Amasistimu okulawula asetshenziselwa ukugcina indawo ebekiwe noma okukhiphayo okufunayo ngokulungisa isignali yokufaka. Amasistimu okulawula angaba iluphu evulekile noma iluphu evaliwe. Amasistimu okulawula iluphu avulekile awanayo iluphu yempendulo kanye namasistimu okulawula iluphu evaliwe anayo.
Kulesi sihloko, ngizochaza ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo zokulawula, ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, nokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Futhi, ngizokwabelana ngamaqiniso ajabulisayo mayelana namasistimu okulawula okungenzeka ungawazi!
Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizomboza:
- Amasistimu Wokulawula- Ubuciko Bokuklama Nokusebenzisa
- Iluphu evulekile nokulawula iluphu evaliwe: Umehluko phakathi kokuzilungisa nokukhiphayo okungashintshi
- Amasistimu Okulawula Impendulo: Ukuletha Ukulawula Kuzinga Elilandelayo
- Ukulawula Okunengqondo: Amasistimu Okulawula Enziwe Alula Futhi Aphumelelayo
- Ukulawula Kokucisha: Indlela Elula Kakhulu Yokulawula Izinga lokushisa
- Ukulawulwa Komugqa: Ubuciko Bokugcina Okukhiphayo Okufunayo
- I-Fuzzy Logic: A Dynamic Control System
- Isiphetho
Amasistimu Wokulawula- Ubuciko Bokuklama Nokusebenzisa
Amasistimu okulawula abandakanya inqubo yokusetha nokugcina okukhiphayo okuthile ngokulungisa isignali yokufaka. Umgomo uwukukhiqiza okukhiphayo okulungile nokungaguquguquki, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko zokuqala kokokufaka. Inqubo ibandakanya izigaba eziningi, ezihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:
- Isiteji sokufaka: lapho isignali yokufaka itholwa khona
- Isigaba sokucubungula: lapho isignali icutshungulwa futhi ihlaziywe
- Isigaba sokuphumayo: lapho isignali yokuphumayo ikhiqizwa khona
Iqhaza Lezinhlelo Zokulawula Ekukhiqizeni
Amasistimu okulawula adlala indima enkulu ekukhiqizeni nasekusabalaliseni ezimbonini eziningi. Ubuchwepheshe be-automation ngokuvamile busetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa lezi zinhlelo, ezingaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zibize ukwakha. Kudingeka izici ezilandelayo ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo oluhle kakhulu lokulawula:
- Ukuqonda kahle uhlelo olulawulwayo
- Ikhono lokuklama nokusebenzisa uhlobo olulungile lwesistimu yokulawula
- Iphakheji yemiklamo ejwayelekile namasu angasetshenziswa ezimeni ezithile
Izinyathelo Ezihilelekile Ekudaleni Uhlelo Lokulawula
Inqubo yokudala isistimu yokulawula ibandakanya lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:
- Ukuklama ukwakheka kwesistimu: Lokhu kubandakanya ukunquma uhlobo lwesistimu yokulawula edingekayo kanye nezingxenye ezizofakwa.
- Ukusebenzisa uhlelo: Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwakhiwa ngokucophelela kwesistimu nokwenza izivivinyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isebenza ngendlela efanele
- Ukugcina uhlelo: Lokhu kubandakanya ukuqapha ukusebenza kohlelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokwenza noma yiziphi izinguquko ezidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi luyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngendlela efanele.
Iluphu evulekile nokulawula iluphu evaliwe: Umehluko phakathi kokuzilungisa nokukhiphayo okungashintshi
Amasistimu okulawula iluphu evulekile ayaziwa nangokuthi izilawuli ezingaphenduli. Lawa masistimu anokukhipha okugxilile okungalungisiwe ngokusekelwe kunoma yikuphi okokufaka noma impendulo. Isakhiwo sesistimu yokulawula iluphu evulekile sijwayelekile futhi sihlanganisa okokufaka, iphoyinti elimisiwe, nokuphumayo. Okokufaka kuyisignali esetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza okukhiphayo okufunayo. Iphoyinti elimisiwe inani eliqondiwe lokukhiphayo. Okukhiphayo kuwumphumela wenqubo esebenzayo.
Izibonelo zamasistimu okulawula iluphu evulekile zifaka:
- I-toaster: I-lever ibekwe esigabeni "sokuvula", futhi amakhoyili ashiswa ekushiseni okungaguquki. I-toaster ihlala ishisa kuze kube yisikhathi esimisiwe, futhi i-toast iyavela.
- I-cruise control emotweni: Izilawuli zisethelwe ukugcina isivinini esingaguquki. Isistimu ayilungiswa ngokuya ngezimo eziguqukayo, njengamagquma noma umoya.
Ukulawula iluphu evaliwe: Ukuzilungisa ngokwakho ukuze uthole okukhiphayo okungaguquki
Amasistimu okulawula iluphu evaliwe, awaziwa nangokuthi amasistimu okulawula impendulo, anekhono lokuzilungisa ukuze agcine okukhiphayo okungaguquki. Umehluko phakathi kwesistimu ye-open-loop kanye ne-close-loop ukuthi isistimu ye-loop evaliwe inamandla okuzilungisa ngenkathi isistimu ye-loop evulekile ingenakho. Isakhiwo sesistimu yokulawula iluphu evaliwe sifana nesistimu ye-open-loop, kodwa ihlanganisa iluphu yempendulo. Iluphu yempendulo ihola kusukela kokuphumayo kuye kokokufaka, okuvumela isistimu ukuthi ihlale iqapha futhi ilungise ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezishintshayo.
Izibonelo zamasistimu okulawula iluphu evaliwe zifaka:
- Ukulawula izinga lokushisa ekamelweni: Isistimu ilungisa ukushisa noma ukupholisa ngokusekelwe kuzinga lokushisa ekamelweni ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa elingashintshi.
- Ukulawula ukukhulisa umsindo kusistimu yomsindo: Isistimu ilungisa ukukhulisa ngokusekelwe kokuphumayo ukuze kugcinwe ileveli yomsindo engaguquki.
Amasistimu Okulawula Impendulo: Ukuletha Ukulawula Kuzinga Elilandelayo
Amasistimu okulawula impendulo awuhlobo lwesistimu yokulawula esebenzisa okukhiphayo kwenqubo ukulawula okokufaka. Ngamanye amazwi, isistimu ithola isignali kusukela kunqubo elawulwayo futhi isebenzisa leyo siginali ukulungisa okokufaka ukuze kuzuzwe okukhiphayo okufunayo.
Imidwebo Namagama Ahlotshaniswa Nezinhlelo Zokulawula Impendulo
Kunemidwebo namagama amaningana ahlotshaniswa nezinhlelo zokulawula impendulo, okuhlanganisa:
- Vimba imidwebo: Lokhu kubonisa izingxenye zesistimu yokulawula impendulo nokuthi zixhumeke kanjani.
- Dlulisa imisebenzi: Lokhu kuchaza ubudlelwano phakathi kokufaka nokuphumayo kwesistimu.
- Amasistimu avala iluphu: Lawa amasistimu okulawula impendulo lapho okukhiphayo kubuyiselwa khona kokokufakayo ukuze kugcinwe okukhiphayo okufunayo.
- Amasistimu e-loop evulekile: Lawa amasistimu okulawula impendulo lapho okukhiphayo kungabuyiselwa khona kokokufaka.
Ukulawula Okunengqondo: Amasistimu Okulawula Enziwe Alula Futhi Aphumelelayo
Ukulawula okunengqondo kuwuhlobo lwesistimu yokulawula esebenzisa i-Boolean logic noma okunye ukusebenza okunengqondo ukwenza izinqumo nezinqubo zokulawula. Kuwuhlelo lokulawula olwenziwe lula nolusebenzayo olusetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza, ukukhiqiza, nobunjiniyela bukagesi.
I-Logic Control isebenza kanjani?
Amasistimu okulawula okunengqondo aklanyelwe ukuphatha okokufaka okuhlukahlukene futhi akhiqize okukhiphayo okufunayo. Indlela eyisisekelo yokusebenza imi kanje:
- Isistimu ithola isignali yokufaka, ngokuvamile esesimweni somsinga kagesi.
- Isiginali yokufaka ibe isiqhathaniswa nenani elimisiwe noma iphoyinti, eligcinwa kusistimu.
- Uma isignali yokufaka ilungile, isistimu izokwenza isenzo esithile noma ishintshele esimisweni esithile.
- Uma isignali yokufaka ingalungile, isistimu izoqhubeka nokuthola okokufaka kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa inani elifanele.
Izibonelo Zezinhlelo Zokulawula Okunengqondo
Amasistimu okulawula okunengqondo asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, kufaka phakathi:
- Amalambu ethrafikhi: Amalambu ethrafikhi asebenzisa isilawuli esinengqondo ukushintsha phakathi kwezibani ezibomvu, eziphuzi, neziluhlaza ngokususelwe ekugelezeni kwethrafikhi.
- Amarobhothi ezimboni: Amarobhothi ezimboni asebenzisa ukulawula okunengqondo ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi, njengokushisela, ukudweba, nokuhlanganisa.
- Imishini yokuwasha ezenzakalelayo: Imishini yokuwasha ezenzakalelayo isebenzisa isilawuli esinengqondo ukushintsha phakathi kwemijikelezo eyahlukene yokugeza namazinga okushisa asekelwe kokokufaka komsebenzisi.
Ukulawula Kokucisha: Indlela Elula Kakhulu Yokulawula Izinga lokushisa
Ukulawula Kokucisha kwenziwa ngokomlando kusetshenziswa ama-relay axhumene, izibali sikhathi zekhamera, namaswishi akhiwe ngokulandelana kwesitebhisi. Kodwa-ke, ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, ukulawula okuvaliwe manje kungenziwa kusetshenziswa izilawuli ezincane, izilawuli ezinengqondo ezihlelekayo, nezinye izisetshenziswa zikagesi.
Izibonelo Zokulawula Kokucisha
Ezinye izibonelo zemikhiqizo esebenzisa isilawuli esivaliwe zifaka:
- Ama-thermostat asekhaya avula i-heater lapho izinga lokushisa legumbi lehla ngaphansi kwesethingi oyifunayo futhi ayivale lapho idlula ngaphezu kwayo.
- Iziqandisi ezikhanyisa i-compressor lapho izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwesiqandisi likhuphuka ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elifunekayo bese liyicisha lapho ingena ngaphansi kwaso.
- Imishini yokuwasha esebenzisa isilawuli esivuliwe ukuze icuphe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ehlobene elandelanayo.
- Ama-actuator womoya ezisebenzisa isilawuli esivaliwe ukuze sigcine izinga elithile lokucindezela.
Izinzuzo kanye Nobubi bokulawula Kokucisha
Izinzuzo zokulawula okuvaliwe zihlanganisa:
- Kulula futhi kushibhile ukukusebenzisa.
- Kulula ukuyiqonda nokwenza.
- Ingasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zemishini nokusebenza.
Okubi kokulawula okuvaliwe kufaka phakathi:
- Ikhiqiza izinguquko ezisheshayo ohlelweni, ezingabangela imiphumela engemihle kumkhiqizo noma inqubo elawulwayo.
- Ingase ingakwazi ukugcina i-setpoint oyifunayo ngokunembile, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu anesisindo esikhulu sokushisa.
- Kungase kubangele ukuguga nokuguga kumaswishi kagesi nama-relay, okuholela ekushintshweni njalo.
Ukulawulwa Komugqa: Ubuciko Bokugcina Okukhiphayo Okufunayo
Ithiyori yokulawula umugqa isekelwe ezimisweni ezimbalwa ezibusa ukuthi amasistimu omugqa wokulawula aziphatha kanjani. Lezi zimiso zihlanganisa:
- Umgomo wokuziba imiphumela engathandeki: Lesi simiso sithatha ukuthi noma yimiphi imiphumela engathandeki yohlelo ingashaywa indiva.
- Umgomo wokuhlanganisa: Lo mgomo uhambisana nomqondo wokuthi ukuphuma kwesistimu yomugqa kuyisamba semiphumela ekhiqizwa okokufaka ngakunye kusebenza kuphela.
- Umgomo we-superposition: Lesi simiso sithatha ukuthi okukhiphayo kwesistimu yomugqa kuyisamba semiphumela ekhiqizwa okokufaka ngakunye kusebenza kuphela.
I-Nonlinear Case
Uma uhlelo lunganamatheli ezimisweni zokungezwa kanye ne-homogeneity, kubhekwa njengokungaqondile. Kulokhu, isibalo esichazayo ngokuvamile siyisikwele samagama. Amasistimu angaqondile awaziphathi ngendlela efanayo namasistimu emigqa futhi adinga izindlela ezihlukile zokulawula.
I-Fuzzy Logic: A Dynamic Control System
I-Fuzzy logic iwuhlobo lwesistimu yokulawula esebenzisa amasethi angacacile ukuze aguqule isignali yokufaka ibe isignali yokuphumayo. Kuyisakhiwo sezibalo esihlaziya amanani okufakwayo kwe-analog ngokwemibandela yokuguquguquka okunengqondo okuthatha amanani aqhubekayo phakathi kuka-0 no-1. Ukuqonda okungaqondakali kuwuhlelo lokulawula oluguquguqukayo olungakwazi ukuphatha izinguquko kusiginali yokufaka futhi lulungise isignali yokuphumayo ngokufanele.
Izibonelo Zengqondo Engaqondakali Esenzweni
I-logic engaqondakali isetshenziswa emikhakheni eminingi ukwenza imisebenzi eminingi yokulawula. Nazi izibonelo:
- Ukwelashwa kwamanzi: Ingqondo engaqondakali isetshenziswa ukulawula ukugeleza kwamanzi endaweni yokuhlanza. Isistimu ilungisa izinga lokugeleza ngokusekelwe esimweni samanje samanzi kanye nekhwalithi yokukhipha oyifunayo.
- Amasistimu e-HVAC: Ukuqonda okungaqondakali kusetshenziselwa ukulawula izinga lokushisa nomswakama esakhiweni. Isistimu ilungisa izinga lokushisa nomswakama ngokusekelwe esimweni samanje sesakhiwo kanye nezinga lokunethezeka elifunekayo.
- Ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi: Ingqondo engaqondakali isetshenziselwa ukulawula ukuhamba kwethrafikhi empambanweni yomgwaqo. Isistimu ilungisa isikhathi samarobhothi ngokuya ngezimo zethrafikhi zamanje.
Isiphetho
Ngakho-ke, amasistimu okulawula asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinqubo ezimbonini eziningi, futhi afaka ukuklama, ukusebenzisa, nokugcina isistimu egcina okukhiphayo okungaguquki naphezu kwezinguquko kokokufaka.
Awukwazi ukungahambi kahle ngesistimu yokulawula, ngakho-ke ungesabi ukusebenzisa eyodwa kuphrojekthi yakho elandelayo! Ngakho-ke, qhubeka futhi ulawule umhlaba wakho!
Ngingu-Joost Nusselder, umsunguli we-Tools Doctor, umakethi wokuqukethwe, kanye nobaba. Ngiyakuthanda ukuzama okokusebenza okusha, futhi kanye nethimba lami ngidale izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukuze ngisize abafundi abathembekile ngamathuluzi namathiphu okwenza.
