Ukhonkolo: Umhlahlandlela Ophelele Womlando, Izinhlobo, Nokukhiqiza

Ukhonkolo uyinhlanganisela ehlanganiswe ikakhulukazi amanzi, inhlanganisela, nosimende. Imvamisa, izithasiselo nokuqinisa (okufana ne-rebar) kufakwe engxubeni ukuze kuzuzwe izakhiwo ezifiselekayo ezibonakalayo zezinto eziqediwe. Lapho lezi zithako zihlanganiswa ndawonye, ​​zakha uketshezi olubunjwa kalula lube umumo.

Kulesi sihloko, ngizofaka umlando kakhonkolo, ukwakheka, kanye nokusetshenziswa.

Ukhonkolo: Into Engakholeki Ebumba Umhlaba Wethu

Ukhonkolo yinto eyinhlanganisela eyakhiwe ngesamba esihle nesiqinile esihlanganiswe nosimende owuketshezi oba lukhuni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Idalwe ngokuxuba amanzi, usimende, nezihlanganisi ezifana nesihlabathi, amatshe, noma itshe elichotshoziwe. Izinga likakhonkolo lincike ohlotsheni lwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, inqubo yokuxuba, kanye nefomula ethulwayo.

Ukhiqizwa Kanjani Ukhonkolo?

Ukhonkolo usetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yezokwakha ngenxa yokuqina nokuthembeka. Ikhiqizwa ngokuxuba amanani athile usimende, amanzi, kanye nezilinganiso efektri noma esizeni. Inqubo yokukhiqiza idinga ukulawula okuqinile phezu kwezingxenye kanye nenqubo yokuxuba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi oyifunayo namandla omkhiqizo wokugcina.

Yiziphi Izinhlobo Zokhonkolo?

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zikakhonkolo ezitholakalayo, ngayinye inezindawo zayo ezihlukile kanye nezicelo. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zikakhonkolo zihlanganisa:

• Ukhonkolo osakazwa ngaphambili: Lolu hlobo lukakhonkolo lukhiqizwa efekthri futhi lulethwe endaweni yokwakha ngamayunithi noma izimo ezikhethekile. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni zamatshe kanye ne-precast.

• Ukhonkolo ovamile: Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lukakhonkolo olusetshenziswa ekwakheni. Idalwe ngokuxuba usimende, amanzi, nama-aggregates esizeni.

• Ukhonkolo wamanzi: Lolu hlobo lukakhonkolo lunokugeleza okuphezulu futhi lungaxutshwa kalula futhi luthelwe ezindaweni eziqinile. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwebhuloho.

Yiziphi Izithako Ezidingekayo Zokhonkolo?

Izithako eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo ekukhiqizeni ukhonkolo zihlanganisa:

• Usimende: I-ejenti ebophayo ebamba ingxube ndawonye.

• Amanzi: Uketshezi oluvula usimende futhi luqale ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.

• Ama-aggregate amahle namahhadla: Izinto ezihlinzeka ngobuningi namandla kungxube.

• Ama-Admixtures: Kudingekile ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yekhonkrithi exubile.

Usetshenziswa Kanjani Ukhonkolo Ekwakhiweni?

Ukhonkolo usetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zokwakha, okuhlanganisa:

• Amabhuloho: Ukhonkolo uvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha amabhuloho ngenxa yamandla awo nokuqina kwawo.

• Izakhiwo: Ukhonkolo usetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ngenxa yokukwazi ukumelana nemithwalo esindayo kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu.

• Ama-Pavements: Ukhonkolo usetshenziselwa ukwakha izindlela eziqinile nezihlala isikhathi eside zemigwaqo, imigwaqo eseceleni, nezindawo zokupaka.

• Izakhiwo zokwenziwa: Ukhonkolo usetshenziselwa ukwakha izakhiwo zokwenziwa ezifana namadamu nezindonga ezibambayo.

Ukuvela Kokhonkolo: Kusukela Ezikhathini Zasendulo Kuya Osukwini Lwanamuhla

• Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inqubo yokwenza ukhonkolo yaqala ukushintsha, nezithako ezintsha nemiklamo ekhethekile ifakiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwayo.
• Ngekhulu le-19, uJoseph Aspdin wenza usimende wasePortland, owaqanjwa ngamatshe okwakha asezingeni eliphakeme ambiwa ePortland, eNgilandi.
• Lo simende wakhiqizwa ngokushiswa ushoki ogaywe kahle nobumba kuze kukhishwe isikhutha.
• Impahla ewumphumela yayibe isigaywa ibe impushana ecolekile futhi ixutshwe namanzi ukuze kwenziwe inhlama eyayingase isetshenziselwe ukwakha izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene.
• Namuhla, ukhonkolo ngokuvamile wenziwa ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimahhadlahhadla nezicolekileyo, ezifana netshe nesihlabathi, nosimende namanzi.
• Ukuxuba okuqondile kwezithako ezisetshenzisiwe kuncike emandleni afunayo nokusebenza kokhonkolo.

Ukubaluleka Kokhonkolo Ekwakhiweni Kwesimanje

• Ukhonkolo uyinto ebalulekile yokwakha ekwakhiweni kwesimanje, esetshenziselwa ukwakha yonke into kusukela ezakhiweni ezincane kuya ezakhiweni ezinkulu njengamabhuloho namadamu.
• Ikhono layo lokubunjwa libe yisimo esithile kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu nezinye izici zemvelo kwenza kube ukukhetha okudumile kumaphrojekthi wokwakha.
• Ukwengeza, ukhonkolo uyakwazi ukusetha futhi uqine ngisho nasezingeni eliphansi lokushisa, okwenza kube impahla eguquguqukayo engasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesimo sezulu.
• Ikhono lokulawula isikhathi sokumisa ukhonkolo libalulekile, njengoba livumela abakhi ukuthi basebenze nempahla futhi bayibeke endaweni oyifunayo ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukuqina.
• Amanzi amaningi angasuswa kukhonkolo ukuze kusheshiswe inqubo yokumisa, noma izithasiselo ezikhethekile zingafakwa ukuze zinciphise.
• Amandla kakhonkolo nawo ayisici esibalulekile, ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhonkolo ezinikeza amazinga ahlukahlukene wamandla nokuqina.
• Sekukonke, ukhonkolo usuhambe ibanga elide kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo wasendulo, futhi uhlala uyinto ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwesimanje.

Ukukhetha Imiksi Kakhonkolo Elungile Yephrojekthi Yakho

Uma kukhulunywa ngokhonkolo, i-mix design ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi yokwakha. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zemiksi kakhonkolo etholakalayo, ngayinye yakhelwe ukunikeza izakhiwo ezihlukile zokusebenza. Nazi ezinye zezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu:

• Ingxube Kakhonkolo Evamile: Lena ingxube kakhonkolo evamile esetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi amaningi wokwakha. Kuhlanganisa ingxube yezinhlamvu ezinhle nezimahhadla, usimende namanzi. Umgomo uwukwakha impahla eqinile, eqinile engakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo esindayo futhi imelane nezakhi.

• I-Lightweight Concrete Mix: Lolu hlobo lwemiksi luhlanganisa izilinganiso ezingasindi, njenge-shale enwetshiwe noma ubumba, ukuze kwakhiwe into elula kakhulu kunokhonkolo ovamile. Ilungele izakhiwo lapho isisindo siyinkinga, njengoba kunciphisa umthwalo esisekelweni kanye nezinye izakhi zesakhiwo.

• I-Heavy Concrete Mix: Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-spectrum, ingxube kakhonkolo esindayo ihlanganisa ama-aggregate aminyene, njengensimbi noma insimbi, ukuze kwakheke into enzima kakhulu kunokhonkolo ovamile. Ivamise ukusetshenziswa ezakhiweni ezidinga izinga eliphezulu lokuqina kanye nokumelana nomthelela.

• I-Bonded Concrete Mix: Lolu hlobo lokuxutshwa luhlanganisa izinto ezikhethekile, njengama-ejenti e-bonding noma imicu yensimbi, ukuze kwakhiwe into ekwazi ukumelana kakhulu nokuqhekeka nezinye izinhlobo zokulimala. Ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukhonkolo uzofakwa ngaphansi kwemithwalo esindayo noma ingcindezi enkulu.

• I-Plain Concrete Mix: Lolu uhlobo oluyisisekelo lwengxube kakhonkolo ehlanganisa kuphela izithako ezidingekayo, njengosimende, amanzi, nezihlanganisi. Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa amaphrojekthi amancane, njengamabhulokhi noma izingxenye zephrojekthi enkulu yokwakha.

Izinto Okufanele Uzicabange Lapho Ukhetha Imiksi Kakhonkolo

Ukukhetha inhlanganisela kakhonkolo efanele kuncike ezintweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa izidingo ezithile zephrojekthi kanye nezakhiwo zokusebenza zezinhlobo ezahlukene zengxube etholakalayo. Nazi ezinye izinto okufanele uzikhumbule:

• Umgomo wephrojekthi: Iyini inhloso eyinhloko yekhonkrithi? Ingabe ihloselwe ukuba into ethwala umthwalo, noma imane iyindawo ebushelelezi yephansi noma udonga?

• Uhlobo lokwakha: Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokwakha zidinga izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlanganisa ukhonkolo. Isibonelo, isakhiwo esiphezulu sizodinga ingxube ehlukile kunendlu yesitezi esisodwa.

• Ugqinsi lukakhonkolo: Ukhonkolo owugqinsi uzodinga ingxube ehlukile kunokhonkolo omncane, njengoba udinga ukwazi ukusekela isisindo esiningi.

• Izinto ezisetshenziswayo: Uhlobo lwama-aggregates nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ekuxubeni kuzothinta izakhiwo zokugcina zikakhonkolo. Isibonelo, ukusebenzisa imicu yensimbi kuzokwenza ukhonkolo umelane kakhulu nokuqhekeka.

• Inqubo yokulethwa kanye nokukhiqiza: Ezinye izinhlobo zokuxutshwa kukakhonkolo kulula ukuzikhiqiza nokuletha kunezinye. Izingxube ezomisa ngokushesha, isibonelo, zingaba indawo enhle yezingxube ezijwayelekile uma isikhathi siyinkinga.

Izinzuzo Zokusebenzisa Imiksi Kakhonkolo Elungile

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Ukusebenzisa ingxube efanele kakhonkolo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi. Nazi ezinye izinzuzo zokusebenzisa imiksi efanele:

• Ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe: Ukuxuba okulungile kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ukhonkolo unamandla adingekayo, ukuqina, nokumelana nokulimala ukwenza kahle ekusetshenzisweni okuhlosiwe.

• Ukuqedwa okubushelelezi: Ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlanganisa, ezifana nokhonkolo ongasindi, zingakha isiphetho esibushelelezi esilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.

• Ukuphila okude: Ukusebenzisa ingxube efanele kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ukhonkolo uhlala isikhathi eside futhi kudinga ukulungiswa okuncane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

• Ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe: Ingxube kakhonkolo yekhwalithi ephezulu ngeke ibe mancane amathuba okuthi ihluleke noma iqhekeke, inciphise ingozi yezingozi noma yokulimala.

• Uhlu olubanzi lwezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe: Izinhlobo ezahlukene zengxube kakhonkolo etholakalayo zivumela ububanzi bezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe, njengokugeleza, amandla okucindezela, nokuqukethwe kwamanzi, ukuze kufakwe ngokuvumelana nezidingo ezithile zephrojekthi.

Isayensi Engemuva Kwengxube: Ukuqonda Ukubunjwa Kokhonkolo

Ukhonkolo uyinto eyinhlanganisela equkethe izinto eziningana ezihlanganiswe ngesilinganiso esithile. Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zekhonkrithi yilezi:

• Usimende: Isici esibophezelayo esibamba ingxube ndawonye. Yenziwe nge-limestone, ubumba nezinye izinto ezigaywayo zibe yimpushana.
• Amanzi: Uketshezi oluvula usimende futhi luwenze uqine.
• Ama-aggregates: Izinto ezakha inqwaba yengxube. Ngokuvamile zenziwa ngezinhlayiya ezinhle nezimahhadlahhadla njengesihlabathi, amatshe, itshe elichotshoziwe, nokhonkolo ogaywe kabusha.
• I-Admixtures: Amakhemikhali afakwa kungxube ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwayo noma ukwehlisa izindleko zayo. Zingasetshenziselwa ukwandisa amandla, ukusebenza, noma ukuqina kukakhonkolo.

Inqubo Yokuxuba

Inqubo yokwenza ukhonkolo ihilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa:

• Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zigcinwa ezitsheni ezihlukene bese zihlanganiswa esitshalweni sokuxutshwa.
• Izithako ezomile zihlanganiswa kuqala, bese amanzi engezwa ukwenza ingxube emanzi.
• Ingxube ibe isibekwa ibe amafomu futhi ivunyelwe ukuba iqine ibe yisimo oyifunayo.
• Khona-ke ukhonkolo uye welapheka, okuhlanganisa ukuwugcina uswakeme futhi usezingeni lokushisa elithile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubeka kahle.

Iqhaza likaSimende

I-Cement iyingxenye ebiza kakhulu yekhonkrithi, futhi izinga layo kanye nohlobo kungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza komkhiqizo wokugcina. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zikasimende, ngayinye inezici zayo kanye nezidingo zokucubungula:

• I-Portland Cement: Uhlobo lukasimende olusetshenziswa kakhulu, oluqanjwe ngetshe elambiwa e-Isle of Portland eNgilandi. Iqukethe isigaba esisodwa futhi yakhiwe i-calcium, i-silicon, i-aluminium, nensimbi.
• Usimende ohlanganisiwe: Uhlobo lukasimende oluhlanganisa usimende wase-Portland nezinye izinto ezifana nomlotha wempukane noma i-slag ukwehlisa izindleko zawo noma ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwawo.
• Usimende omhlophe: Uhlobo lukasimende olwenziwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezimhlophe ngokwemvelo, njenge-limestone, ubumba nesihlabathi. Isetshenziselwa izinjongo zokuhlobisa futhi inokuqukethwe kwensimbi ephansi kanye ne-manganese kunosimende wasePortland.
• Usimende othuthukisiwe: Uhlobo lukasimende olwakhiwe ngamakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi nezici zobuchwepheshe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwawo nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwamandla.

Ukubaluleka Kwezilinganiso

Ama-aggregate adlala indima ebalulekile emandleni nasekuqineni kukakhonkolo. Zingaba kahle noma zibe mahhadlahhadla, futhi usayizi nokuma kwazo kungathinta kakhulu izakhiwo zengxube. Ezinye izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zama-aggregate zifaka:

• Isihlabathi: Impahla ecolekile esetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa izikhala phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu nokudala indawo ebushelelezi.
• I-Gravel: Impahla eqinile esetshenziselwa ukukhulisa amandla engxube futhi inikeze ukuthungwa okumaholo.
• Itshe eligxotshiwe: Uhlobo lwetshe elenziwa ngokugxoba amatshe amakhulu abe izingcezu ezincane. Isetshenziselwa ukwakha ingxube efanayo futhi ikhulise amandla okhonkolo.

Ukubaluleka Kokugcina Nokuphatha Okufanelekile

Izinga lokukhonkolo lincike ekugcinweni okufanele nasekuphatheni izingxenye zayo. Usimende nama-aggregate kufanele agcinwe ezitsheni ezihlukene ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungcola, futhi kufanele kucutshungulwe kahle futhi kuhlanganiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ingxube iyahambisana. Amanzi kufanele engezwe ngenani elifanele ukuze kwakheke ingxube entsha ebopha kahle futhi isethwe ngendlela oyifunayo. Isitoreji noma ukuphatha okungalungile kungabangela ingxube ukuba yome noma idale imifantu evundlile, engabangela ukuba isakhiwo sihluleke.

Izinga Lokusebenza

Ukhonkolo uyimpahla yokwakha esetshenziswa kakhulu eyaziwa ngamandla ayo, ukuqina, nokuguquguquka. Izinga layo lokusebenza lincike ezintweni ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa ikhwalithi yezingxenye zayo, isilinganiso sezithako zayo, nokulawulwa kokucubungula kwayo. Ngokulungiselela nokuphatha ngendlela efanele, ukhonkolo ungaba into enamandla kakhulu futhi enokwethenjelwa kunoma yisiphi isakhiwo noma iphrojekthi yokwakha.

Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuyisici esibalulekile sokukhiqiza okukhonkolo. Iqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo futhi ulungele ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe. Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kuhlanganisa okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlola: Ukhonkolo kufanele uhlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhlangabezana nezindinganiso ezidingekayo zamandla nokuqina.
• Ukuhlola: Ukhonkolo kufanele uhlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukhiqizwe ngokwenqubo edingekayo futhi kusetshenziswa izinto ezifanele.
• Isitoreji Esifanelekile: Ukhonkolo kufanele ugcinwe ngendlela efanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi awulahlekelwa amandla noma ukuqina kwawo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuningi Kokhonkolo

Ukhonkolo uyinto eguquguqukayo engasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemiklamo yokwakha neyokwakha. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zendlela ukhonkolo ovame ukusetshenziswa ngayo ekwakheni:

• Ukwakha izisekelo nezindonga
• Amabhuloho nemigwaqo emikhulu
• Izindawo zokupaka kanye ne-driveways
• Imigwaqo yaseceleni nemiphetho
• Amakholomu nemishayo
• Ukugcina izindonga nothango

Idizayini kanye Nobuhle

Ukhonkolo akuyona nje into ewusizo yokwakha, kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa ekudaleni imiklamo eyingqayizivele nenhle. Nazi ezinye izindlela ukhonkolo ongasetshenziselwa izinhloso zokuklama:

• Izitezi zikakhonkolo ezipholishiwe ukuze zibukeke kahle futhi zesimanjemanje
• Ukhonkolo ogxiviziwe ukuze ufane nezinye izinto ezifana nezitini noma itshe
• Ukhonkolo onemibala ukufanisa uhlelo oluthile lokuklama
• Ukhonkolo owenziwe ngombhalo wokubukeka kwemvelo okwengeziwe
• Ukhonkolo ongasindi ukuze kube lula ukufakwa nokugcinwa

Energy Efficiency

Ukhonkolo ungasetshenziswa futhi ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ezakhiwo. Nazi ezinye izindlela ukhonkolo ongasiza ngazo ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla:

• Ukhonkolo ovikelayo ugcina ukushisa ngaphakathi kwezindonga, wehlise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphezu kuka-40%
• Ukhonkolo ungahlanganiswa nezinye izinto zokwakha izimvilophu zokwakha ezisebenza kahle ezidlulisa ukushisa okuncane
• Ukhonkolo ungasetshenziswa ukugcina ukushisa emini futhi ukukhulule ebusuku ukuze kugcinwe izakhiwo zifudumele

Ingqalasizinda kanye Nezici Zesevisi

Ukhonkolo ubalulekile ekwakhiweni kwengqalasizinda nezinto zesevisi. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zendlela ukhonkolo osetshenziswa ngayo kulezi zinhloso:

• Izitshalo zamandla namadamu
• Izitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi namapayipi
• Izikhungo zokuhlanza indle namapayipi
• Imigudu nezakhiwo ezingaphansi komhlaba
• Izithiyo zomsindo nezindonga ezigcinayo

Izicelo Ezikhethekile

Ukhonkolo ungabuye usetshenziselwe izinhlelo ezithile nezihlukile. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zokuthi ukhonkolo ungasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezikhethekile:

• Ukhonkolo ungahlanganiswa nezintambo ukuze udale ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, oqine ngokwedlulele futhi ofanele ukwakha izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu.
• Imikhiqizo kakhonkolo we-Precast ingalungiswa ngaphandle kwendawo bese ithuthelwa endaweni yokwakha ukuze ifakwe ngokushesha kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi engcono
• Ukhonkolo ohlangene ungasetshenziselwa amaphrojekthi amancane njengamaphrojekthi we-DIY ekhishini noma engadini
• Ukhonkolo omnyama ungasetshenziswa ukunciphisa imiphumela yokungcoliswa kokukhanya emadolobheni

Isondlo Nokuqina

Ukhonkolo uyisinqumo esiphelele sezinto zokwakha ezidinga ukulungiswa okuphansi nokuqina okuphezulu. Nazi ezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani:

• Ukhonkolo utholakala kabanzi futhi kulula ukuwukhiqiza
• Izinhlobo ezahlukene zengxube kakhonkolo zingasetshenziswa ukufanisa izidingo ezithile zokusetshenziswa
• Ukhonkolo umelana nomlilo, amanzi, kanye nokulimala kwesimo sezulu
• Ukhonkolo ungaqedwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ukufanisa ubuhle obufunwayo kanye nezakhiwo zokusebenza
• Ukhonkolo ungasetshenziswa ukwakha ubujamo namafomu amaningi, okwenza kube yimpahla eguquguqukayo yanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi

Ukusebenza Okuphephile Nokungcono

Ukhonkolo uyinto ephephile futhi esebenza kangcono kunezinto zokwakha zendabuko ezifana nokhuni noma insimbi. Nazi ezinye izizathu zokuthi kungani:

• Ukhonkolo mancane amathuba okuthi ubambe umlilo noma uwe ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele zemvelo
• Ukhonkolo awungenwa kalula yizilokazane nokubola
• Ukhonkolo umelana kakhulu nomoya kanye nomsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba
• Ukhonkolo uyisivikelo esingcono kunezinye izinto, esinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nezindleko
• Ukhonkolo uyinto esimeme futhi yemvelo kunezinye izinto zokwakha, okwenza kube ukukhetha okungcono kwemvelo

Hlala Uphephile Futhi Uhlakaniphe Lapho Usebenza Ngokhonkolo

Lapho usebenza ngokhonkolo, ukuphepha kufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinkampani zokwakha kufanele ziqinisekise ukuthi abasebenzi bazo bahlonyiswe kahle ngezimpahla zokuzivikela ezidingekayo ukuze kugwenywe izingozi. Abasebenzi kufanele baqaphele lezi zinyathelo zokuphepha ezilandelayo:

• Gqoka amagilavu ​​okuzivikela kanye namabhuzu e-wellington ukuze ugweme ukuthintana ngokuqondile nokhonkolo omanzi.
• Gwema ukuthola ukhonkolo esikhumbeni sakho ngoba kungadala ukucasuka kwesikhumba nokusha.
• Geza noma yikuphi ukhonkolo othinta isikhumba sakho ngokushesha ngamanzi nensipho.
• Uma ukhonkolo ungena emehlweni akho, wageza ngokushesha ngamanzi futhi ufune iseluleko sezokwelapha.

Ukukhathazeka Ngezemvelo

Ukukhiqizwa kukakhonkolo kungaba nomthelela omkhulu endaweni ezungezile. Izinkampani kufanele zithathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze zinciphise indawo yazo ezungezile. Nazi ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo wokukhiqiza ukhonkolo:

• Sebenzisa amanzi asetshenziswe kabusha ohlelweni lokukhiqiza ukuze unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
• Sebenzisa ezinye izinto zokubasa, njenge-biomass, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
• Sebenzisa izinto ezitholakala endaweni ukuze unciphise ukukhishwa kwezinto zokuhamba.

Izingozi zezempilo

Ukusebenza ngokhonkolo nakho kungaba yingozi empilweni. Ukuchayeka othulini nezinye izinto eziyingozi kungabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula. Nazi ezinye izindlela zokunciphisa ubungozi bezempilo:

• Gqoka imaski ukuze ugweme ukuhogela uthuli nezinye izinto eziyingozi.
• Gwema ukubhema noma ukudla eduze nezindawo zokukhiqiza ukhonkolo.
• Uma ukuchayeka ezintweni eziyingozi kungenakugwema, funa iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke usunakho, ukubuka konke kokhonkolo nokuthi usetshenziswa kanjani namuhla. Iwumsebenzi osekunesikhathi eside ukhona futhi okungenzeka kube khona isikhathi eside esizayo. 

Awukwazi ukuphika ukubaluleka kokhonkolo ezimpilweni zethu zansuku zonke, ngakho qiniseka ukuthi wazi wonke amaqiniso ngakho.

Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.