- Izitini ze-Class A ziqine kakhulu futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, futhi zifanele ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni ezithwala imithwalo.
- Izitini ze-Class B ziyefana nezitini ze-Class A kodwa ziqinile kancane.
- Izitini ze-Class C ziyizitini ezibunjiwe ezingaqinile njengezitini ze-Class A noma B, kodwa zisawusizo ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamaphrojekthi wokwakha.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwezitini ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kunomlando omude, futhi ziyaqhubeka ziyinketho ethandwayo yokukhanga kwazo kobuhle nokuqina. Ngokwesibonelo, eSan Francisco, izakhiwo eziningi zakhiwa kusetshenziswa izitini eziqinisiwe ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba ngo-1906 ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha kwazo ngokuzamazama komhlaba.
Isiphetho
Ngakho, yilokho okushiwo isitini. Isitini siyimpahla yokwakha esetshenziselwa ukwakha izindonga, futhi sekunezinkulungwane zeminyaka ikhona.
Awukwazi ukwakha indlu ngaphandle kwazo, ngakho kuhle ukwazi amaqiniso. Ngakho-ke, ungesabi ukubuza imibuzo futhi ungakhohlwa ukufunda lesi sihloko futhi maduze!
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
