Umbala: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Wezakhiwo Zomzimba nokunye

Umbala (isiNgisi SaseMelika) noma umbala (isiNgisi Sase-British) (bona umehluko wesipelingi) indawo yokuqonda ebonakalayo ehambisana nabantu nezigaba ezibizwa ngokuthi okubomvu, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuphuzi, nezinye. Umbala utholakala ku-spectrum yokukhanya (ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okukhanya ngokumelene nobude be-wavelength) okusebenzelana neso nokuzwela okubonakalayo kwama-receptors okukhanya.

Umbala ukuyo yonke indawo, kusukela ezingutsheni esizigqokayo kuya ezindongeni esizipendayo. Ukuzwa okubukwayo okubangelwa ukuvezwa noma ukudluliselwa kokukhanya. Iso lomuntu liyakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezigidi zemibala.

Ukuhlola Izakhiwo Zomzimba Zodaba

Uma sikhuluma ngezici ezibonakalayo zento, sibhekisela ezicini ezingabonwa noma zikalwe ngaphandle kokushintsha ubunikazi bento. Lezi zakhiwo zihlanganisa:

• Ukuminyana: inani lesisindo ngeyunithi ngayinye yevolumu yento
• Ukuncibilika kanye namaphuzu abilayo: izinga lokushisa lapho into ishintsha khona isuka kokuqinile iye oketshezini noma uketshezi ibe igesi.
• Umbala: isici esibonakalayo sento esiboniswa yi-substance
• Ukuqina: ukumelana kwento ukuthi iklwejwe noma ibotshwe
• I-Conductivity: ikhono lento ukwenza i-electric current
• I-Impedans: isilinganiso sokuphikisana nokugeleza kwamanje kagesi

I-Physical vs. Chemical Properties

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo zomzimba zihlukile kumakhemikhali. Nakuba izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zingabonwa noma zikalwe ngaphandle kokushintsha ubunjalo bento, izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zichaza indlela into ehlangana ngayo nezinye izinto ukuze kukhiqizwe izinto ezintsha. Ezinye izibonelo zezakhiwo zamakhemikhali zihlanganisa:

• I-reactivity: ikhono lento ethile yokusabela nezinye izinto ukukhiqiza izinto ezintsha
• Ukuvutha: amandla okuthi into ikwazi ukusha lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo
• Corrosiveness: ikhono lento ukugqwala noma ukuncibilikisa ezinye izinto

Imibala Eyisisekelo: Izakhiwo Zombala

Uma ukhuluma ngombala, into yokuqala efika engqondweni yimibala eyinhloko. Lena imibala eyisisekelo engakwazi ukudalwa ngokuxuba eminye imibala. Imibala emithathu eyinhloko ibomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nephuzi. Le mibala ibhekwa njengezakhiwo zombala ngoba ingahlanganiswa ukuze idale yonke eminye imibala.

Indlela Yokuxuba Imibala Eyisisekelo

Ukuxuba imibala eyinhloko kubalulekile ekudaleni ububanzi bemibala. Uma uhlanganisa imibala emibili eyinhloko, uthola umbala wesibili. Isibonelo, uma uhlanganisa okubomvu nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, uthola onsomi. Uma uhlanganisa okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuphuzi, uthola okuluhlaza. Uma uhlanganisa okubomvu nokuphuzi, uthola owolintshi. Ukuhlanganisa yomithathu imibala eyinhloko ndawonye kubangela umbala omnyama.

Iqhaza Lokumhlophe Emibaleni Eyisisekelo

Okumhlophe akubhekwa njengombala oyinhloko, kodwa kuyisici esibalulekile ekudaleni imibala ehlukene yemibala. Ukwengeza okumhlophe embala kuzoholela emthunzini okhanyayo, kuyilapho ukungeza okumnyama kuzoholela emthunzini omnyama. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-tinting ne-shading.

Ukufundisa Ubuciko Bokuxuba Imibala

Ukuxuba imibala kuyikhono elibalulekile lanoma yimuphi umculi noma umklami. Kudinga ukuzijwayeza nokuhlola ukuze uthole ukuqonda okuqinile kwenqubo. Nawa amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele uwakhumbule lapho uqala:

• Obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nophuzi imibala eyinhloko.
• Yonke eminye imibala idalwe ngokuxuba imibala eyinhloko ezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene.
• Ukuhlanganisa yonke imibala ndawonye akusoze kwakha umbala oyinhloko.
• Imibala yesibili yenziwa lapho uhlanganisa imibala emibili eyinhloko ndawonye—owolintshi, oluhlaza okotshani, nonsomi.

Amathuluzi Namasu

Ukuze uqale ukuhlanganisa imibala, uzodinga amathuluzi namasu abalulekile ambalwa:

• Isethi yamapende ngemibala ehlukene, okuhlanganisa imibala eyisisekelo neyesibili.
• Upende omhlophe nomnyama ukuze ukhanyise noma ube mnyama imibala.
• Iphalethi ongaxuba ngayo imibala.
• Ibhulashi noma ummese wephalethi ukuze uhlanganise imibala.
• Ucezu lwephepha noma ikhanvasi ozohlola kuyo amamiksi akho.

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Nazi ezinye izindlela zokukusiza uhlanganise imibala ngempumelelo:

• Qala ngamanani amancane kapende bese wengeza okuningi njengoba kudingeka.
• Engeza imibala emugqeni ukuze udale isikali sethoni.
• Hlanganisa imibala epholile nefudumele ukuze udale ukujula nokuqhathanisa.
• Sebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo zemibala ukuze udale ama-shades amaningi.
• Linga ngezilinganiso ezihlukene zemibala ukuze udale amamiksi ahlukene.

Ukudlala Ngemibala

Ukuxuba imibala kungaba umsebenzi ojabulisayo nowokudala. Nawa amathiphu angakusiza ukuthi uqalise:

• Chitha isikhathi esiningi uzama futhi uzame izingxube ezihlukene.
• Ungesabi ukwengeza umbala owengeziwe noma emibili emiksini.
• Khumbula ukuthi imibala ethile idinga amandla amaningi ukuxuba kuneminye.
• Qinisekisa ukuthi uxuba imibala kahle ukuze ugweme ama-streaks noma ama-patches angafuneki.
• Sebenzisa imibala ehambisanayo ukuze udale ukugqama okuqinile.
• Imibala efudumele ivame ukukhula, kuyilapho imibala epholile ivame ukuhlehla.
• Sebenzisa amathoni omhlaba ukuze udale ukubukeka kwemvelo okwengeziwe.

Imibala Ehambisanayo

Ukufanisa imibala kungaba yinto ekhohlisayo, kodwa kuyikhono elibalulekile ukuba nalo. Nawa amathiphu angakusiza ukufanisa imibala:

• Qala ngokudweba isikwele sombala ofuna ukuwufanisa.
• Hlanganisa izithunzi ezimbalwa ezihlukene zombala ofuna ukuwufanisa.
• Zama ngokukhanyisa noma ukwenza mnyama umbala ukuze uthole umthunzi ofanele.
• Sebenzisa i-gouache noma i-watercolor ukuze udale umbala ogcwele kakhulu.
• Engeza izendlalelo zopende ukuze udale ukujula nokugqama.
• Sebenzisa umbala ohambisanayo ukuze ugqamise umbala ofuna ukuwufanisa.

Ukudala Imiksi Ephelele

Ukwakha inhlanganisela ephelele kudinga isineke nokuzijwayeza. Nawa amanye amathiphu angakusiza ukuthi udale ukuhlanganisa okuhle kakhulu:

• Qala ngokuqonda okuqinile kwesondo lombala kanye nethiyori yombala.
• Linga ngezilinganiso ezihlukene zemibala ukuze uthole imiksi efanele.
• Sebenzisa isikali se-tonal ukuze sikusize ubone ama-shades ahlukene engxube.
• Khumbula ukuthi ukwengeza okumhlophe noma okumnyama kuzoshintsha i-hue yengxube.
• Sebenzisa imibala efanayo ukuze udale imiksi evumelanayo.
• Nciphisa inani likapende olisebenzisayo ukuze udale imiksi ecashile.
• Ukugcina irekhodi lamamiksi akho kungakusiza ukuthi uwenze kabusha esikhathini esizayo.

Imibala kanye nomthelela wayo emimoyeni yethu

Imibala idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke. Zithonya indlela esizizwa ngayo, indlela esicabanga ngayo nendlela esiziphatha ngayo. Imibala ingakha isimo sengqondo esithile, ivuse imizwa ethile, futhi ithinte ngisho nokuphila kwethu ngokomzimba. Kulesi sigaba, sizobhekisisa ukuthi imibala ingaba nomthelela kanjani emizweni yethu nokuthi kungani kubalulekile ukuyicabangela lapho uklama noma uhlobisa.

Imibala Nezincazelo Zayo

Imibala iqashelwa kabanzi njengenezincazelo ezithile nokuhlotshaniswa kwayo. Nazi izibonelo:

• Okubomvu: Lo mbala uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nentshiseko, uthando, kanye nesasasa. Kungabuye kubonakale njengolaka noma kushubile.
• Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka umbala opholile ovame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuzola, ukuzola, nokuzinza. Kungabuye kubonakale njengokudabukisayo noma okubuhlungu.
• Okuluhlaza: Lo mbala uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nemvelo, ukukhula, nokuvumelana. Kungabuye kubonakale njengomona noma umona.
• Okuphuzi: Okuphuzi umbala ofudumele ovame ukuhlotshaniswa nenjabulo, ukuba nethemba, namandla. Kungabuye kubonakale njengokuqapha noma ubugwala.
• Purple: Lo mbala uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nobukhosi, ukunethezeka, nokudala. Kungabuye kubonakale njengento engaqondakali noma engokomoya.
• Okumnyama: Okumnyama kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nobumnyama, imfihlakalo, nokuba yinkimbinkimbi. Kungabuye kubonakale njengento embi noma ecindezelayo.
• Okumhlophe: Okumhlophe kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nobumsulwa, ubumsulwa, kanye nokulula. Ingabuye ibonakale ibanda noma iyinyumba.

Imibala kanye Nezintandokazi Zomuntu Siqu

Wonke umuntu unezintandokazi zakhe siqu uma kuziwa imibala. Abanye abantu bakhetha imibala efudumele, ekhanyayo, kuyilapho abanye bekhetha amathoni apholile, athulisiwe. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uziqaphele:

• Izinketho zomuntu siqu zemibala zingathonywa izici ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa isiko, indlela akhuliswe ngayo, nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu.
• Eminye imibala ingase idume kakhulu noma ibe yimfashini ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa okuthandwa nguwe kungahluka kakhulu.
• Kubalulekile ukukhetha imibala oyijabulelayo futhi ozizwa ukhululekile ngayo, kunokumane ulandele amathrendi noma izimfashini zamuva.

Imibala Nokuklama

Imibala idlala indima enamandla ekwakhiweni, noma ngabe isemklamo wezithombe, imfashini, noma idizayini yangaphakathi. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzicabangele:

• Imibala ingasetshenziswa ukwakha isimo sengqondo noma umkhathi othile kumklamo.
• Inhlanganisela yemibala ehlukene ingakha imiphumela ehlukene futhi ivuse imizwelo ehlukene.
• Imibala ingasetshenziswa ukugqamisa izakhi ezithile zomklamo noma ukudala umehluko.
• Uma ukhetha imibala yomklamo, kubalulekile ukucabangela umlayezo wonke noma umuzwa ofuna ukuwudlulisa.

Imibala kanye Neseluleko Sochwepheshe

Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi yimiphi imibala ongakhetha kuyo iphrojekthi ethile noma idizayini, kungasiza ukucela iseluleko kuchwepheshe. Nawa amanye amathiphu:

• Abaklami nochwepheshe bemibala banganikeza imininingwane ebalulekile lapho imibala isebenza kahle ndawonye nokuthi yimiphi okufanele uyigweme.
• Bangakusiza futhi ukuthi ukhethe imibala efanele izethameli zakho ezihlosiwe noma izibalo zabantu.
• Izibonelo zamaphalethi ombala nezinhlanganisela zingaba usizo ekuboneni ngeso lengqondo ukuthi imibala ehlukene izosebenzisana kanjani.

Ukukhetha Umbala Kapende Ophelele: Indlela Yendlela

Isinyathelo 1: Cabangela Isimo Ofuna Ukusifinyelela

Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukuphequlula ama-swatches opende, cabanga ngesimo ofuna ukusidala ekamelweni. Ingabe ufuna lizizwe lithokomele futhi lifudumele noma ligqamile futhi linomoya? Khumbula ukuthi imibala ehlukene ingavusa imizwa ehlukene, ngakho gcina lokho engqondweni lapho wenza isinqumo sakho.

Isinyathelo sesi-2: Hlola Upende Ekukhanyeni Kwemvelo

Uma usunemibala embalwa engqondweni, yisikhathi sokuyihlola. Ungathembeli kuma-chips kapende amancane esitolo - angabukeka ehluke kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwekhaya lakho. Kunalokho, thatha ezimbalwa Context amabhodwe nopende ama-swatches amakhulu odongeni. Vumela upende ukuthi lome ngokuphelele bese ubheka imibala ngezikhathi ezihlukene zosuku ukuze ubone ukuthi ibukeka kanjani ekukhanyeni kwemvelo.

Isinyathelo sesi-3: Cabanga nge-Fish noma i-Sheen

Ukuqedwa noma ukukhanya kopende kungase kube nomthelela omkhulu ekubukeni okuphelele kwekamelo. Ngokuvamile kukhona ukuqedwa okune okuhlukene ongakhetha kukho: isicaba, igobolondo leqanda, i-satin, ne-semi-gloss. Isiphetho ngasinye sinikeza imiphumela ehlukene futhi sihlanganisa izindawo ezihlukene kangcono kunezinye. Khumbula ukuthi uma i-sheen iphakeme, upende uzocwebezela futhi ucwebezele.

Isinyathelo sesi-4: Khetha Umbala Oyinhloko bese Wengeza Ukugqama Kancane

Uma unenkinga yokunquma ngombala, qala ngombala oyinhloko bese wengeza ukugqama kancane. Isibonelo, uma uthanda okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, cabanga ukwengeza umthunzi ofudumele kancane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emiksini. Lokhu kuzoletha ukungaguquguquki ekamelweni ngenkathi kusakuvumela ukuthi udlale nge-shades ehlukene.

Isinyathelo sesi-5: Gcina Isitayela Sekhaya Lakho Engqondweni

Nakuba kubalulekile ukukhetha umbala owuthandayo, kubalulekile futhi ukugcina isitayela sekhaya lakho engqondweni. Uma unekhaya lesimanjemanje, umbala ogqamile nogqamile ungase usebenze kahle. Kodwa-ke, uma unekhaya lendabuko, umbala othuliswe kakhulu ungase ulingane kangcono.

Isinyathelo 6: Ungesabi Ukushintsha Izinto

Uma uzizwa ubambekile noma ungaqiniseki ngombala, ungesabi ukushintsha izinto. Zama umthunzi ohlukile noma uqedele ukuze ubone ukuthi usebenza kangcono yini. Khumbula ukuthi upende uyindlela elula futhi engabizi kakhulu yokuguqula igumbi, ngakho ungesabi ukudlala ngezinketho ezahlukene.

Isinyathelo sesi-7: Hlanza bese Ugawula Isikhala

Uma usunqume umbala, sekuyisikhathi sokuhlanza futhi usinde isikhala. Lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphetho ihlanzekile futhi upende uhlanganisa yonke indawo ngokulinganayo. Uma ungazethembi ikhono lakho lokusingatha lesi sinyathelo, cabanga ukuqasha umdwebi ochwepheshile ozosebenza njengomhlahlandlela.

Isinyathelo 8: Nikeza Ukugeleza Okuhle Phakathi Kwezingxenye Zegumbi

Okokugcina, qiniseka ukuthi umbala owukhethayo unikeza ukugeleza okuhle phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zegumbi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umbala kufanele uhambisane kuso sonke isikhala futhi ungagxili kakhulu lapho usuka endaweni ethile uye kwenye. Uchungechunge lwemichilo kapende lungaba usizo ekufinyeleleni lokhu kuvumelana.

Isiphetho

Ngakho, umbala uyinhlanganisela yamaza okukhanya avela ezintweni. Umbala uyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwethu, kusukela ekudwebeni kuya ekugqokeni kuya kwezobuciko. Kuyinto esiyijabulelayo nesiyijabulelayo, futhi manje usuwazi okwengeziwe ngayo. Ngakho-ke phuma uhlole umhlaba wemibala!

Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.